多机器人协作无夹具焊接系统设计

与传统的单机器人系统相比,多机器人协作系统的设计存在诸如协作机器人之间的基坐标系标定、协作机器人末端位姿间的运动协调以及多机器人系统间的同步通讯控制等若干特殊性的关键问题.在初步论述多机器人协作系统设计中的若干问题的基础上,特别针对协作机器人间的基坐标系标定、工具手位姿约束分析和控制器通讯同步3个问题,进行了深入讨论,并介绍了实验室相关研究工作的结论.基于本文提供的解决方法,利用VA1400弧焊专用机器人和HP20通用型机器人基于主从式的分布控制结构组成了无夹具焊接实验系统,初步验证了提出的各问题解决方法的有效性.     

六自由度机器人焊接轨迹研究

焊接轨迹是机器人焊接时所行走的轨迹,焊接轨迹算法是控制机器人焊接轨迹的数学模型,本文提出一种通过测量机器人基坐标系、工件坐标系与测量系统坐标系的齐次变换矩阵方法,计算出工件坐标系与焊接机器人基坐标系间的间接标定方法,通过控制器系统控制机器人焊接,实验验证此方法正确可行并成功应用工程中。     

自主导航移动机器人视觉系统的一种标定方法

设计了一种基于视场中单个目标点的视觉系统标定方法,任意选取视场中的一点作为目标点,以该目标点为基准,机器人作相对运动来获得多个特征点。建立图像系列对应点之间的几何约束关系及各坐标系之间的变换矩阵,确定变换矩阵关系式,进一步求解摄像机的内外参数。该标定方法只需提取场景中的一个景物点,对机器人的运动控制操作方便、算法实现简洁。实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于相机空间点约束的机器人工具标定方法

工具标定就是确定工具坐标系相对于机器人末端坐标系的变换矩阵,但传统的解决方案是通过人工示教点约束的方法,为此提出一种基于视觉相机空间的自动工具标定方法。在末端工具上增加特征点如圆环标志,利用相机建立机器人三维空间与相机二维空间之间的关系,通过自动的三维空间视觉定位,实现对圆环标志的中心点的点约束,视觉定位不需要相机的标定等繁琐过程。基于机器人的正运动学和相机空间点约束完成工具中心点(TCP)求解。重复实验的标定误差小于0.05 mm,实验的绝对定位误差小于0.1 mm,验证了基于相机空间定位的工具标定具有较高的可重复性以及可靠性。     

基于参数与非参数模型结合的双臂机器人协作定位精度提升方法

双臂协作机器人系统具有效率高、负载大、协同能力强等优点,但双臂作业性能及质量不但受单臂定位精度的影响,而且受双臂协作定位精度的影响,因此,本文提出了一种基于参数与非参数模型相结合的运动学标定方法。首先,基于MDH(modified Denavit-Hartenberg)方法建立机器人运动学模型和参数误差模型,去除模型中的耦合参数并基于迭代最小二乘法辨识几何参数误差;其次,针对传统的非几何误差补偿方法只能在标定坐标系建立关节位置与末端位置误差之间的映射关系的问题,提出一种改进的非几何误差补偿方法补偿机器人本体非几何误差;再次,基于距离误差辨识双臂基坐标系转换矩阵的参数,补偿双臂几何误差与非几何误差;最后,通过实验验证方法的正确性和有效性。结果表明所提出方法将UR10和UR5机器人的平均定位误差减小至0.170 9 mm和0.050 9 mm。双臂平均协作定位误差减小至0.167 6 mm,与基于参数模型的方法相比协作定位精度提升了27.7%,验证了该方法的优越性。     

双机器人系统的基坐标系标定

多机器人协调系统研究中，机器人基坐标系之间的关系标定是一个重要而困难的问题，本文研究一种基于视觉传感的双机器人基坐标系关系的标定方法，通过一个机械手持有的摄像机观察另一个机械手末端的主动运动来实现．该方法独立于机器人系统中的其它关系的标定过程，可由系统自动完成，且不需要任何人工标定辅助．文中还给出了消除标定误差的直角坐标系坐标轴正交归一化的方法．仿真研究表明所给方法的有效性．     

新的单目视觉系统两步手眼标定方法

为了实现单目视觉系统的快速、精确的手眼标定,本文提出了一种新的两步式手眼标定方法,将手眼标定分为求解旋转关系和平移关系两步.首先机器人携带标定板进行两次平移运动求解旋转关系,然后机器人工具坐标系执行若干次旋转运动求解平移关系.该方法简单快速,不需要昂贵的外部设备,通过实验最终验证了该方法的可行性.     

多机器人协作系统轨迹约束关系分析及示教方法

针对多机器人协作中末端位姿的相对运动,分析了其轨迹约束关系并据此提出了一种可行的示教方法.该方法首先分析了协作机器人之间的运动学约束关系,根据协作机器人之间末端位姿的相对运动,将多机器人协作系统的运动模式分为耦合运动以及叠加运动2类.然后给出了这2种运动形式下,主从机器人末端位姿在笛卡儿坐标系内的运动学约束方程并据此提出一种用于多机器人协作系统的轨迹示教方法,最后在搭建的双机器人协作焊接系统上,验证了本文提出的约束关系及示教方法.     

双机器人系统的其坐标标定

多机器人协调系统研究中，机器人基坐标系之间的关系标定是一个重要而困难的问题，本文研究一种基于视觉传感的双机器人基坐标系关系的标定方法，通过一个机械手持有的摄像机观察另一个机械手末端的主动运动来实现。该方法独立于机器人系统中的其它关系的标定过程，由于系统自动完成，且不需要任何人工标定辅助。文中还给出了消除标一误差的直角坐标系坐标在交归一化的方法。仿真研究表明所给方法的有效性。     

基于奇异值分解的机器人工具坐标系标定

机器人通过在末端安装不同的操作工具来完成各种作业任务,而工具参数的准确度直接影响着机器人操作精度,因此研究一种准确、快速的工具坐标系标定方法具有重要的意义。该文提出一种称为三点五步法的机器人工具坐标系标定方法,并基于矩阵的奇异值分解理论对该标定方法进行了严密的数学推理,证明该标定方法理论上的可行性。采用该算法进行工具坐标系标定具有操作简单、标定精度高、可靠性强和算法易于程序实现的特点。     

Base frame calibration for coordinated industrial robots

To solve the problem of base frame calibration for coordinated multi-robot system, a new method is proposed in this paper. It is carried out through a series of “handclasp” manipulations between two coordinated robots, then a preliminary result can be reached by the calibrating equation. After that, in order to make sure that the calibrated rotation matrix is orthonormal, an optimal estimation of the relative rotation between the base frames of coordinated manipulators is solved out under the criterion of optimal Frobenius norm approximation. By the quaternion representation for rotation matrix and the Lagrange Multiplier method, an orthonormal matrix can be reached which is just the unknown calibrating result for base frames of the coordinated robots. Simulation and experiment results have verified the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

移动机器人足目标定方法

为构建完整的移动机器人视觉导航系统,提出了一种移动机器人足目标定方法．该方法以一个带有数个已知标记点的平面反射镜为中介,分别标定出平面镜坐标系与摄像机坐标系的欧氏变换关系、镜像坐标系与摄像机坐标系的欧氏变换关系、镜像坐标系与平面镜坐标系的欧氏变换关系及机器人坐标系与平面镜坐标系的欧氏变换关系,从而确定摄像机坐标系和移动机器人车体坐标系的欧氏变换关系,实现了移动机器人足目标定．实验结果表明,该方法简单、有效,无需昂贵的标定装置和复杂的标定过程,且可实现现场标定．     

Cooperative manipulation of a floating object by some space robots: application of a tracking control method using the transpose of the generalized Jacobian matrix

In future space missions, it is considered that many tasks will be achieved by cooperative motions of space robots. For free-floating space robots with manipulators, we have proposed a digital tracking control method using the transpose of the generalized Jacobian matrix (GJM). In this paper, the tracking control method using the transpose of the GJM is applied to cooperative manipulations of a floating object by space robots. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the control method. This work was presented in part at the 12th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 25–27, 2007     

一种新的机器人机构距离误差模型及补偿算法

在标定机器人绝对位置精度和实施误差综合补偿过程中,必然涉及到测量系统坐标系与机器人基础坐标系间的变换.由于这一变换很难精确测定.从而给机器人绝对位置精度标定与误差补偿带来了难以克服的困难.本文首次提出了一种新的机器人机构距离误差计算模型及补偿算法,论证了距离误差同样可以作为机器人绝对位置精度的一种度量.利用该模型和算法对机器人进行误差分析和实施误差综合补偿,可避开上述测量系统与机器人系统间的坐标变换,从而简化了机器人绝对位置精度的标定过程,为提高机器人的绝对位置精度开辟了一个新的简便的途径.     

A novel XY-Theta precision table and a geometric procedure for its kinematic calibration

Spatial precision positioning devices are often based on parallel robots, but when it comes to planar positioning, the well-known serial architecture is virtually the only solution available to industry. Problems with parallel robots are that most are coupled, more difficult to control than serial robots, and have a small workspace. In this paper, new parallel robot is proposed, which can deliver accurate movements, is partially decoupled and has a relatively large workspace. The novelty of this parallel robot lies in its ability to achieve the decoupled state by employing legs of a different kinematic structure. The robot repeatability is evaluated using a CMM and so are the actual lead errors of its actuators. A simple geometric method is proposed for directly identifying the actual base and mobile reference frames, two actuator's offsets and one distance parameter, using a measurement arm from FARO Technologies. While this method is certainly not the most efficient one, it yields a satisfactory improvement of the robot accuracy without the need for any background in robot calibration. An experimental validation shows that the position accuracy achieved after calibration is better than 0.339 mm within a workspace of approximately 150 mm×200 mm.     

霍夫空间中多足球机器人协作目标定位算法

针对嵌入式仿人足球机器人提出一种霍夫空间中的多机器人协作目标定位算法。机器人利用实验场地中的标志物采用基于三角几何定位方法进行自定位,把机器人多连杆模型进行简化,通过坐标系位姿变换把图像坐标系转换到世界坐标系中,实现机器人目标定位;在多机器人之间建立ZigBee无线传感器网络进行通信,把多个机器人定位的坐标点进行霍夫变换,在霍夫空间中进行最小二乘法线性拟合,获取最优参数,然后融合改进后的粒子滤波实现对目标小球的跟踪;最后在21自由度的仿人足球机器人上进行仿真和实验。数据结果表明,这种多机器人协作的定位算法的精度提高了约48%,在满足实时性的前提下,对目标的跟踪效果也得到了改善。     

Ontology-based state representations for intention recognition in human–robot collaborative environments

In this paper, we describe a novel approach for representing state information for the purpose of intention recognition in cooperative human–robot environments. States are represented by a combination of spatial relationships in a Cartesian frame along with cardinal direction information. This approach is applied to a manufacturing kitting operation, where humans and robots are working together to develop kits. Based upon a set of predefined high-level state relationships that must be true for future actions to occur, a robot can use the detailed state information described in this paper to infer the probability of subsequent actions occurring. This would allow the robot to better help the human with the task or, at a minimum, better stay out of his or her way.     

Decentralized control of cooperative robots without velocity-force measurements

One of the main practical problems on cooperative robots is the complexity of integrating a large amount of expensive velocity-force sensors. In this paper, the control of cooperative robots using only joint measurements is considered to manipulate an object firmly. Experimental results are shown to support the developed theory.     

A vision-based fast base frame calibration method for coordinated mobile manipulators

The mobile manipulators (MMs) have been increasingly adopted for machining large and complex components. In order to ensure the machining efficiency and quality, the MMs usually need to cooperate with each other. However, due to the low motion accuracy of the mobile platform, the relative pose accuracy between the coordinated MMs are difficult to guarantee, so an effective calibration method is needed to on-line obtain the relative pose of the MMs. For this purpose, a vision-based fast base frame calibration method is proposed in this paper, which can quickly and accurately obtain the relative pose between the coordinated MMs. The method only needs to add a camera and a marker, and then a frame network of the calibration system can be generated by installing the marker at three different positions. Based on the Perspective-n-Points principle and the robot forward kinematics, the transformation matrix of the marker frame with respect to the camera frame and the robot base frame can be determined by simply obtaining the images of the marker at different positions and corresponding robot joint angles. Then, the relative pose between the base frames of coordinated MMs can be determined by the calibration equation established based on a frame closed chains. In addition, the calibration method is capable of real-time calculation by dividing the calibration process into off-line and on-line stages. Simulation and experimental results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Kinematic analysis and error modeling of TAU parallel robot

The TAU robot presents a new configuration of parallel robots with three degrees of freedom. This robotic configuration is well adapted to perform with a high precision and high stiffness within a large working range compared with a serial robot. It has the advantages of both parallel robots and serial robots. In this paper, the kinematic modeling and error modeling are established with all errors considered using Jacobian matrix method for the robot. Meanwhile, a very effective Jacobian approximation method is introduced to calculate the forward kinematic problem instead of Newton–Raphson method. It denotes that a closed form solution can be obtained instead of a numerical solution. A full size Jacobian matrix is used in carrying out error analysis, error budget, and model parameter estimation and identification. Simulation results indicate that both Jacobian matrix and Jacobian approximation method are correct and with a level of accuracy of micron meters. ADAMS's simulation results are used in verifying the established models.