Degradation of rye arabinoxylans in the large intestine of pigs

Four types of rye bread (based on whole rye, pericarp/testa, aleurone or endosperm) differing in arabinoxylan (AX) structure were fed to pigs. Collected intestinal material was extracted with cold water and 4 M potassium hydroxide, and the AX were characterised by methylation analyses. The endosperm AX were extensively and readily degraded in the caecum (0.78), whereas pericarp/testa AX were undegraded in the intestinal tract of pigs. Aleurone AX were also degraded to a large extent (faecal digestibility 0.73) but at a slower rate, and, in agreement, structural modification of aleurone AX also took place beyond the proximal colon. The differences in AX degradability correlated well with differences in water and alkali extractability and differences in structural characteristics of the AX. Endosperm AX were thus characterised by a large content of water‐extractable AX and pericarp/testa AX by a very high degree of (mono‐ and double‐) xylose substitution. In contrast, aleurone AX were characterised by the presence of an alkali‐extractable AX with a very low degree of substitution, which precipitated upon dialysis of the alkali extract. The faecal xylose substitution patterns were similar irrespective of diet. The study thus showed that the structural characteristics of a dietary fibre component influenced dietary fibre degradation in pigs, which may hold important implications for the colonic health in monogastrics. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Retinylpalmitate-hydrolase activity of the intestine in experimental lambliasis]

The retinylpalmitate-hydrolase activity in the small intestine of healthy and lambliae infected rats was determined. Infection of rats with Giardia lambliae is shown to result in a fall of the retinylpalmiate-hydrase activity, which is restored, in part, on application of a specific therapy (0.1 g/kg of chinacrine) and then practically does not differ from that in healthy animals, when the specific therapy is employed in conjunction with an elevated dose of the vitamin "A" (2000 m. u. of retinyl-palmitate per day).     

Lipolytic activity of the small intestine in patients with duodenal ulcer

Aspiration biopsy of the mucosa from the beginning of the jejunum was conducted in 43 patients with duodenal ulcer (during exacerbation) and in 15 normal subjects (control group). The biopsy sample was used to study the jejunum activity in providing the initial stages of triglyceride hydrolysis in the area of membrane and intestinal digestion. Monoglyceride lipase activity of biopsy sample homogenate was studied that provided the final stages of triglyceride hydrolysis. As a result of histological investigations of biopsy samples from 34 patients, chronic jejunitis (without atrophy) was diagnosed in 32 of them. Increased lipolytic activity providing the initial stages of triglyceride hydrolysis in the area of intestinal and membrane digestion, and decreased production of monoglyceride lipase by the jejunum have been recorded.     

Differences in microbial activity of digesta from three sections of the porcine large intestine according to in vitro fermentation of carbohydrate‐rich substrates

To determine whether faecal microorganisms can represent the entire large intestinal population, samples from caecum, mid‐colon and rectum of three adult pigs were used for the in vitro fermentation of fructo‐oligosaccharide (FOS), potato starch, wheat bran and oat hulls. The cumulative gas production technique measured fermentation kinetics and end‐products such as total gas, NH₃ and volatile fatty acids (VFA). There were significant differences in the fermentability of substrates, in terms of both kinetics and end‐products. More relevant to this study, there were also differences between pigs in respect of total gas production, the rate of gas production (R_M) and VFA production. For large intestine sections, there were more VFA from mid‐colon and rectal inocula compared with that from the caecum (p < 0.0001). Total gas, R_M and NH₃ were highest for rectal, intermediate for mid‐colon and lowest for caecal inocula (p < 0.0001). It was concluded that, while faecal sampling might overestimate caecal fermentation, its use is valid for in vitro assessment of large intestinal fermentation. However, differences between pigs indicate that a mix of samples from several animals remains important. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fat absorption in patients with inflammatory diseases of the large intestine and diffuse polyposis

Radioisotope method with oral administration of 131I-trioleate glycerin and 131I-oleic acid was used to study the absorption of neutral fats and fatty acids in 123 patients with ulcerative colitis, diffuse polyposis of the large intestine, and in 7 patients with ileostomy. It was found that fat secretion with feces was insignificantly higher than the normal and fluctuated within the range of 6.6-11.7%. Steatorrhea did not play a role in the development of clinical symptoms of the disease, and it might be caused by concomitant disorders in the bacterial flora. Slight disorders revealed in the fat absorption should not be considered as an obstacle to their normal use in the diet.     

Mercury levels in hair from people eating large quantities of Swedish freshwater fish

Mercury concentrations in hair were related to fish-eating habits in a group of 50 people reported to have a high consumption of freshwater fish. Mercury levels in hair ranged from 0.3 to 10.8 mg/kg with a mean +/- SD of 3.2 +/- 2.3 mg/kg. The average mercury level in hair from men was significantly higher than that in hair from women (3.8 +/- 2.6 mg/kg versus 2.4 +/- 1.8 mg/kg. Seven individuals (14%) had levels above 6 mg/kg. In people with equal fish consumption, significantly higher mercury levels were found in the hair of those eating fish from lakes M?laren and V?ttern than in those eating fish from Lake Hj?lmaren. It has been reported that fish from the latter lake contains approximately 0.2 mg/kg mercury, whereas fish from the other two lakes contains approximately 0.4 mg/kg. The mean mercury level in hair was higher in the group eating freshwater fish more than three times a week (greater than or equal to 500 g fish flesh/week) than in the group eating less, although the difference was of borderline significance. Within couples (n = 16) eating equal numbers of fish meals per week, the men had significantly higher levels (mean 3.7 mg/kg) than the women (mean 2.5 mg/kg). The results from the present study show that people with a high consumption of Swedish freshwater fish have elevated levels of mercury in their hair, when compared with previously reported levels in the hair of Swedish pregnant women.     

Role of detection limits in drinking water regulation

Some commentators on environmental science and policy have claimed that advances in analytical chemistry, reflected by an ability to detect contaminants at ever-decreasing concentrations, lead to regulations stricter than justified by available toxicological data. We evaluate this claim in the context of drinking water regulation, with respect to contaminants regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). We examine the relationships between historical and present maximum contaminant levels and goals in the greater context of detection capability and evaluate the extent to which different aspects of the regulatory apparatus (i.e., analytical capability, cost-benefit analysis, analysis of competing risks, and available toxicological data) influence the regulatory process. Our findings do not support the claim that decreases in detection limit lead to more stringent regulation in the context of drinking water regulation in the United States. Further, based on our analysis of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation and existing United States Environmental Protection Agency approaches to establishing the practical quantifiable level, we conclude that in the absence of changes to the underlying toxicological model, regulatory revision is unlikely.     

Alteration in propagating colonic contractions by dairy proteins in isolated rat large intestine

Gastrointestinal conditions in which the transit of contents is altered may benefit from nutritional approaches to influencing health outcomes. Milk proteins modulate the transit of contents along different regions, suggesting that they have varying effects on neuromuscular function to alter gastrointestinal motility. We tested the hypothesis that bovine whey and casein milk protein hydrolysates could have direct modulatory effects on colonic motility patterns in isolated rat large intestine. Casein protein hydrolysate (CPH), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), and a milk protein hydrolysate (MPH; a hydrolyzed blend of 60% whey to 40% casein) were compared for their effects on spontaneous contractile waves. These contractions propagate along the length of the isolated intact large intestine (22 cm) between the proximal colon and rectum and were detected by measuring activity at 4 locations. Milk proteins were perfused through the tissue bath, and differences in contraction amplitude and frequency were quantified relative to pretreatment controls. Propagation frequency was decreased by CPH, increased by MPH, and unaffected by intact whey proteins. The reduced motility with CPH and increased motility with MPH indicate a direct action of these milk proteins on colon tissue and provide evidence for differential modulation by hydrolysate type. These findings mirror actions on lower gastrointestinal transit reported in vivo, with the exception of WPH, suggesting that other factors are required.     

Study composition of lactoflora of the large intestine in patients with food allergy and irritable bowel syndrome

Patients of different ages with various forms of food allergy and also with the irritable bowel syndrome with locks are studied. The quantitative levels of bifido- and lactoflora of large intestine, the qualitative characteristics of lactoflora population, including specific gravity of individual representatives in the sum of the isolates, are investigated, species composition is identified. Shown that food allergy, irrespective of the disease manifestation form induces the balance disturbance of bifido- and lactoflora in large intestine, significantly affects the reduction in the number of species of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp. and on the narrowing of the enzymatically active species of Lactobacillus spp.     

化机浆磨浆机大型同步电机状态分析

由于同步电机的运用越来越广泛,同步电机功率越来越大,对于系统的影响在设计初期就需要考虑,文章通过对同步电机的各种工作状态进行分析,综合对比各种方式的优缺点,针对不同的电力系统,探讨了大型同步电机启动方式对系统的影响,并分析各种启动方式的经济性及安全可靠性。     

Energy expenditure in patients receiving parenteral feeding in the early postoperative period after surgical interventions on the large intestine

Indirect calorimetry was used to study the basal metabolism and energy expenditure at rest in 31 patients aged 20-80 years, on day 2 after surgery on the large intestine. It was found that the basal metabolism was increased by 13% in 64.5% of the patients (group 1) and decreased by the same value in the rest patients (group 2). The fluctuation range of energy expenditure in some patients of group 1 was from 1000 to 3400 kcal, in those of group 2, from 500 to 2000 kcal. The respiratory guotient in both groups was about 0.7. The direct measurement of energy expenditure at the early postoperational period would aid in proper rationing energy components in the total volume of the parenteral nutrition of operated on patients.