预处理对2124铝合金板材蠕变时效微结构与力学性能的影响

研究了预处理(15%预变形+100℃×5h预时效)对2124铝合金板材蠕变时效成形微结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明,富Fe(Si)杂质相粒子在蠕变成形过程中会因应力集中效应而破碎,从而改善材料性能,固溶-淬火后直接进行蠕变时效处理,θ′相在{100}面上的析出行为呈现出明显的应力位向效应,但基体中存在的弥散第二相粒子周围存在着很大的晶格畸变能,能促进析出第二相的形核、长大,局部降低应力位向效应。在本研究条件下,预处理使得{111}面上析出了Ω强化相,显著提高了2124铝合金蠕变时效后的强度,但不会显著降低延伸率。     

外加应力作用下Ni75Al11.5V13.5合金时效沉淀相的定向粗化

为研究镍基合金Ni75Al11.5V13.5等温时效沉淀颗粒在外应力场作用下的长大,在三元微观相场模型中引入外加应力场,模拟1 046.5 K时效产物L12和D022在外加应力作用下的定向粗化.计算结果表明,微观相场模型可以模拟相结构和晶格中的原子配置,并能清晰地模拟有序相沉淀颗粒间界面.外加应力大小和方向以及持续施加的时间对L12沉淀时效行为有显著影响,施加的外加应力越大、持续时间越长,外加应力方向的定向粗化效应越明显.时效过程中,D022相在L12相与母相界面形核且D022相L12相的间隙中生长,其形态始终受L12相的制约.     

热处理对铝合金半固态成形件组织与性能的影响

研究了T6热处理工艺对A356铝合金半固态成形件力学性能的影响，并应用光学显微镜与透射电镜对金相微观组织和第二相化合物的沉淀析出状况作了进一步的研究。结果表明，固溶温度对半固态铝合金A356成形件力学性能的影响是原始强化相溶解与强化相析出的综合结果，并且后者在热处理中起主要作用。也研究了不同时效参数对成形件硬度的影响，随着时效时间的增加，强化相的不断析出，硬度不断提高，当到一定的程度，热处理出现过时效，强度又开始降低。还从微观角度解释了热处理时产生这一性能差异的内在原因。     

Mg-Y-Nd合金中的析出相

利用电子显微镜对一种时效后的Mg-Y-Nd合金中析出相(β相)进行了研究.给出了分别沿β相[0001]与[11(-2)0]晶带轴方向观察时的形貌特征.分析表明,β相在基体中沿3个不同的〈11(-2)0〉方向生长,且β相沿〈0001〉α和〈11(-2)0〉α方向生长的速度要远大于沿〈1(-1)00〉方向的生长速度.通过对β相与基体之间不同的错配度分析说明了β相沿〈0001〉α不同方向生长速度的不同原因.     

可控电磁能(CEME)时效处理下Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的析出及强化机理研究

文中提出了可控电磁能(CEME)铝合金辅助时效处理技术,研究了脉冲电磁场产生的可控电磁能对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金析出相密度、尺寸分布及力学性能的影响并分析了组织强化机制.引入磁-热扩散模型和量子力学探讨外加脉冲磁能作用下Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金的扩散析出机理.结果表明,施加脉冲电磁场有利于增加析出质点数量,而延长时效可促进析出相长大,经脉冲电磁场时效1 h后的析出相分布密度为1.124μm-2,约为传统时效12 h的3倍,其抗拉强度分别为506 MPa和542 MPa;随着析出相尺寸的增大,强化机理由共格应变场强化机制(OS)过渡至Orowan绕过强化模型(CS),理论临界析出颗粒尺寸为20 nm.动力学分析认为,外加磁能对扩散激活能的Gtot作用较小,提高原子振动频率v0是增加析出质点数量的主要原因.     

7050铝合金蠕变时效成形本构模型研究

为研究7050T451铝合金蠕变时效本构模型,在160℃、不同应力条件下进行单轴拉伸蠕变试验,分析了蠕变应变、屈服强度和微观组织随时间的变化规律.基于高强铝合金析出强化理论,建立了能描述蠕变时效成形宏观及微观变化的本构方程,并运用遗传算法对材料常数进行拟合优化.研究表明,该模型在不同应力水平下与试验结果吻合良好,能够用来模拟分析蠕变时效成形过程.     

7050铝合金时效成形中应力松弛行为与回弹方程

通过自主设计的单向拉伸应力松弛装置研究7050铝合金时效成形过程中的应力松弛行为和回弹方程。结果表明:时效温度范围内7050铝合金的应力松弛曲线表现为典型的对数衰减曲线。该松弛过程可以分为应力快速下降,应力缓慢衰减和应力保持相对恒定3个阶段。随着温度的升高应力松弛极限逐渐降低。由于7050铝合金时效析出与应力松弛中位错蠕变的共同作用引起了松弛过程槛应力现象。通过解析7050铝合金应力松弛行为的特征和松弛曲线的泰勒方程得到该合金在时效温度范围内的应力松弛经验公式,以此获得该合金时效成形过程中的应力松弛方程,并利用该经验公式较好地预测时效成形后试样的回弹率。     

预时效对变形镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

与铸造镁合金相比,变形镁合金可获得更高的强度、更好的延展性以及更多样化的力学性能,从而满足多样化镁合金结构件的应用需求.但由于变形镁合金绝对强度低、塑性变形能力差,其应用范围受到了极大的限制.近期研究发现,对变形镁合金进行预时效处理能够显著提高合金的综合力学性能,因此总结和归纳预时效对变形镁合金的影响具有重要的理论参考价值和实践指导意义.预时效是在塑性加工前进行时效处理的一种时效方法,预时效处理可通过欠时效、峰值时效和过时效等工艺调控析出相的大小、形状、分布和位向,析出相在后续的加工变形过程中具有改善材料组织与性能的重要作用.预时效提供的析出相,在后续塑性加工变形过程中为动态再结晶提供形核核心,促进动态再结晶,细化晶粒,激活非基面滑移,弱化基面织构,且晶界析出相可显著抑制晶粒长大,有效阻碍位错运动,也可使位错累积增多,小角度晶界增多.此外,增加析出相含量能减小晶粒尺寸,抑制{1012}拉伸孪晶的形核和长大,增加{1011}压缩孪晶和{1011}-{1012}双孪晶含量,这些孪晶增加了动态再结晶的形核核心,改变了晶粒取向,进而大幅提高了合金的强度、屈服应力和峰值应力,同时也保证了合金的延展性,极大地改善了镁合金的综合力学性能.本文针对Mg-Al系、Mg-Zn系、Mg-Sn系和Mg-RE系等四系合金,总结分析了预时效对变形镁合金组织与性能的影响,着重从压缩、拉伸、挤压和轧制等变形工艺角度进行综述,为制备综合力学性能优良的镁合金提供参考.此外,本文指出了预时效变形镁合金在未来的发展动态和研究重点.     

双相不锈钢高温时效σ相析出行为研究进展

双相不锈钢高温热加工过程中,σ脆性相的快速析出将损害其力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。采取合适的热加工工艺抑制σ相的快速析出具有重要意义。简要综述了高温时效双相不锈钢析出相的特点,高温时效过程中σ相的析出机理、σ相析出动力学、σ相析出影响因素以及σ相析出对材料力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响。化学成分、铁素体晶粒尺寸和体积分数,以及相应的热处理工艺等将影响高温条件下铁素体向σ相的分解。升高固溶温度,能在一定程度抑制高温时效过程中σ相的析出。     

升温速率对2219铝合金蠕变时效行为的影响

研究2219铝合金在蠕变时效成形过程中,升温速率对其蠕变行为及力学性能的影响规律。实验模拟构件在热压罐中的升温条件,降低材料的升温速率(0.75℃/min),延长其升温时间至4h(某典型构件真实蠕变时效升温时间),分别在0,150,210MPa 3种应力条件及不同的时效时间下进行蠕变实验,并对材料拉伸力学性能和微观组织(TEM)进行分析。结果表明:对比在材料尺度下0.5h的升温条件(5.5℃/min),升温速率的降低,在一定程度上提高了材料的力学性能,并且延长了材料强度达到峰值的时间;铝合金析出相的形状因子随着时效时间呈现先增长,到达峰值后下降的趋势;降低升温速率,材料在升温阶段即已发生了显著蠕变形变,在150MPa和210MPa应力条件下升温阶段的蠕变量分别占总蠕变量的29.28%和21.56%,且蠕变变形量和稳态蠕变速率会随着应力的升高而增加;由此,基于材料尺度(标准蠕变试样)的蠕变时效研究,用于表征构件尺度蠕变时效行为时,须进一步考虑升温速率对其成形及性能演变的影响。     

Collagen orientation by X-ray pole figures and mechanical properties of media carotid wall

Many natural collagen containing materials are highly extensible composites and their mechanical behaviour will depend on the amount of collagen fibres present, the mechanical properties of the fibres and their distribution and orientation. A characteristic feature of these materials is that the fibrous collagen network can change orientation during stretching and hence the mechanical response of the tissues is a non-linear function of stress. In order to study the effect of fibre orientation, samples of carotid artery have been prestrained by given amounts in the hydrated state and then allowed to dry. The mean orientation of the fibres has been derived using pole figures obtained from X-ray diffraction measurements and Young's modulus has been calculated in the direction of fibre reorientation and compared with the experimental measurements. The results obtained indicate that X-ray diffraction techniques can be used for the study of the mechanical properties of extensible fibrous materials.     

定向凝固Ti-(43-48)Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的显微组织和性能

研究了Al含量对冷坩埚定向凝固Ti-(43-48)Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Ti-(43-48)Al-2Cr-2Nb合金的定向凝固组织主要由α₂相和γ相组成,随着Al含量的提高α₂相逐渐减少而γ相含量提高,且其显微组织片层由以平行片层和45°片层为主的混合片层向垂直混合片层转变;Al含量(48%,原子分数)较高的Ti-(43-48)Al-2Cr-2Nb合金其片层取向与应力方向垂直,具有较高的抗压强度和较低的塑性;Al含量(45%,原子分数)适中的合金其片层取向与应力方向平行,具有较高的强度、室温延伸率和综合性能。     

Mechanical properties of PVC coated bi-axial warp knitted fabric with and without initial cracks under multi-axial tensile loads

The paper presents a study on the mechanical properties of PVC coated bi-axial warp knitted fabric with and without initial cracks under multi-axial tensile loads. The mechanical behaviors of the same coated fabric under mono-axial and multi-axial tensile testing conditions are compared. The influences of the initial crack length and orientation on the mechanical performance are analyzed. It is found that while the coated fabric demonstrates anisotropic properties under mono-axial tensile condition, the same fabric rather behaves more isotropic under multi-axial tensile loads. It has also found that the mechanical performance decreases with increase of the initial crack length for a given crack orientation, and that the initial crack orientation perpendicular to a tensile direction has a maximal effect in the reduction of the mechanical performance in this direction. The crack propagation is always progressively along the weft direction of the fabric under multi-axial tensile condition no matter how the initial cracks are orientated.     

考虑纤维方向分布的玻纤增强PP复合材料拉伸性能

纤维方向及其分布对玻纤增强PP复合材料的力学特性具有至为关键的影响。提出了一种快速获取纤维数量及每根纤维方向的方法。通过引入方向张量, 利用Moldflow软件进行玻纤增强PP树脂注塑成型模拟获得纤维方向的平均分布, 结合显微方法观察判断特定点的纤维沿厚度方向的分层情况及定量判断纤维方向的分布。对轿车玻璃纤维增强注塑仪表板的纤维方向相对一致处取与纤维方向呈0°、45°、90°的样条, 通过拉伸实验测得拉伸模量, 利用所提出的方法研究了仪表板内玻纤方向的分布及其对拉伸模量的影响。研究结果表明: 玻纤增强注塑仪表板的力学性能是各向异性的, 其沿厚度方向纤维按方向大致可分为三层。     

电子束辐射对取向性聚醚醚酮性能的影响

在室温空气气氛中用电子束(EB)辐照拉伸取向后的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)片,研究了辐射对取向性PEEK片材性能的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和万能拉力机等手段测试了不同辐射吸收剂量对取向性PEEK片受力方向(平行方向)和垂直于受力方向(垂直方向)的结晶性能、热稳定性、力学性能和热收缩性能的影响。结果表明,在实验吸收剂量范围内,样品的结晶温度、熔融焓以及结晶度都随着吸收剂量的增加而减小;随着吸收剂量的增加样品的热稳定性降低;在空气气氛中辐照样品,其平行和垂直方向上的断裂伸长率、断裂应力均随吸收剂量的增加而减小;辐照后样品平行方向的热收缩率是垂直方向的2倍,在不同吸收剂量的条件下两方向的热收缩率都不变。     

On flow properties,fibre distribution,fibre orientation and flexural behaviour of FRC

For improving the mechanical properties of fibre reinforced concrete one can either increase the fibre content, use hybrid fibre systems, or one can attempt to align fibres in the direction of stress. In this paper, it is attempted to use the flow-properties of the fresh (self-compacting) concrete to change the fibre distribution and orientation. Using a single mixture of fibre reinforced concrete, containing 3% of 30 mm long straight steel fibres, the fibre distribution and orientation was determined in three different parts of a ‘U-shaped specimen’ where the concrete could flow in three different directions. The fibre distribution and orientation was determined from a CT-scan. Flexural tests show that the mechanical behaviour depends on the fibre distribution and orientation, which can be affected by changing the viscosity of the fresh mixture.     

玻璃纤维增强聚乙烯复合材料力学及摩擦性能的研究

本文制备了结构-性能不同的纤维增强聚乙烯基复合材料,研究了纤维含量及纤维取向对聚乙烯基复合材料力学性能和摩擦性能的影响.实验结果表明:纤维含量及取向对玻纤增强的聚乙烯基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能影响较大.沿垂直纤维方向摩擦时磨损量最少,沿平行玻纤方向摩擦时摩擦系数μ最低.玻纤含量为30%的聚乙烯基复合材料耐磨性好,摩擦系数低,综合力学性能优良,是一种有应用前景的高分子抗磨材料.     

不同因素下镍铜双层膜表面摩擦行为的研究

材料在摩擦接触过程中的弹塑性变形对基体的力学性能具有重要影响。为研究镍铜双层膜在接触过程中的变形行为和力学特性,本文从原子轨迹、原子晶格结构变化、接触力和基体内部位错等方面,详细研究了表面纹理密度、纹理方向、晶体学方向、磨粒半径和接触深度等因素对摩擦接触过程的影响。结果表明：纳观纹理表面以及镀层的引入对接触力产生影响。镍膜晶体学方向对滑动接触过程影响显著,存在接触力最小的晶体学方向;凸体的分布角度对摩擦过程的影响较小;在界面作用下,特定纹理密度表现出一定的减摩作用;基体材料的接触力随着磨粒半径和接触深度的增大而增大;在不同因素及水平下,基体表现出不同的位错缺陷程度和原子堆积现象。     

The effect of carbon nanotube orientation and content on the mechanical properties of polypropylene based composites

Finite element method (FEM) is used to predict the tensile and compressive stress–strain curves of single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. The numerical simulations, using shell and tetrahedron elements, are first carried out to investigate the effect of SWCNT orientation on the mechanical properties of the nano-composites. Second, the Grunfest–Young constitutive equation is selected to determine the effect of strain rate and solve the finite element program to analyze the mechanical behavior of the nano-composites. Third, the effect of SWCNT volume fraction is studied. In all cases, the shear and normal stresses distribution along the nanotube axis are investigated and compared with the macroscopic tensile or compressive stresses on the composites. At the same time, the stresses of the interface between SWCNT and the matrix along the loading direction are analyzed. Finally, the effects of SWCNT orientation, content and strain rate on the strength of the nano-composites are studied. From the results obtained, it was shown that strain rate can substantially affect the tensile and shear stresses of the composites, but do not significantly influence the initial tensile or compressive elastic moduli. This is especially the case for SWCNT orientation angles less than 30° and volume fractions higher than 0.74%.     

Some effects of stress in Goss-oriented silicon-iron

The magnetic characteristics of Goss-oriented 3% silicon-iron are dependent to a large extent on mechanical stress. This paper describes some effects of applying orthogonal planar stresses to single samples of commercial silicon-iron. Tensile or compressive stresses up to 10 MN/m²were applied simultaneously along and perpendicular to the rolling direction and the material was magnetized along either direction sinusoidally up to 1.7 T. Power loss and magnetostriction were measured under various stress conditions. The stress dependence of the properties did not vary with flux density in the samples tested. Orthogonal stresses of opposite signs always caused a degradation of properties whereas stresses of the same sign usually improved the characteristics. Previously, it has been shown that a stress in the transverse direction had the same effect as a longitudinal stress of half its value. In these experiments this was found not to be the case possibly because the elastic properties of the steel were different due to complex coating stresses.