矿物流体包裹体分析及其在石油地质研究中的应用

由于矿物流体包裹体保留了大量的成矿流体成分和性质,特别是原生有机包裹体,对确定烃源岩的受热史、生烃史,推断油气运移及古地热场具有重要的作用,因而在石油地质研究中得到了广泛的应用．分析了渤海湾盆地古生界烃源岩中大量的矿物流体包裹体,研究了流体包裹体的形态、组成和相态,探讨了矿物包裹体与油气成因的关系．结果表明,渤海湾盆地存在三期古地热场,导致古生界烃源岩受热温度呈阶段性增加,从而引发有机质发生多次生烃演化．     

黄骅坳陷石炭-二叠纪煤成烃演化的构造控制

黄骅坳陷的石炭-二叠纪煤系自沉积以来，遭受了复杂的构造变动，煤系源岩经历了不均一的抬升、变形、埋藏，导致了有机质生烃演化的不连续性和分阶段性．为了合理地评价黄骅坳陷石炭-二叠纪煤系的生烃潜力，本文以构造演化为主线，运用现代油气地质理论和现代的分析测试手段，研究了黄骅坳陷上古生界烃源岩的埋藏史、受热史和成熟-生烃史．研究结果揭示了本区石炭-二叠系煤系源岩构造控制下的煤成烃演化历程，阐明了上古生界生烃作用发生的构造期次，生烃强度和时空分异特征，指出了黄骅坳陷石炭二叠系烃源岩曾发生过3次重要的生烃作用过程，并得出了烃源岩最大埋深主要发生在喜马拉雅期，超过了3500m，地机质最高相对生轻量超过50mg／g．     

川中地区上三叠统香溪群烃源岩热演化史模拟

川中地区在喜马拉雅期的强烈隆升和地层剥蚀作用下,大部分地区缺失了上侏罗统及以上地层.根据八角场和南充等气田典型井的泥岩声波时差分析,地层剥蚀厚度大约2 500 m.在不同岩性地层压实校正基础上,应用盆地模拟方法对163口井上三叠统香溪群的埋藏史和有机质的热演化史进行模拟计算.结果表明,川中地区上三叠统香溪群烃源岩在中侏罗世末期进入生烃门限,晚侏罗世为低成熟阶段,白垩纪为大量生烃期.到白垩纪末期,除川中北部达到高成熟晚期以外,其余大部分地区处于生烃高峰期.早第三纪以来,地层抬升和剥蚀作用导致地层温度降低,阻碍了烃源岩有机质进一步的生烃作用.     

大港探区煤系地层生烃史类型及油气地质意义

勘探实践证实石炭—二叠系煤源岩是大港探区非常重要的烃源岩,该套烃源岩经历了复杂的埋藏史、热史和生烃史,具有多期次的生烃过程。结合区域构造及热演化地质背景和单井埋藏史,分析大港探区煤系地层的生烃热演化史类型以及有利生烃区的勘探潜力,认为大港探区上古生界具有4种生烃史类型,即持续深埋型、早抬晚埋型、间歇埋藏型和早埋晚抬型。     

渤海湾盆地C-P不同体系域有机显微组分与生烃性--以孔古4,大参1钻井剖面为例

针对层序地层学在烃源岩评价及预测中的重要作用，结合层序地层学、有机岩石学和有机地球化学的研究方法，研究了对渤海湾盆地C-P烃源岩生烃潜力和有机显微组分的分布．结果表明：C-P不同体系域的有机显微组分性质、有机地球化学特征、生烃潜力和有机相存在明显差异，在早期高位体系域中，煤中镜质组、基质镜质体B，藻类体的含量很高，泥岩中也有较多的藻类体和无定形体．因此早期高位体系域中的烃源岩有较好的生烃潜力。     

生烃凹陷资源潜力快速评价新指标:烃源指数

生烃凹陷的烃源条件与资源潜力评价是盆地油气勘探的重要基础。烃源岩地球化学评价法难以揭示生烃凹陷全貌特征,生烃量与资源量直接计算法通常难以适用于低勘探程度区。提出烃源指数的新指标,将其定义为快速评估生烃凹陷油气资源数量的量化指标,并从凹陷体积与烃源岩质量两方面提取关键参数加以定量表征。其具体取凹陷面积、凹陷源岩层最大厚度表征凹陷体积,取地层沉积相、干酪根类型与凹陷最大埋深表征烃源岩质量。计算了高勘探区珠江口盆地惠州凹陷12个洼陷文昌组的烃源指数,并基于“源控论”与黑箱原则,建立了烃源指数与成因体积法计算的资源量之间的乘幂关系。经另一高勘探区渤海湾盆地东营凹陷的检验,由烃源指数估算的资源量是可信的。应用烃源指数快速评价了低勘探区恩平凹陷,得出EP17、EP18和EP12等3个洼陷文昌组总资源量达13.193×10⁸ t,并认为恩平凹陷属于富烃凹陷,其中EP17洼烃源条件最优,为富生烃洼陷。烃源指数涵盖了凹陷体积与源岩质量两方面信息,涉及参数少且易获取,适用于生烃凹陷资源潜力的快速评价,尤其是低勘探区。     

松辽盆地上古生界烃源岩特征及有效性分析

松辽盆地石炭系—二叠系烃源岩经历了较为复杂的构造演化,不同地区烃源岩的埋藏史、热演化史及生烃史不相同。通过对收集的资料和采集的上古生界烃源岩样品进行地球化学分析,探讨了松辽盆地不同地区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化特征及其有效性。结果表明：松辽盆地上古生界烃源岩有机质丰度低,有机质类型较差（主要为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型）,现今热演化程度高（已达到成熟和过成熟阶段）,后期生烃潜力有限,但不代表地质历史时期生烃贡献小;肇源、长岭地区上古生界烃源岩为后期深埋藏型,存在二次生烃,为上古生界有效烃源岩主要分布区,对天然气资源有贡献;杜尔伯特地区由于受周边侵入岩烘烤、后期浅埋深等因素的影响,古地温远高于现今地温,不能发生二次生烃,烃源岩基本无效。因此,松辽盆地肇源、长岭地区为上古生界烃源岩有利生气区。     

东营凹陷纯西辉长岩对烃源岩异常生排烃作用研究

基性岩浆带来大量的热量和地幔物质，并产生极高的压力，加速了周围烃源岩的成熟演化，且促使其排烃，形成放射状排烃格局；辉长岩中的过渡金属由于有机酸的活化、迁移，并最终在周围烃源岩中沉淀、聚集，它们对烃源岩生烃起到显著的催化作用，使其早熟；火山热液中以及辉长岩蚀变产生的CH4和H2对烃源岩生烃起到加氢作用，显著扩大了其生烃量和提高了区域油气丰度。     

柴窝堡凹陷油气资源潜力分析

以改造型盆地成盆、成烃和成藏理论为指导，应用沉积相分析、有效烃源岩评价、剥蚀厚度恢复及改造型盆地模拟等技术和方法，综合研究分析了柴窝堡凹陷沉积演化特征及烃源岩特征，预测了油气资源潜力，提出了有利勘探区带和目标。结果表明，柴窝堡凹陷北部及现今博格达山地区在晚二叠世沉积期属于深湖一半深湖亚相；凹陷主要烃源岩层为上二叠统芦草沟和红雁池组，位于凹陷北部，达到好一中等烃源岩级别；区内油源来自凹陷北部烃源岩，具有一定的资源潜力；最有利的勘探区带为柴杨断褶带北部和三个山冲断带，最有利勘探目标为柴窝堡构造和阿克苏构造。     

准噶尔盆地南缘中下侏罗统烃源岩评价及排烃特征

准噶尔盆地南缘钻到中下侏罗统烃源岩的探井较少,对其资源潜力认识不足.通过对单井地质地化、地震反演、沉积相和构造埋深等资料的综合分析,预测了烃源岩厚度、有机质丰度和有机质类型等的平面分布,采用生烃潜力法建立了中下侏罗统烃源岩的排烃模式,评价了其资源潜力,认为准噶尔盆地南缘下部成藏组合的油气具有重大勘探价值.结果表明:中下侏罗统烃源岩分布面积广、厚度大和有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型为主,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段.泥岩和煤层的排烃门限对应镜质组反射率均为0.7%.烃源岩自白垩纪末期进入大量排烃期,在新近纪至现今阶段排烃量最大.总排烃量和远景资源量分别为140.27Gt和12.54Gt,其中石油与天然气的远景资源量分别为10.52Gt和2.28Tm3.综合分析认为,准噶尔盆地南缘中下侏罗统烃源岩排烃量大,为晚期排烃,具有良好的资源前景.     

Evolution of hydrocarbon generation of Jurassic source rock of the Lenke-1 well in Lenghu tectonic belt of Qaidam basin, China

The Lenghu tectonic belt is located at or near the northern margin in the Qaidam Basin, which is an intracontinental composite basin evolved during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic epochs. The Lower Jurassic is considered a good source rock with a wide distribution. Since the deposit of the Lower Jurassic hydrocarbon source rock, the basin has undergone many tectonic events of subsidence and uplift. The source rocks in the Lengke-1 well, have experienced a complicated tectonic-burial history during which different hydrocarbon generation (HG) evolutions have taken place. We have investigated the history of burying, heating and hydrocarbon generation of the Lower Jurassic source rocks, not just on the basis of tectonic disturbance and deep burial, but also from new studies.in fluid inclusion measurements and the application of numerical simulation with EASY%Ro. Our study reveals the evolution process, tectonic episodes and the strength of the HG of the Jurassic source rock. We conclude that twice HG proc-esses have taken place since the Lower Jurassic formation and infer from that the important conclusion that more HG of the Lower Jurassic source rock took place during the Eocene- Miocene epochs. Finally, we discuss the oil and gas tarp formation and destruc-tion in the Lenghu tectonic belt and point out that more attention should be paid to the thrust faults, which formed during the late Himalayan epoch.     

Thermal Evolution of Organic Matter and Secondary Hydrocarbon Generation from Upper Paleozoic Coal Deposits in Northern China

The metamorphism and hydrocarbon generation from the Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata in Northern China have been widely studied by Chinese geologists since the 1990s. Based on a large amount of data of Ro values,combined with geological background,we have systematically analyzed the thermal evolutionary characteristics of or-ganic matter and the stages of hydrocarbon generation from the Permo-Carboniferous coal deposits and discussed the condition of secondary hydrocarbon generation. The distribution range of secondary hydrocarbon generation in North-ern China is thus determined. It is shown that the coal ranks of the Upper Paleozoic coal deposits are higher in the southern and western belts than those in the northern and eastern belts. Really significant secondary hydrocarbon gen-eration is mainly related to the thermal evolution of organic matter during the Himalayan Period. Profitable areas for secondary hydrocarbon generation should be buried at 3000-4000 m up to the present. Maturity of the Permo-Carbon-iferous source rocks is not very high. It is suggested that the Bohai Bay depression is favourable for secondary hydro-carbon generation and has good oil and gas prospects.     

济阳坳陷下伏石炭系—二叠系煤系烃源岩中侵入岩的地球化学特征

石炭系—二叠系沉积以剥蚀残余状分布在渤海湾盆地之下,在已发现油气的部位均发现浅层侵入岩。通过侵入岩产状、主量元素和微量元素组成等地质和地球化学分析,发现侵入岩主要为富二氧化硅、钠、钾和镁的闪长玢岩以及贫二氧化硅和钠、富钾和镁的煌斑岩,它们与鲁西隆起同层位侵入岩具有很多相似之处。研究认为它们是侏罗纪断陷形成初期上地幔物质上涌、沿深大断裂侵入形成的,以富钾偏碱性或偏中性两种岩浆侵入在煤系烃源岩中。研究还发现,煤系地层中的这些侵入体规模不大,对烃源岩的烘烤作用范围不超过侵入体的厚度,对整体的煤系生烃演化影响较小。     

Thermal evolution characteristics of Triassic coal in Chuxiong Basin and its geological significance

Chuxiong Basin in Yunnan is a typical Mesozoic foreland basin which is enriched in widely distributed Triassic coal resources with thick deposits and of important strategic significance. By applying vitrinite reflectance measurement, inclusion thermometry, fission track dating and EASY% Ro numerical simulation, the Triassic coal thermal evolution history of the Chuxiong Basin was analyzed, and the results were concluded. The vitrinite reflectance of Chuxiong Basin is higher in the west and south in general.Vertically, in the east, west, and north of the basin, the vitrinite reflectance increases with increasing depth, and in the northern part, exceptionally high values occur, and there is no significant regularity in the east. The formation of inclusions inside quartz veins in Chuxiong Basin Triassic coal are unrelated with magmatic hydrothermal fluid, and there are multi-phase inclusions formed in three or four sections of tectonic movements. The main heating period(apparent age) of the Triassic coal is concentrated in the late Cenozoic, during which the coal was subjected to repeated thermal disturbance, resulting in a multimodal distribution of the fission track data, which reveals mild burial features of the early stages of the Late Cenozoic. The Triassic coal of Chuxiong Basin has experienced two major temperature increasing processes, which occurred in the early-mid Yanshan and the early Himalayan, respectively. The first hydrocarbon generation period of coal organic matter occurred in the formation stage of the foreland basin, during which the south and west of the basin generated large amounts of hydrocarbon, but little was preserved. The second generation stage in the Early Himalayan had conditions suitable for high gas accumulation, especially in the western and southern regions. The upper Triassic coal is of moderate burial depth and is less affected by the strike-slip effect. There are key areas of Chuxiong Basin oil and gas exploration, such as the Yanfeng Basin in the north-central, Yongren and Yunlong areas.     

东濮凹陷方里集构造带油气来源及成藏期

通过精细油源对比、气源对比,明确了渤海湾盆地东濮凹陷方里集构造带的油气来源;基于流体包裹体的光性特征和均一温度,结合埋藏史确立了油气成藏时间及期次,恢复了油气成藏过程。油源对比结果表明,沙三段原油和烃源岩地球化学指标相近,具有自生自储特征,沙二段和沙三段天然气以煤成气为主,为断层输导成藏。沙三段油包裹体荧光下呈蓝色,盐水包裹体均一温度峰值为130 ℃~140 ℃,原油成藏期为明化镇组晚期—平原组中期(距今1~3 Ma)。根据山西组—本溪组煤系烃源岩的热演化史,煤成气的成藏期为东营组时期,早于原油的成藏时间。油气成藏过程恢复表明:在东营组中期至东营组剥蚀期间,煤成气通过断层输导,形成沙二段气藏和沙三段早期气藏;在明化镇组晚期—平原组中期,沙三段烃源岩生成的原油就近充注于沙三段气藏中,形成了沙三段油气藏。方里集构造带具有“双源两期”的成藏特征。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系烃源岩二次生烃研究

为研究海相烃源岩二次生烃规律和塔里木盆地生排烃规律,以塔里木盆地奥陶系烃源岩为研究对象,首先通过构造-热演化史和生烃史研究得出,塔里木盆地典型构造单元奥陶系烃源岩具有二次生烃的特征,并且起始成熟度和生烃期次不同。然后选取自然条件下演化至不同起始成熟度的奥陶系海相烃源岩,采用热压模拟实验方法系统研究其二次生烃规律。研究表明:塔里木盆地奥陶系海相烃源岩二次生烃的主控因素是起始成熟度,二次生烃产率随起始成熟度增加规律性减小;低成熟和中成熟烃源岩具有大量生排油气潜力,出现相对延迟的生油高峰,高成熟烃源岩没有大量生油和生气的能力;两次不连续生烃量与一次连续生烃量的差值也受起始成熟度控制,具有阶段性;起始成熟度在低成熟到成熟阶段时,二次不连续生烃过程会增加烃源岩的生烃量,使生烃潜力增加,而高成熟阶段以后,二次不连续生烃过程就会减少烃源岩的生烃量,使生烃潜力减小。     

沁水盆地郑庄区块构造演化与煤层气成藏

基于沁水盆地郑庄区块的构造发育特征,研究了自二叠纪煤系形成以来该区域构造应力场演化,分析了其对煤层气藏的控制作用,包括构造-埋藏史、后期成藏演化及成藏控制因素.研究表明:郑庄地区主要经历了印支期、燕山期、喜马拉雅早期和喜马拉雅晚期—现代4个期次的构造应力场演化.在构造控制下,二叠纪煤层经历了印支期和燕山中—晚期两次成烃作用,特别是燕山中、晚期煤层生气量巨大,是煤层气的主要成藏期.此后,随着地壳持续抬升剥蚀,煤层埋藏不断变浅,并发育了多组封闭性较好的节理.受南东侧的寺头断层控制,煤层埋深处于600～1 200m,为煤层气成藏以来的最浅埋藏,虽然本区二叠系煤层气的成藏时间较早,但保留的煤层气含量大,煤储层厚度大,且煤层埋藏适中.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部延长组下组合流体包裹体特征和油气充注期次

通过对储层成岩作用、流体包裹体岩相学和孔隙沥青特征的分析,在烃包裹体期次划分的基础上,结合流体包裹体均一温度特征、烃源岩热演化史、地层埋藏史和储层成岩史,确定了鄂尔多斯盆地中部延长组下组合油气充注期次。结果表明:鄂尔多斯盆地中部延长组长8段和长9段致密储层主要发育压实、胶结、交代和溶解4种成岩作用,自生矿物主要为绿泥石、石英胶结物、长石胶结物和方解石胶结物。根据包裹体宿主矿物形成序列,识别出3期烃包裹体。第一期烃包裹体分布在石英愈合缝、石英次生加大边和充填孔隙的石英胶结物中,少数低成熟的黄色荧光烃包裹体及黑色荧光沥青包裹体代表了烃源岩进入生烃门限后排出的少量烃类充注,多数成熟度较高的蓝色、蓝白色荧光烃包裹体代表了生烃高峰期大量烃类充注; 第二期烃包裹体分布在长石胶结物中,数量较少,显示蓝色和蓝白色荧光,在溶蚀孔隙周围或沿解理分布,呈短柱状,边界平直; 第三期烃包裹体分布在方解石胶结物中,呈孤立或零星分布,形状近六边形; 后两期烃包裹体均是在烃类充注结束后捕获孔隙中烃类形成的。研究区延长组长8段和长9段经历了晚侏罗世末期至早白垩世末期的一期烃类持续充注。