Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial power systems - Part 1: The problem defined Working Group Report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial power systems - Part 3: Protection Methods Working Group Report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial systems-Part 2: Grounding Methods Working Group report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding and ground fault protection of multiple generator installations on medium-voltage industrial and commercial power systems - Part 4: Conclusion and Bibliography Working Group Report

This paper discusses typical grounding practices and ground fault protection methods for medium-voltage generator stators, highlighting their merits and drawbacks. Particular attention is given to applications of multiple generators connected to a single bus. The paper also provides an overview of the generator damage mechanism during stator ground faults. Problem areas associated with each type of grounding are identified and solutions are discussed. The paper also provides a list of references on the topic. The paper is intended as a guide to aid engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for medium-voltage industrial and commercial generators for new installations, for evaluating existing systems, and for future expansion of facilities, to minimize generator damage from stator ground faults. These topics are presented in four separate parts, Parts 1-4. Part 1 covers scope, introduction, user examples of stator ground failure, and theoretical basis for the problem. Part 2 discusses various grounding methods used in industrial applications. Part 3 describes protection methods for the various types of grounding and Part 4 provides a conclusion and bibliography of additional resource material.     

Grounding of Generators Connected to Industrial Plant Distribution Buses

Increasing ``energy consciousness' in industry is causing expanded interest in in-plant generators, which are normally connected to the main plant distribution bus. Electrical system reliability requires the proper application of neutral grounding and ground fault protection for these machines. Mechanical limits on safe generator ground fault currents, possible circulating harmonic currents in multiunit installations, and the effects of internal ground faults add complexity.     

Ground grid design in large industrial plants

IEEE Standard 80-1976 is primarily concerned with ground gradient of substation installations. Large industrial petrochemical plants demand bulk power supply from substations and, coupled with cogeneration plants, make the design of the grounding system rather complex and costly due to high ground fault currents. The basic design criteria in grounding are clarified and a step-by-step procedure in designing a safe and economical ground grid for such plants is provided     

Hybrid grounding system

This paper presents an application of a hybrid grounding scheme to a paper mill 13.8-kV generator. The article describes the grounding problem, lists user examples of stator ground failure, and provides a theoretical explanation for the problem and resulting generator damage. Various grounding methods used in industrial applications, including an innovative hybrid grounding scheme that maintains continuity of service, controls transient overvoltages, and effectively limits damage to stator iron is presented. Finally various ground protection schemes for the generator grounding and system grounding configurations, and a list of additional resource material is presented.     

Computer Grounding and the National Electrical Code

The grounding recommendations of computer manufacturers are intended to minimize electrical noise by providing isolated ground systems. However, some of their recommendations violate the equipment grounding rules in the National Electrical Code and may also contribute to noise and other problems. NEC grounding principles that pertain to computer grounding are discussed; NEC violations at computer installations are reviewed; and signal grounding considerations are explored.     

乒乓式转子一点接地保护多次动作跳机原因分析

某厂俄供发电机组在进行发变组微机保护国产化改造前从未发生转子接地保护跳机动作事故,但改造后陆续发生了三次转子一点接地保护动作跳机事故。对此进行了详细的事故分析,查找事故原因,最终发现了发电机滑环故障、转子一点接地保护设计等方面存在的问题。通过对发电机滑环的处理及对转子一点接地保护程序的修改,有效地避免了发电机转子一点接地保护动作的再次发生。     

大容量发电机中性点接地方式的研究

目前对大容量发电机中性点接地方式有两种不同观点,即中性点经配电变高阻接地和经消弧线圈谐振接地。本文从有利于构成性能良好的发电机定子绕组单相接地保护的观点出发,对两种接地方式下发电机基波零序电压保护和三次谐波零序电压保护的灵敏度进行了分析,分析表明发电机中性点谐振接地的方式有利于提高发电机定子接地零序电压保护的灵敏度。     

大型发电机中性点接地方式与定子接地保护

国内对大型发电机中性点接地方式有2种不同的主张,即中性点经消弧线圈接地和经配电变压器高阻(或中阻)接地。分析认为大型发电机中性点应采用经消弧线圈接地方式,并对这2种中性点接地方式下实施三次谐波电压型定子接地保护的判据进行了简要分析。     

注入信号法补偿式高灵敏度发电机定子接地保护

注入信号法发电机定子接地保护受定子绕组对地电容的影响,灵敏度较低,难以满足大型机组高灵敏度继电保护的要求,而采用外加小电抗器,选择合适的注入信号频率,以补偿定子绕组对地容抗、测量故障接地电阻或测量信号电压、信号电流相位差进行接地保护则可改善大型机组定子接地保护的灵敏度。计算、分析与仿真表明：该方法具有较高的灵敏度。     

水轮发电机定子单相接地的继电保护技术

阐述了水轮发电机定子单相接地保护所涉及的相关内容,着重对其继电保护的动作方式、双频式保护的基本原理和影响其保护动作的注意因素进行了分析和评述,同时对注入式保护做了介绍,最后对前述相关内容以及后续研究做了结论和展望。     

发电厂10 kV及以下供电系统接地保护应用

叙述了大型发电厂10kV及以下厂用电系统中性点接地的几种方式，分析了作用于跳闸的接地保护在运行中几次误动的原因，同时，强调了零序电流互感器及电缆接地线在安装时应注意的事项。     

微机式发电机励磁回路一点接地保护的研究

针对发电机实际运行中所出现的励磁回路一点接地故障情况,讨论了一种发电机转子一点接地变电桥式微机保护方案,推导了计算接地电阻及接地点位置的数学方程。通过其灵敏度的理论分析并考虑实际问题,确定了一种较为合理的电路结构,给出了保护的实现方法和改进措施,提高了保护的灵敏度及可靠性。     

发电机励磁回路一点接地故障分析

本文研究了发电机励磁回路不同部位一点接地时转子正负对地电位的大小及波形,并给出了通过转子正负对地电位的大小及波形确定接地点的方法。同时,采用研究得出的方法分析了一起发电机转子接地故障,该发电机发生故障时的转子正负对地电位与文中分析的完全一致。文章给出的分析方法对于发电机励磁回路一点接地的查找及故障定位具有重要的参考价值。     

组合型接地方式对注入式定子接地保护的影响

借鉴谐振接地的优点,采用在大型发电机的配电变压器低压侧负载电阻两端并联电感的组合型接地方式,减少接地故障电流。使用Matlab Simulink 工具搭建仿真模型,采用准分布电容参数模型模拟定子接地故障,使用与保护装置相同的算法计算注入式定子接地保护。设计一种常规高阻接地和3种组合型接地的方案,对白鹤滩水电站发电机的实例进行仿真计算,通过对比分析,研究组合型接地方式对注入式定子接地保护的影响。结果表明,增加并联电感会恶化接地过渡电阻的计算结果;将并联电感放到接地变压器高压侧,对注入式定子接地保护最有利,但是该方案增加了设备成本;在并联电感有限的补偿电流范围内,失谐度越大,越有利于接地过渡电阻的测量。     

大型发电机谐振引起的定子接地保护误动原因分析

针对山西省内多起大型发电机谐振引起定子接地保护误动的故障,介绍了故障发生时的情况,从发电机中性点消弧线圈挡位选择、发电机出口电压互感器等方面入手,分析了导致发电机定子接地保护误动的原因,最后提出避免大型发电机定子接地保护误动的措施和建议。     

接地网垂直接地极地表传导电流分析

垂直接地极作为一种有效降低接地网接地电阻的方法,在接地网图纸缺失或图纸与实际不符情况下,面临准确探测位置等问题。根据安培环路定律,提出通过测量地表传导电流来探测接地网垂直接地极位置的方法。通过理论公式推导,推算垂直接地极及其连接地网支路在地表产生的传导电流分布情况;再构建有/无垂直接地极的接地网模型,仿真垂直接地极对地表传导电流的影响。理论分析和模型仿真验证表明,测量地表传导电流能够有效地探测垂直接地极位置,方法简单,可进一步用于接地网3D结构成像。     

Safety and ground fault protection in electrical systems

Power system safety is heavily related to electrical system grounding, and ground fault current that directly impacts human safety. Protective device characteristics (such as circuit breakers, relays and fuses) are examined and then related to ground fault current levels and trip times. Recommendations are given to improve the traditional grounding concepts. Finally, the design guidelines on safety are summarized, including the transfer voltage problems