Stabilization of crude oil in hydrocyclones with treatment of casing-head gas to remove hydrogen sulfide

A method is proposed for stabilization of crude oil and condensate in hydrocyclones to create closed systems for exhaustive preparation of feedstock. Hydrocyclones are small, simple in layout, and highly efficient units that allow enhancing operation of the primary crude oil preparation system and equipping units in block-aggregate layout. Pilot-industrial tests of crude stabilization processes using centrifugal forces and preparation of gas to remove hydrogen sulfide demonstrate the possibility of industrial introduction of the new technology.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 12 – 15, January – February, 2005.     

Asphalt production technology. From engineering art to science

In the last third of the last century, important progress was made in developing the scientific basis for oxidized asphalt production technology. The classification of crude oils and mathematical model developed allow quantitatively predicting the basic parameters of asphalt production based on vacuum distillation and oxidation process using the reference properties of the crude oil.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 16–22, November– December, 2004     

A Composite Additive for “Heavy” Gas-Condensate Diesel Fuel

A composite additive that decreases the cloud and solid points of GShZ gas-condensate diesel fuel, stable condensate “heavy” bottoms, to the values required by GOST 305–82 for grade “3– 45” petroleum diesel fuel, was developed from domestic feedstock. This significantly improves the performance properties of gas-condensate diesel fuel.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 26 – 28, July – August, 2005.     

Group composition and properties of petroleum wax fractions

The group chemical composition and physicomechanical properties of petroleum wax fractions are investigated. The mechanism of their change with an increase in the average distillation temperature is determined.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 47 – 48, January – February, 2005.     

Low-Volatility Motor Oils. Development and Production

The results of developing, manufacturing, and testing SAE 15W-40 CF-4/SG oils in the D-245 engine are reported. Due to the decrease in volatility and optimization of the composition, consumption of oil to loss in burning was reduced by 32% and the environmental characteristics improved correspondingly.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 28 – 31, May – June, 2005.     

Application of prediction models to performance of high paraffinic content oilfields: Case study Shen95 Block of Jinganbao Oilfield

Production performance was curve-fitted for prediction of production and estimation of incremental recovery for waterflooded reservoir. Arguably, simulation may yield non-unique solution or fail due to assumptions on the true effect of high-paraffin content on porosity, saturation, and fluid rheology in the entire formation caused by temperature and solubility effects. The curve-fitting models applied are Arps' rate–time models and Li–Horne mechanistic model proven applicable to waterflooded and naturally fractured reservoirs. Others are Corrêa's volumetric oil-cut decline model tested on heterogeneous, waterflooded, high viscous and heavy oil reservoirs characterized by volumetric-exponential decline and a water displacement curve method. The match periods for Arps' models were constrained by criteria from literature reviewed to ensure that decline was relatively under the influence of relative permeability and not operational changes. The models were chosen to match performance primarily of Shen95 Block, a faulted block in the Damintun depression, Liaohe basin, China, characterized by high pour point within 42–64 °C. Recovery estimate was not entirely consistent with past findings of Li–Horne model estimates falling in-between exponential and harmonic decline estimates, but consistent with harmonic decline estimates. Performance match preference was Corrêa's model, but the model was extended to specifically characterize performance trend by reciprocal decline exponent (β = − 2) beyond the prior considered range of (− 1 ≤ β ≤ 0). The other block considered, a naturally fractured reservoir having similar fluid properties with Shen95 was also characterized by (β = − 2). A holistic approach will require the alternate use of the models based on the strong points of each model according to theory, performance trends and operational changes.     

Evaluating the Efficacy of Corrosion Inhibitors in Automotive Gasolines

A method for assessing the corrosion properties of automotive gasolines containing oxygenates and the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors for these fuels similar to the method in ASTM D 665 is examined. Data on its use are reported.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 49 – 50, July – August, 2005.     

Effects of stress and oscillatory frequency on the structural properties of Daqing gelled crude oil at different temperatures

The structural properties of Daqing gelled waxy crude oil were studied with a controlled-stress rheometer under oscillatory shear mode. Our results demonstrate that the gelled waxy crude oil shows viscoelastic properties. The linear viscoelastic region and yielding of crude oil can be determined not only by the critical linear shear stress (τ_cl) and yield stress (τ_y), but also by the critical linear shear strain (γ_cl) and yield strain (γ_y) respectively. With the decrease of test temperature, τ_cl and τ_y increased greatly while γ_cl and γ_y decreased gradually. The crude oil showed more elastic at lower temperatures. The frequency had little effect on the structure of crude oils in the measured range.     

Improving the Rheological Properties of High-Viscosity Crude Oils. Modifying Additive and High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field

The rheological properties of crude oils from Yuzhno-Inzyreisk and Vostochno-Khar’yaginsk fields in Arkhangel’sk Oblast were investigated at different temperatures and shear rates. The anomalies of these properties are due to the high concentration of waxes capable of phase transitions in the crudes. The activation energy of viscous flow, which increased with the wax content in the crudes, was determined with the dependence of the logarithm of the viscosity on the reciprocal of the temperature. Treatment with a high-frequency electromagnetic field significantly decreases the viscosity of the crudes.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 36 – 38, May – June, 2005.     

Properties of polyurea greases on a synthetic base

The dependence of the properties of polyurea greases on the composition of the dispersion medium was investigated. Synthetic lubricating fluids of different chemical natures and mixtures of these fluids were used as the dispersion medium. Lubricants on a mixed base have better lubricant properties than lubricants based on the individual synthetic fluids.Translated from Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 45–46, November– December, 2004     

Effect of ultrasound on the properties of the rapeseed oil—monoethanolamine system

The effect of an ultrasound field on the rheological properties and thermal stability of rapeseed oil (RO) in the presence of monoethanolamine (MEA) and the dispersing properties of the RO-MEA system were investigated. The extremal character of the change in the dispersing effect of RO with an increase in the concentration of MEA was established. Ultrasound vibrations cause mechanochemical transformations that decrease the thermal stability at high temperatures.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 29 – 31, November– December, 2004     

Expanding Feedstock Resources for Manufacture of Vaseline

An alternative to petrolatum in feedstock for manufacture of medicinal Vaseline from Azerbaidzhan crudes was sought. The feedstock, adsorbent, and processing conditions selected increase the yield of Vaseline from 35–40 to 70–75% while reducing formation of difficult to use wastes.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 18 – 19, May – June, 2005.     

Production of energy carriers as a method of utilizing the bottom layer of acid tar

The possibility of using the bottom layer of acid tars at oil refineries (OR) for production of energy carriers based on modern energy technologies is demonstrated. For utilizing this product which accumulates in the ponds at D. I. Mendeleev Yaroslavl Oil Refinery, burning it in a circulating fluidized bed without expensive gas scrubbing systems to remove sulfur and nitrogen oxides is proposed.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 3–7, November– December, 2004     

Interrelation of hydrogenation catalyst quality and the materials of construction in catalyst manufacturing equipment

Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 37–38, March–April, 1946.     

Pipelines of complex configuration. Calculation of the velocity of the solid phase in pneumatic transport with a stagnated dense bed

A criterial equation was obtained for determining the velocity of the solid phase in pneumatic transport in a stagnated dense bed (SDB) in pipelines of complex configuration. A mobility factor was introduced in the equation to account for the effect of the friction properties of the transported materials. A method is proposed for calculating this factor with the known values of the hydrodynamic coefficient of the bed of transported materials.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 27 – 28, November– December, 2004     

Hydroconversion of lube fractions

Yaroslavnefteorgsintez, a joint stock company. Translated fromKhimiya i Teknologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 26–28, May–June, 1996.     

Organochlorosilanes as catalysts of alkylation of benzene by propylene

The orders of the catalytic activity of methyl- and ethylchlorosilanes in alkylation of benzene by propylene in an autoclave are established.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 44 – 46, January – February, 2005.     

Wastewater treatment and soil cleanup in bulk plants

Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 41–43, July–August, 1996.     

A generalized correlation for predicting gas–condensate relative permeability at near wellbore conditions

It is a well established finding, both experimentally and theoretically that relative permeability (k_r) of gas–condensate systems at low interfacial tension (IFT) depends on velocity and IFT. There are a number of correlations available both in the literature and commercial reservoir simulators that account for the coupling (i.e., the increase of k_r as velocity increases and/or IFT decreases) and inertial (i.e., the reduction of k_r as velocity increases) effects at near wellbore conditions. These functional forms, which with the exception of Whitson et al. (Whitson, C.H., Fevang, O., Saevareid, A., Oct. 1999. Gas condensate relative permeability for well calculations, SPE 56476. Proc. of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition Texas) are based on saturation, estimate the two effects separately and include a number of parameters, which should be determined by cumbersome and expensive k_r measurements at low IFT and high velocity conditions. We have previously reported the development of a fractional flow based correlation (Jamiolahmady, M., Danesh, A., Henderson, G.D. and Tehrani, D.H., Dec. 2006. Variations of gas–condensate relative permeability with production rate at near wellbore conditions: a general correlation, SPE Reserv. Eng. Evalu. J., 9 (6), pp. 688–697), which expressed the combined effect of coupling and inertia simultaneously, but its dependency on fluid viscosity limited its use to the range of IFT values studied. In this paper we present a generalized correlation based on relative-permeability-ratio, which is closely related to a fractional flow of gas and condensate. The parameters of the new correlation are either universal, applicable to all types of rocks, or can be determined from commonly measured petrophysical data. The performance of the correlation has been evaluated over a relatively wide range of IFT and velocity variations. This has been conducted by comparing its prediction with the gas–condensate relative permeability values measured on porous media with very different characteristics. These data had not been used in developing the correlation. The results are quite satisfactory confirming the generality of the correlation in providing reliable information on gas–condensate relative permeability values for near wellbore conditions.     

Catalytic Synthesis of Basic Petrochemical Products from C<Subscript>1</Subscript>-C<Subscript>4</Subscript> Alkanes

Effective catalysts for production of ethylene and aromatic hydrocarbons from methane and the propane-butane fraction are developed and investigated by physicochemical methods.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 35 – 38, March – April, 2005.