Effects of ethylp-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate on biliary secretion of bile acids,cholesterol and phosphatidyl choline

The effect of chronic administration of ethylp-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) on the secretion of bile lipids was studied in four dogs with surgically implanted Thomas cannulae for periods of 2–7 months. The concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides andp-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid in serum and of bile acids, cholesterol and phospholipids (phosphatidyl cholines) in bile were measured. Chronic administration of CPIB resulted in a marked increase in the concentration of cholesterol, bile acids and phosphatidyl cholines in the bile of all dogs, and a decrease in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum in three of the four dogs. Serum concentrations ofp-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid were monitored to insure the presence of the drug in the dogs; however, no correlation between serum levels ofp-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid and the concentration of biliary lipids was noted. The bile acids andp-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid were determined by gas chromatographic procedures and the structures were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One of eight papers presented at the symposium “Recent Advances in Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism,” AOCS Meeting, Houston, May 1971.     

Analysis of subcellular phosphatidyl choline in developing rabbit lung

Phosphatidyl choline is a major lung surfactant. Insufficient development of the surfactant in neonates is often associated with the Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The concentration and fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline have not been studied in the subcellular organelles of the developing lung. This study has investigated the development of the concentration and fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline in subcellular fractions of 28-day and 30-day fetal and maternal New Zealand rabbit lungs. The concentration of total phospholipids in lamellar bodies increased four to five fold from 28-day fetus to 30-day fetus which, in turn, was similar to the maternal level. Total phospholipid content increased only about 50% in mitochondria and microsomes. The percentage of phosphatidyl choline among total phospholipids in lamellar bodies increased successively from 60% at 28 days gestation to 84% at 30 days gestation and leveled at 84% in maternal lamellar bodies. Microsomal PC increased steadily from 52% in the 28-day fetus to 65% in the adult. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline in lamellar bodies confirmed 16∶0 as the major fatty acid, and its content remained constant from 28 days gestation to adult. In contrast, the content of 16∶0 of the microsomal phosphatidyl choline decreased with increasing gestation. Changes of several unsaturated fatty acid components were observed in both lamellar bodies and microsomes in the developing lungs. Maturational development of phosphatidyl choline is reflected in an increase in the concentration of this surfactant, particularly in lamellar bodies, and possibly in remodeling of fatty acid composition in both lamellar bodies and microsomes.     

Effect of diet on the composition of cholesteryl esters of sheep adrenals

Fatty acid components of cholesteryl esters from the adrenals of sheep, like those of nonruminants, were characterized by significant amounts of the longer chain metabolites of linoleic acid. Administration to sheep of diets rich in linoleic acid and protected against biohydrogenation did not alter the concentration of these components significantly. Although 18:2 levels were elevated, this was largely at the expense of cis-monoenoic fatty acids.     

Lipids ofKlebsiella pneumoniae: The presence of phosphatidyl choline in succinate-grown cells

The carbon and energy source for aerobically grown cultures ofKlebsiella penumoniae profoundly influenced the total lipid content and phosphatide composition. Glucose-grown cells contained 13% lipid, 56% of which was phospholipids. Succinate-grow cells contained 8% lipid, 66% of which was phospholipids. The predominant phosphatides of glucose-grown cells were phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 82%; phosphatidyl glycerol, 4.5%; phosphatidic acid, 5%; cardiolipin, 6.5%; phosphatidyl serine; and trace amounts of unidentified phosphatides. Phosphatides of succinate-grown cells were phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 38%; diphosphatidyl glycerol, 14%; phosphatidyl glycerol, 13%; phosphatidyl choline, 14.5%; phosphatidyl serine, 6%; phosphatidic acid, 4%; and 10% unknown lipids. No trace of phosphatidyl choline was found in glucose-grown cells. Paper 75-11-170 of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Formation of dispersed particles composed of soybean oil and phosphatidyl choline

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dispersal mechanism of soybean oil (SO) in phospholipids to form a fat emulsion. SO was dispersed with soybean phosphatidyl choline (PC) using sonication. The dispersal mechanism was evaluated by characterizing the dispersed particles using dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy and surface monolayer techniques. The dispersions in SO fractions being in the range of 0.1‐0.7 were stable at room temperature for 3 d. A limited amount of SO was incorporated into PC bilayer membranes. The excess SO separating from the PC bilayers was stabilized as emulsion particles by the PC surface monolayer. When the PC content was lower (SO more than 0.8 mol‐%), the PC monolayer did not completely cover the hydrophobic SO particle surfaces. In this case, the particle size increased drastically and the separation into oil and water occurred. Therefore, the solubility between SO and PC and the coexistence of emulsion and liposomal particles are critical parameters for the stabilization of the particles in water.     

Effect of low methionine,choline deficient diets upon major unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions of rat liver and plasma

To see how the metabolism of specific phosphatidyl choline fractions might be affected when only a limited source of methyl groups was available, rats were fed for 7 days a low methionine, cholinedeficient diet or one supplemented with either choline or methionine. Prior to killing, they were injected with¹⁴C-methyl methionine and liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline isolated and separated by argentation chromatography into 3 major unsaturated fractions. Fatty acid composition and radioactivity of the fractions were determined. Deficient rats had reduced total liver phosphatidyl choline when compared with the supplemented groups, but the proportions of 20∶4 and 22∶6 fatty acids in the total phosphatidyl choline were unchanged. Plasma phosphatidyl choline also was reduced sharply by the deficiency, as was its proportion of 20∶4 fatty acid. Specific activities of the liver 22∶6, 20∶4, and 18∶2 phosphatidyl choline fractions showed that deficient rats had less radioactivity in their 20∶4 and 18∶2 phosphatidyl choline than did the supplemented animals. Plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions presented a similar pattern. Feeding methionine or choline nearly doubled radioactive methyl group incorporation into the 20∶4 phosphatidyl choline fraction of liver and plasma, while incorporation into the 22∶6 phosphatidyl choline was reduced or unchanged. The results suggested that, in the rat, limited availability of methyl groups altered the metabolism of liver and plasma phosphatidyl choline fractions. Methionine, as a source of labile methyl groups, appears necessary for the normal synthesis of certain unsaturated phosphatidyl choline fractions (particularly 20∶4 phosphatidyl choline). Transmethylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine molecular species to the corresponding phosphatidyl choline species may be an important reaction in normal lipid metabolism and transport. Relative affinities for incorporation of the labeled methyl groups into the phosphatidyl choline fractions of either deficient or supplemented rats were: 22∶6>20∶4>18∶2.     

Effect of ethanol ingestion on choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase activities in liver microsomes

The effect of ethanol ingestion on choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase activities, the two enzymes involved in phosphatidyl choline biosynthesis in liver microsomes, has been investigated. Female rats were fed a 5% ethanol-liquid diet containing amino acids, minerals, vitamins, with and without choline, for 2, 6, and 10 weeks. Control animals were pair-fed the same isocaloric diet with 5% sucrose with and without choline. Ethanol administration with or without dietary choline stimulated significantly (P<0.001) the specific activities of phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase in liver microsomes in the animals fed 5% ethanol for 2, 6, and 10 weeks, when compared to those control animals pairfed the isocaloric diet with or without choline. Ethanol administration with or without dietary choline for 2 weeks stimulated significantly (P<0.02) the specific activities of choline phosphotransferase. The specific activities of phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase continued to increase in the liver microsomes from the animals in which dietary choline was omitted for 2, 6, and 10 weeks in the sucrose controls and alcohol-fed animals. Ethanol administration stimulates significantly (P<0.001) the phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase specific activities in liver microsomes of animals fed the liquid diet with dietary omission of choline and methionine for 2 weeks.     

Lipids composition diet in phenylketonuric children with early diagnosis

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder caused by a partial or complete mutation of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PHA), fact that produces high levels of phenylalanine in blood resulting in mental retardation if not diagnosed during the neonatal period. Treatment consists of a phenylalanine (Phe) restricted diet. Several studies have shown that due to restriction of animal protein, this diet is deficient in fatty acids such as alfalinolenic acid (ALA) and provides high levels of linoleic acid (LA). The objective of this study was to determine the lipid composition of the diet consumed by children with early-diagnosed PKU. Lipid composition of the Phenylalanine restricted diet consumed by 29 children with PKU and in follow-up at INTA, University of Chile, were analyzed. Children were paired by sex and age with a control group. A twenty-four hour dietary recall was performed for 3 consecutive days and total fatty acid intake, including saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, LA and ALA, were calculated. In the restricted diet of children with PKU, 31.8% of total calories are from fat, 13% of which are LA and 0.2% ALA, showing significant differences as compared to the control group. The ratio of saturated:monounsaturated:polyunsaturated fatty acids was 1:1.7:3.9 and the ratio of LA:ALA was ten-fold higher than the recommended ratio of 115:1. It is concluded that the Phenyalanine restricted diet of Chilean children with PKU is high in LA and low in ALA.     

Liver phospholipids of rats fed a choline-deficient diet supplemented with choline or methionine

The low amount of arachidonic acid in the total phospholipids in the liver of rats fed a standard type of choline-deficient diet was corrected by either choline or methionine, which also increased food intake. Choline increased the content of this fatty acid in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine but not in the phosphatidyl choline. Methionine increased both the amount of phosphatidyl choline and its content of arachidonic acid.     

Changes in fatty acid composition of phospholipids from liver microsomes and nuclei in rats fed a choline-free diet

Male F-344 rats were fed a choline-free (CF) diet, and changes in phospholipid content, phospholipid fatty acids and phospholipase A₂ activity in liver nuclei and microsomes were examined during the first 72 hr. Both nuclei and microsomes showed a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) content. Microsomes showed an increase in PC arachidonate while nuclei showed a decrease. Also, microsomes showed increased activity of phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) while nuclei did not. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the absence of diene conjugates in liver microsomes in the rats on the CF diet may reflect the increased rate of removal of peroxidized fatty acids by phospholipase A₂.     

Changes in composition of solvent-refined coal with severity of hydrogenation

The effects of mild and severe hydrogenation on the chemical composition of solvent-refined coal (SRC) produced from Wyodak subbituminous coal in the direct coal liquefaction SRC-I process were investigated. The yields of solvent-derived fractions of ‘oils’ and ‘asphaltenes’ increased with increasing severity of hydrogenation at the expense of ‘preasphaltenes’. Further separation of ‘oils’ and ‘asphaltenes’, each into three compound-class fractions, revealed more compositional changes. Concentrations of hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds and hydroxyl aromatics in ‘oils’ increased with increasing severity of hydrogenation. ‘Asphaltenes’, containing nitrogen compounds and hydroxyl aromatic fractions but almost no hydrocarbons, showed an increase in nitrogen-compound concentration with increasing severity of hydrogenation. Hydroxyl aromatic concentration in ‘asphaltenes’ increased under mild but decreased under severe hydrogenation conditions. High-performance liquid chromatography followed by field-ionization mass spectrometry analysis of the hydrocarbon subfractions revealed a complex picture of structural transformations. Over fifty homologous series of aromatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons covering a carbon number range from about C₁₂ to C₅₀ were identified and approximate concentrations obtained. Small amounts of partly aromatized pentacyclic triterpane ‘biomarkers’ and their hydrogenation products were found.     

Changes in the composition of soybeans on sprouting

Summary Changes in nitrogen and oil contents and loss in dry weight have been followed during the first six days of germination of the Hawkeye variety of soybeans; thiamin and ascorbic acid content have been followed for four days. During the first three days about 1.5% of the dry matter was lost; the nonprotein nitrogen increased from 3 to 6% of the total nitrogen, with no change in the petroleum ether extractables and with a decrease in free fatty acids. At the end of six days, with sprouts about 2 1/2 in. long, only 2.6% of the dry matter was lost, the nonprotein nitrogen had increased to 13% of the total nitrogen with 2.6% loss of total nitrogen, and a 12% loss was observed in petroleum ether extractables; the free fatty acids did not increase appreciably. No change in the thiamin content occurred during the first four days of germination. Ascorbic acid was found to be absent in mature beans but appeared after the start of germination and increased rapidly during the fourday period. An analysis of these results and of those from the literature indicates that soybeans sprouted for two to three days have possibilities for use in high-energy, high-protein broiler feed. Presented at the fall meeting, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Chicago, Ill., September 23–26, 1956.     

Changes in in vivo metabolism of bile acids in rat after treatment with phenobarbital

The influence of phenobarbital on pool size and turnover of bile acids in rats have been investigated by administration of [24-¹⁴C] cholic acid and tritium labeled chenodeoxycholic acid. Phenobarbital treated rats had a smaller cholic acid pool compared to control rats (6.08±2.09 mg and 23.60±7.66 mg, respectively). The pool size of chenodeoxycholic acid, plus its metabolites (α- and β-muricholic acids), was of the same magnitude in the two groups of animals. Also the daily production of cholic acid was decreased in phenobarbital treated rats compared to control rats (2.12±0.46 mg and 7.24±1.66 mg, respectively). No significant difference was observed between the synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid in the two groups of animals.     

Effect of diet on choline phosphotransferase,phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine methyltransferase in liver microsomes

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis has been investigated in female rats fed a liquid amino acid, choline-methionine-free diet by assaying in liver microsomes the specific and total activities of choline phosphotransferase, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine methyltransferase and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase. There was a significant decrease in the specific activity (sp act) of choline phosphotransferase in the liver of rats fed a choline-methionine-free diet. The dietary omission of methionine for 2 wk resulted in a significant decrease in the sp act of choline phosphotransferase. The dietary omission of choline, methionine, B₁₂, folic acid and the addition of a methyl group acceptor, guanidoacetic acid, decreased further the sp act of choline phosphotransferase. The phosphatidyl-ethanolamine methyltransferase sp act increased with the dietary omission of choline and methionine. The dietary omission of choline, methionine, B₁₂, folic acid and the addition of a methyl group acceptor, guanidoacetic acid, resulted in a decrease in the sp act of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine methyltransferase and an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase. The dietary omission of choline, methionine, B₁₂, folic acid and the addition of a methylation inhibitor, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, did not result in a significant decrease in the sp act of choline phosphotransferase; however, it did significantly decrease the sp act of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase. The addition of dietary methionine with the inhibitor resulted in a significant decrease in the sp act of the choline phosphotransferase and phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase when compared to control and/or when compared to deficient with or without inhibitor. The dietary supply of methionine, as a source of choline, did affect the activity of the enzymes that synthesize PC. The ratio of the substrate, S-adenosylmethionine, and the inhibitory product, S-adenosylhomocysteine, affected the enzymatic activity of phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase. It is suggested that the concentrations of these 2 compounds may be important in regulating the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine in the liver cell.     

Changes in granulometric composition of blast-furnace coke

The basic requirements on the granulometric composition of blast-furnace coke are considered. The change in granulometric composition over time is considered for the example of Krivoi Rog coke plant (now the coke-production facility at PAT ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog). Recently, the size classes in the gross coke produced have been redistributed, with increase in the content of the >80 mm, <25 mm, and 80–60 mm classes; coke quality (in terms of the strength M ₂₅ and ease of wear M ₁₀) has also declined. To obtain more uniform granulometric composition, consistent mechanical treatment of the coke is required.     

Effects of diet and type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia upon structure of triacylglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines from human plasma lipoproteins

Four normal and two individuals with Type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia were placed on the National Heart and Lung Institute Type IIa diet (low cholesterol, smaller than 300 mg/day, high polyunsaturated, low saturated fat diet) for 1 week and on a normal diet the following week. Plasma samples were obtained and the triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and cholesterol contents of plasma and of very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins determined. Triacyglycerol fatty acid composition was determined and stereospecific analyses of triacglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines performed. Structural determinations were limited to one normal and one Type IIa individual. In normal and Type IIa individuals, chylomicrons contained twice the amount of 18:0 as did the very low density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, or high density lipoproteins. The structure of the triacyglycerols from the very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins was asymmetric with at least 50M% 16:0 in the sn-1 position and mostly 18:1 in positions sn-2 and 3. There was a marked difference in the distribution of 18:2 in low density lipoproteins of the normal and Type IIa individuals. The control contained equal amounts of 18:2 in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, whereas IIa low density lipoprotein was asymmetric with 26% of the 18:2 in position sn-1 and 3% in the sn-3 position. Very low density lipoprotein was asymmetric with regard to 18:2 in control and IIa samples with an average of 5% of the 18:2 in position sn-1 and 40% in position sn-3. The phosphatidyl cholines contained predominantly 16:0 and 18:0 in position sn-1, whereas the acids in position sn-2 were unsaturated with very little difference between lipoprotein classes. Neither the short dietary periods nor source of plasma affected the structure of the phosphatidyl cholines.     

Changes in the petrographic composition of coal batch on crushing

The influence of crushing on the maceral composition of coal is studied. The experimental data indicate not only redistribution of the petrographic microcomponents by size but also change in the maceral composition, depending on the intensity of grinding. With increase in the degree of crushing from 55.5 to 96.2%, the vitrinite content in the batch declines from 70 to 63%, while the total content of fusinized components increases from 29 to 35%. For coal with 50–80% vitrinite, which is less strong than coal with smaller vitrinite content, crushing is probably accompanied by disruption of the molecular interactions and rupture of the chemical bonds in the organic macromolecules. That leads to partial destruction of the brittle vitrinite structure, especially in the intermediate stages of metamorphism (R _o = 0.9–1.39%).     

Changes in lipid composition of germinating barley embryo

Barley seeds,Hordeum vulgare, var. Kenia, were dissected before and after 5 days of germination, to distinguish between the scutellum, the coleoptile half of the embryo and the coleorhiza half of the embryo. Total lipids were extracted from each fraction and analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. In tissues from the coleoptile and coleorhiza halves of the embryo there was a concurrent disappearance of triglycerides with a marked increase of esterified sterols and esterified sterol glucosides. In the scutellum there was also a change in triglycerides, but the variations in contents of esterified sterols and esterified sterol glucosides were much smaller. Mono- and digalactolipids were virtually absent from embryonic tissue. The amounts of linoleic and linolenic acids in esterified sterol glucosides were increased after 5 days of germination in all the embryonic tissues, especially in the coleoptile half. In sterol esters, linoleic acid comprised nearly half of the total fatty acids, and the desaturation after 5 days of germination was much less pronounced.     

The effect of dietary fats on the plasma lipid composition of sheep

This study reports on the plasma lipid compositions of sheep fed either a control diet (C), a control diet supplemented with tallow (A) or polyunsaturated fatty acid (B) that had been protected against hydrolysis and hydrogenation in the rumen, or a control diet supplemented with maize oil (D). Diet B considerably increased the 18∶2 content of all the major plasma lipid fractions. Although the feeding of diet D also resulted in an increase in the 18∶2 contents within the cholesteryl ester, unesterified fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions the increases were considerably less than those observed with diet B; the levels of 18∶2 within the triglyceride fraction remained similar to that for the sheep which received the control diet. The effect of feeding diet A was confined solely to the triglyceride fraction where the concentrations of 16∶0 and 18∶1 were increased. The lipoproteins of the plasma were separated into very low density lipoproteins (d<1.006), low density lipoproteins (1.006<d<1.063), and high density lipoproteins (1.063<d<1.21), and the distribution of the major lipids between these lipoprotein fractions was investigated. Diet B increased considerably the proportion of triglyceride found in association with the very low density fraction and the concentrations of 18∶2 within all the lipoprotein fractions; these increases in the concentrations of 18∶2 were not confined to any particular lipid fraction of the lipoproteins. In contrast, the increases in the concentrations of 18∶2 produced as a result of feeding diet D were confined to the low and high density lipoproteins. The effect of feeding diet A was confined to fatty acid changes within the triglycerides of the low and very low density lipoproteins.