光学塑料棱镜反射膜的镀制

由于光学塑料在耐热性、耐吸湿性和表面强度等方面的特性比光学玻璃差,所以在光学塑料棱镜表面上镀制金属反射膜存在着金属膜层和塑料棱镜表而附着性能差的问题,镀膜后的塑料棱镜不易达到使用的技术要求.本文通过对镀膜材料和光学塑料基体的特性分析,提出了一种实用的介质加金属三层反射膜系.基于这种膜系采用了等离子辅助镀膜技术和石英晶片监控膜厚的方法,并且针对塑料棱镜蒸镀的特殊性,严格控制蒸镀条件中的有关参数,形成了一套稳定的蒸镀工艺.实验结果表明,光学塑料棱镜镀制金属反射膜可以解决膜层性能差的问题,满足光学产品的技术要求,实现批量生产.     

同轴磁控溅射离子镀膜在装铈膜和超硬膜中的应用

同轴式磁控溅射离子镀膜机是磁控溅射和离子镀膜相结合的一种镀膜设备。从不小于1.5×2m 大面积基底上所镀膜层的均匀性和实际应用的可行性来看,是一种较好的成膜手段。1.国内现状目前国内生产蒸发式镀膜设备的厂家不少。这种方法是以高纯铝丝或铁铬镍合金丝等作为膜材,在大面积上镀镜或镀建材玻璃膜。普遍认为蒸发膜存在着如下问题:     

90年代大面积真空镀膜的展望

用蒸发方法镀制金属镜是早期商用大面积真空镀膜技术之一。对早期的这些应用来讲,只要膜的光学密度及膜与基底的附着力满足了基本要求就行,而对膜厚及均匀性等均未作特殊控制。时至今日,大面积真空镀膜已从简单的制镜以及在“钟罩”内在刚性单个物品上镀膜发展到包括用卷绕式镀膜设备在纸及塑料基底上连续制备薄膜。这些大面积镀膜技术已得到了很广泛的应用,它们包括电容器的金属化聚合物膜、包装材料的装饰膜、建筑玻璃镀膜、工艺装饰品镀膜,反射镜面和透镜镀膜以及防眩 CRT 屏等。新的市场需求、技术进步     

倒圆锥面基底蒸发镀膜均匀性理论分析

通过计算得出了蒸发源位于倒圆锥面正下方外部镀膜时锥面上各点的膜厚方程,并对整个锥面上膜厚均匀性进行了理论分析。结果表明：当圆锥面形状固定时,蒸发源与圆锥底圆圆心距离增大使锥面上膜厚均匀性变好;当蒸发源固定时,增大底圆半径导致锥面上膜厚均匀性变差。在同样的配置下,蒸发源为点源或小平面源时锥面上膜厚均匀性的变化趋势一致,小平面源蒸镀比点源蒸镀时圆锥面上膜厚均匀性差。     

6328全反射介质膜真空镀膜工艺探讨

阐述了6328 全反射介质膜的镀膜原理和实际镀膜工艺,分析了镀膜后必须进行固膜的原因,并给出了镀制6328 全反射介质膜的蒸镀参数和经过固膜后的测量结果分析。     

6328Å全反射介质膜真空镀膜工艺探讨

阐述了6328(A)全反射介质膜的镀膜原理和实际镀膜工艺,分析了镀膜后必须进行固膜的原因,并给出了镀制6328全反射介质膜的蒸镀参数和经过固膜后的测量结果分析.     

6328(A)全反射介质膜真空镀膜工艺探讨

阐述了6328(A)全反射介质膜的镀膜原理和实际镀膜工艺,分析了镀膜后必须进行固膜的原因,并给出了镀制6328全反射介质膜的蒸镀参数和经过固膜后的测量结果分析.     

腔面镀膜分布反馈量子级联激光器

报道了后腔面蒸镀高反射率镀膜工艺及其对分布反馈量子级联激光器性能影响的研究结果.与没有腔面镀膜的器件相比,采用了腔面镀膜工艺的器件,室温下的阈值电流密度降低了20%,前腔面出光峰值功率提高了50%,斜率效率提高了44%.通过对比镀膜和未镀膜器件的闻值电流密度,估算出器件的波导损耗约为7.25cm-1.     

热反射玻璃镀膜工艺的研究

本文采用直流磁控溅射方法，对氧化不锈钢膜、金属Ｔｉ膜、ＴｉＮ膜和ＴｉＯｘＮｙ膜在不同工艺和不同组合条件下形成的两层膜系热反射镀膜玻璃的光学性能及有关组份进行了测试分析，阐明了该种方法及该种系列工艺条件下镀制热反射玻璃镀膜的性质，提出了此工艺条件镀制两层膜系热反射玻璃镀膜的最佳组合工艺。对有关工业生产中实施工艺技术所存在的问题进行了探讨     

真空蒸镀氟化镁增透膜的厚度与均匀性控制

基于光学增透膜与真空蒸发镀膜的基本原理,从MgF2原料状态、原料蒸镀质量、蒸发源与基片间距等方面,研究了热电阻和电子束蒸镀的MgF2薄膜厚度与其均匀性的控制工艺,以制备出高效的MgF2增透膜。结果表明:对于颗粒度较小或熔点较低的原料,热电阻比电子束蒸镀更易控制,并可避免原料污染;原料实际蒸镀质量与膜厚呈较好的线性关系;实际蒸镀质量相同的多晶颗粒与粉末状原料相比,前者蒸镀膜更厚;基片置于旋转工转盘中心比其侧部区域蒸镀膜更厚、均匀性更好。最后利用旋转球面夹具的小平面源蒸发模型很好地解释了上述实验结果。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from