体育场悬挑屋盖结构风压特性研究

结合一大跨度悬挑屋盖结构的刚性模型风洞试验,研究不同屋盖倾角、不同风向及看台后部是否开敞等因素对屋面平均风压分布特性的影响。在总结上述分析结果的基础上,将屋盖风压近似简化为二维形式,对屋盖跨向风荷载进行分段描述,供抗风设计参考。     

铝镁锰直立锁边金属屋面抗风揭性能试验研究与理论分析

铝镁锰直立锁边金属屋面广泛应用于各类大跨度建筑中,但是关于其抗风揭性能的理论研究较滞后,也缺乏系统性试验研究.为研究屋面板宽度、厚度、T形码支座间距等因素对其抗风揭性能的影响,对12组24个金属屋面试件进行了抗风揭试验.采用接触单元建立了有限元实体模型,模拟其破坏过程,并给出合理的破坏判定准则.提出简化计算模型,推导了...     

Load duration effects in wood members and connections order statistics and critical loads

Load duration behavior, arising from creep-rupture, is one of the most significant effects distinguishing wood materials from other structural materials. The phenomenon of creep-rupture has been widely studied over the past two decades. Recent experimental programs have focused on duration-of-load (DOL) effects in full-size lumber and a number of different cumulative damage models have been proposed. These models have been used in reliability analyses that take into account the stochastic nature of the loading process to evaluate appropriate load duration adjustment factors for use in design. More recently, the stochastic damage accumulation process itself has been investigated. This has resulted in proposals for simplified cumulative damage analyses and the re-emergence of the ‘killer pulse’ concept for load duration effects in wood. Other recent studies have focused on evaluating analogous load–time effects in mechanical connections in wood. While the mechanisms in connections are recognized as different from those in wood members, the treatment of time effects in design are (at least at the present time) similar. With the tendency toward engineered design of wood structures subject to natural hazards loadings, such as wind and seismic loads, load duration effects in both the primary framing members and the structural connections may be of particular importance. The evolution of the new LRFD standard for wood provides a good opportunity to re-visit this important issue. This paper will briefly review DOL research, with particular emphasis on the work used as the basis for the time effects factors in the LRFD standard, and describe some recent work in (a) a simplified approach to cumulative damage analysis using order statistics, and (b) load–time effects in simple wood connections. It is shown that reliability analyses including DOL behavior can be performed more simply (efficiently) using an order statistics approach or even a simple FORM analysis. Thus, it may be possible to evaluate load duration factors for design without having to perform complex stochastic cumulative damage analyses.     

Methodology for development of live load models for refined analysis of short and medium-span highway bridges

Abstract

The accuracy of bridge system safety evaluations and reliability assessments obtained through refined structural and finite element analyses depends not only on the accuracy of the structural model itself but also on the proper modelling of the maximum traffic loads. While current code-specified live load models were calibrated to properly reflect the safety levels of bridge structures analysed using the simplified methods adopted in bridge design and evaluation manuals, these load models may not lead to accurate results when implemented during refined structural analysis procedures. This paper describes a method to calibrate appropriate live load models that can be used for advanced analyses of bridges. The calibration procedure is demonstrated using actual traffic data collected at a representative weigh-in-motion station in New York State. The proposed calibration methodology is applicable for developing live load models for different bridge service periods, bridge types and design/assessment codes or standards. Live load models obtained using the proposed calibration procedure are readily implementable for deterministic refined analyses of highway bridges to produce similar results to those of complex traffic load simulations. Examples are presented that describe how results of such calibrated live load models would be used in engineering practice.     

Bending strength of standing seam roof panels

The standing seam roof panel system is used extensively in residential, commercial and institution type building structures in the USA. The roof system is typically, designed for both gravity loading (construction and other live load) and uplift (from wind). Under gravity load, the outstanding leg of the connected panels may be subject to distortional buckling-lateral displacement of the unsupported compression flange with rotation about the web-tension. flange juncture. In this paper, experimental results from tests on four full-scale panel systems are presented and an analytical procedure is recommended for estimating the distortional buckling capacity of the standing seam roof system. Using a simplified design method for inelastic behavior, relatively accurate estimates of the maximum capacity for a system under gravity, load are computed.     

Peak factor estimation method of non-Gaussian wind pressures on long-span tri-centered cylindrical roof structures

Claddings are susceptible to damage due to underestimation of extreme wind-induced surface pressures. Commonly accepted methods for estimating the peak factor (an input used to determine cladding design loads) involve complex calculation-intensive procedures. This research develops a four-parameter unified auto-spectral model of wind pressure to simplify peak factor estimation of wind-induced surface pressure via analysis of wind tunnel wind load data on tri-centered cylindrical roofs. Values of the model parameters were identified via statistical analysis of wind tunnel wind pressure measurement on two long-span tri-centered cylindrical roof structures with different curvatures. The study identified roof regions with non-Gaussian features by inspecting probabilistic density functions of the standardized wind-induced roof pressures and the third- and fourth-order statistical moments of wind pressure time histories. The paper ultimately proposed and evaluated a simplified method for estimating the peak factors in the non-Gaussian regions, the Three-parameter Hermite Model, derived through the moment-based Hermite Model, the Revised Hermite Model, and the parameter simplification accomplished in this study. The results show that the auto-spectral model of wind-induced roof pressures can accurately estimate the zero- and second-order spectral moments, which reflects the wind pressure fluctuating characteristics and geometric features of spectral curves. Compared with the peak factors of the moment-based Hermite Model and the Revised Hermite Model, the peak factor errors estimated by the Three-parameter Hermite Model are all less than 10%. These results suggest that the Three-parameter Hermite Model simplifies the calculation with acceptable accuracy.     

一种基于可靠度分析的简化风振系数

为将风致响应分析与体系可靠性评价结合起来,提出了一种基于可靠度分析的简化风振系数。该简化风振系数通过计算出风荷载动力效应下与静风作用下结构整体最大位移或极限承载能力的比值,将动力可靠度问题转变为静力可靠度问题,方便了可靠度的求解。同时采用该简化风振系数进行分析还能给出峰值因子一个合理的取值。示例验算过程表明,该简化风振系数具有较好的效果。这为实现考虑风致响应的可靠度分析提供了一种方法。     

大跨度可开合空间网架屋盖风致效应

大跨度屋盖结构作为风敏感性较强的结构,风荷载是其控制荷载之一,可开合屋盖由于外形和结构的多变性,其风致效应更为复杂.以某大跨度可开合空间网架屋盖结构为研究对象,利用刚性测压风洞试验实测了屋盖内外表面的风压系数,对比了开合状态下屋盖表面风压的分布特征.基于本征正交分解(POD)及瞬态动力有限元分析,得到屋面节点的位移响应...     

Universal wind load distribution simultaneously reproducing largest load effects in all subject members on large-span cantilevered roof

This paper discusses the equivalent static wind load that reproduces the largest load effects in structural member (hereafter referred to as the universal ESWL). In this study, the universal ESWL is shown by a combination of eigenmodes calculated by POD analysis of fluctuating wind pressure. Applying singular value decomposition to a matrix of eigenmodes by the influence function optimizes the universal ESWL combination. This method is applied to large cantilevered roof models. The largest load effects for bending moment (hereafter referred to as BM) and shear force (hereafter referred to as SF) are determined to estimate the universal ESWL. The largest load effects reproduced by the universal ESWL show good agreement with those directly estimated by time-domain response analyses.     

椭圆形溶洞顶板挠度的简化分析方法

通过合理的假设和简化,将溶洞顶板与嵌岩灌注桩看成一个相互作用系统,只考虑桩基的竖向荷载对顶板的影响。同时根据溶洞顶板的特征和边界条件,将其简化为椭圆形和圆形顶板两种力学模型。通过计算分析,得出了椭圆形顶板的应力和最大挠度公式,以及圆形顶板的挠度表达式,为合理地验算顶板的安全厚度提供了一定的依据。     

Effect of building length on wind loads on low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch

A wind tunnel model study was carried out on long, low-rise buildings with a steep roof pitch to determine the effect of the length-to-span aspect ratio on the external wind pressure distributions. The study showed a significant increase in the magnitude of the negative pressure coefficients on the leeward roof and wall, with an increase in aspect ratio, for oblique approach winds. These large suction pressures also generate large design wind load effects on the frames near the gable-end. The 1989 edition of the Australian standard for wind loads, AS 1170.2-1989 was found to underestimate the wind loads on steep pitch gable-roof buildings of aspect ratio greater than 3, on areas near the windward gable-end, and hence the critical bending moments in the supporting structural frames. The current Australian/New Zealand wind load standard, AS/NZS 1170.2-2002 specifies increased negative pressure coefficients on the leeward half of high pitch roof buildings, and critical bending moments in the supporting frames calculated from these distributions agree quite well with values obtained from the wind tunnel study. However, other major standards severely underestimate the critical bending moments, and the effective pressure coefficients producing those bending moments, especially on the leeward roof slope.     

秦皇岛体育场膜结构挑篷的抗风分析与设计

结合秦皇岛体育场膜结构挑篷的风洞试验研究,以挑篷上的典型膜面的风荷载特性和风荷载响应为研究对象,直接采用风洞试验测量所得到的风荷载数据,对膜面进行了详尽的静力风荷载响应分析和非线性风振响应分析;试验结果分析表明,挑篷前缘膜面的负压风荷载数值最大,是膜结构挑篷设计的控制荷载。非线性分析表明,通过设置抗风索可以有效提高膜结构的抗风性能;膜面的风振动力效应并不显著,可以近似采用阵风系数来考虑脉动风的瞬时增压作用。这些结果可为类似结构的抗风设计提供参考。     

Statistical and analytical models for roof components in existing light-framed wood structures

Residential wood-framed construction failures account for the majority of economic losses following hurricanes. A common failure in these constructions during high wind events is loss of roof sheathing, especially in corner areas. Less common perhaps, but usually catastrophic, is the failure of the roof-to-wall connections in these structures. The main objective of the current research project is to evaluate the in-situ capacity of roof-to-wall connections and sheathing to rafter fasteners in light-framed wood constructions. The unique opportunity provided by Clemson University to access four residential structures located within a residential complex enabled the collection of perishable yet statistically significant data on the strengths of existing residential structures. The uplift capacities of 100 roof-to-wall toenail connections and 34 plank sheathing units were evaluated from field and laboratory tests. Realizing the key role of probability distributions in developing fragility estimates and loss prediction models, distribution fits and parameters for these structural components are postulated. One conclusion drawn is that the uplift capacities of two and three nail connections are best described by a lognormal distribution. The initial stiffness and the vertical displacement at peak load of both two nail and three nail connections follow a normal and Weibull distribution respectively. The uplift capacity of plank sheathing follows a lognormal distribution. An analytical model designed to approximate the uplift behavior of toenail connections is developed to facilitate modeling of roof systems. These probabilistic and analytical models developed by this study allow for the performance of detailed reliability based studies on light-framed wood roof structures.     

平面T形低矮房屋风荷载特性风洞试验与数值分析

对复杂体型的平面T形低矮双坡屋面房屋的风荷载特性进行了风洞试验研究,得到了屋面风压系数以及各屋面体型系数的变化规律;采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了数值风洞模型,在数值分析结果与风洞试验结果吻合良好的基础上,对影响屋面平均风压系数及体型系数的风攻角、屋面坡角、檐口高度、房屋几何尺寸和屋面形式等参数进行了详细分析。结果表明:屋面坡角和风攻角对屋面风压系数的影响显著;在不同风攻角作用下,迎风屋面屋檐及屋脊附近形成较高负压;当屋面处于背风区域时,风压系数分布较均匀;四坡屋面坡角为30°时屋脊背风区域易形成较大负压,局部更易遭受破坏。     

考虑风速风向联合分布的双坡屋面风致疲劳研究

为研究风荷载作用下大跨度低矮建筑金属屋面板的疲劳损伤分布规律,以坡度为1/60的双坡屋面建筑为研究对象,基于1975～2019年间的风速风向数据,研究了双坡屋面板50年重现期的疲劳损伤累积值。采用Gumbel分布描述日极值风速分布,混合Von Mises分布描述风向分布,并用单参数Archimedean Copula函数描述二者的相关性,得到了风速风向的联合分布; 基于双坡屋面的测压风洞试验结果,考虑连续变化风速和离散风向角对疲劳寿命的影响,研究了金属屋面板的疲劳损伤累积值。结果表明:双坡屋面板疲劳损伤与主导风向、屋面位置等因素密切相关,位于主导风向处的迎风屋檐、边角等气流分离位置的疲劳损伤累积值远大于其他区域; 良态风环境下,该双坡屋面金属屋面板50年风致疲劳损伤累积值最大可达0.746,风荷载可引起迎风屋檐、边角位置金属屋面板的疲劳破坏; 对于金属屋面板而言,风致疲劳破坏是引发风揭事故的巨大隐患,应高度重视。     

Influence of an upstream building on the wind-induced mean suction on the flat roof of a low-rise building

The effect of an upstream building on the suction forces on the flat roof of a low-rise building placed in the wake of the former is analyzed. The analysis has been performed by wind tunnel testing of a flat roof, low-rise building model equipped with pressure taps on the roof and different block-type buildings (only configurations where the upstream building is as high or higher than the downstream one are considered in this paper). The influence of the distance between both buildings on the wind loads on the downstream building roof is analyzed, as well as the height of the upstream one and the wind angle of incidence. Experimental results reveal that the wind load increases as the relative height of the upstream building increases, the wind load being highest for intermediate distances between buildings, when a passage between them is formed.     

北大体育馆屋盖结构风荷载分布特性的试验研究

风荷载是控制大跨度钢屋盖结构设计的主要荷载之一。结合北京大学体育馆屋盖结构的风洞模拟试验,以屋盖上的平均风荷载和脉动风荷载为研究对象,对屋盖上的风荷载分布特性进行了详尽的分析。结果认为:整个屋盖所受风荷载主要以负压为主,屋盖悬挑部分在迎风时产生“上吸下顶”的叠加作用,其他风向为“上吸下吸”的抵消作用;屋盖角部的风荷载一般也很大,在结构设计时应采取必要的构造措施;脉动风荷载对于总的设计风荷载来说不能忽略,准定常理论不适合用来计算大跨度屋盖的风振响应。     

上海光源工程主体结构分析

上海光源工程显著特征为:由8片异型曲面组成的异型钢屋盖支承在由钢筋混凝土径向框架梁、环向预应力混凝土梁、钢筋混凝土柱和钢-混凝土劲性圆柱形成的混合框架结构体系上.除常规的结构分析外,更充分考虑工程中所特有的微振动控制要求,以满足精密工艺设备的正常使用,因此在建模分析时分别着重考虑风荷载以及温度作用的影响.对于风荷载,不仅进行风洞试验,得出该结构风压分布以负压为主的结论,更应用结构风振响应计算程序,得出了结构等效静力风荷载.而对于温度作用,采取抗-放相结合的思路,采用分级加载方式寻找结构的薄弱环节.除此之外,采用振型分解反应谱法对地震作用进行详细的分析和归纳.最后通过分析结果,总结各种作用下的设计经验,特别是异型钢屋盖风荷载以及温度作用的计算经验,可供同类工程参考.     

双拱大跨屋盖结构风载的数值模拟研究

双拱大跨度网架屋盖结构由于体表为复杂曲面,其风荷载的确定不能仅参考我国建筑结构荷载规范中对风荷载的相关规定,风荷载的确定需要借助于其他手段。CFD数值模拟风洞是近年来发展起来的一种风荷载研究手段,基于ANSYS-CFX 12流体动力学软件,利用雷诺应力（RSM）湍流模型对一双拱大跨度屋盖结构上平均风载体型系数进行数值模...