玛依纳水电站现场水轮机效率试验

水轮机效率是水轮机性能的重要指标,流量测量是原型水轮机效率试验中最重要、测试难度最大、测点较多的环节。介绍了流量测量的常用试验方法、测量原理、综合误差,并以哈萨克斯坦玛依纳水电站（采用冲击式水轮机）为例,重点介绍了相对法和超声波法的试验原理、现场应用情况、试验结论及注意事项。研究结果表明：对于在不具备热力学法和内置式超声波流量计测量流量的玛依纳水电站,应当采用相对法和外夹式超声波流量计来测量流量。根据该建议,成功实现了大管径、大壁厚管道流量的准确测量,取得的原型水轮机效率试验结果,得到了业主方的认可。     

Index method for determination of turbine efficiency during full-scale tests

A procedure is proposed for derivation of the relationship between turbine efficiency and power.     

高坝洲工程RCC现场试验及其成果

为确保高坝洲二期坝体全面断面RCC施工质量，对RCC施工中有关问题进行了室内试验和现场试验，并对试验成果进行了综合分析。实践表明，施工采用的RCC配合比基本合理，RCC施工工艺可行，现场试验为RCC坝体施工提供了可靠的依据。观测表明，按照上述施工配合比及施工工艺施工的二期RCC坝体，质量状况良好。     

高坝洲水电站深孔消力池基础岩溶涌水点处理

在对高坝洲水电站深孔消力池基础两股集中岩溶渗涌水点处理，经反复摸索，总结经验，最后确立了“变动水力静水”的指导思想，制定了“先浇并锚然后灌”的总体施工方案，采用帷幕灌浆法截然渗漏通道，成功堵住了渗流。     

咸水灌溉下制种玉米水分利用效率的研究

为了探究石羊河流域地下咸水资源的利用方式,在西北干旱区的石羊河流域开展了咸水灌溉田间试验,通过测定土壤含水率和制种玉米产量指标,研究咸水灌溉对制种玉米耗水量、产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率的影响.研究结果表明:在相同灌溉水量条件下,不同灌水矿化度对制种玉米的耗水量影响不明显;随着灌水矿化度的增加,制种玉米的产量逐渐降低,3 g/L的微咸水灌溉与淡水灌溉相比,减产幅度在20%以下,而9 g/L的高矿化度的咸水灌溉减产幅度在30%以上;水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率具有与产量类似的规律.因此,在研究区短时期采用3 g/L以下的微咸水进行灌溉,对制种玉米减产幅度、水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率的影响较小.     

Enhanced sludge conditioning by enzyme pre-treatment: comparison of laboratory and pilot scale dewatering results.

The effect of enzyme pre-treatment on dewaterability of anaerobically digested sludge was investigated at both laboratory and pilot scale. Our results revealed a significant increase in cake solid content (27% cake solids compared to 18% without enzyme pre-treatment), using an enzyme dose of only 20 mg/L. In order to assess practical application, enzyme pre-treatment was applied at the Wilmington, Delaware (U.S.) wastewater treatment plant, using a pilot-scale centrifuge. However, the efficiency reached in laboratory scale could not be obtained in pilot scale, where the final cake solids content did not exceed 20%. Centrifuge and belt filter press (simulated by Crown Press) dewatering were compared in terms of the process efficiencies in the absence and presence of enzyme pre-treatment. Possible factors that might cause the differences were tested by experimental and statistical comparisons. Results indicated that the higher shear applied in centrifugation is responsible for the lack of improved cake solids. The network strength of sludge determined by rheological measurements revealed that enzymatic treatment weakens the gel structure of the sludge floc through the hydrolysis of extracellular polymeric substances; this allows improved dewatering by filtration processes, but leads to floc deterioration when subjected to high shear during centrifugation.     

Reactor scale-up in AOPs: from laboratory to commercial scale.

A procedure to scale-up photoreactors employed in AOPs using laboratory information has been developed. Operating with a model compound the proposed procedure was applied to the decomposition of formic acid in water solution using hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation. With laboratory experiments the parameters of the kinetic equation were obtained in a small batch reactor operated within a recycling apparatus. The whole system was modeled employing radiation and mass balances. These balances were used together with a non-linear parameter estimator to derive the model kinetic constants. Then, these results were used in the modeling of the large-scale reactor to predict exit conversions in an isothermal, continuous, tubular flow reactor that is 2 m long and has a volume of 12 I. Once more, radiation and mass balances were used to predict formic acid output concentrations. Experimental data in the large-scale apparatus are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.     

联合室内和现场试验确定土体本构模型参数方法研究

提出了联合室内和现场试验综合确定土体本构模型参数的方法。即联合进行室内模拟试验、原位旁压试验和现场大型载荷试验，以E—B模型模拟旁压试验和大型载荷试验过程，采用非线性阻尼最小二乘法和遗传算法最优化理论，依据现场实测旁压试验曲线及大型载荷试验实测土体各点的荷载一位移关系曲线及土体变形分布规律，进行优化反演分析，综合确定土体本构模型参数。从而为考虑土体原位结构性及粒径效应的影响，合理确定覆盖层及大粒径坝料土体的工程力学特性和本构模型参数开辟了新的研究途径。     

超细尾矿充灌管袋真空抽滤脱水试验与效率分析

针对超细尾矿充灌管袋难以脱水固结的技术问题,文章介绍了基于土工管袋的真空抽滤脱水试验方法,并开展了管袋真空抽滤物理模型试验,采用充灌、脱水与过滤效率共三个关键指标对管袋技术应用成效进行了分析评价。结果表明：充灌浓度对管袋充灌、脱水与过滤效率的影响明显高于真空压强;充灌与过滤效率随充灌浓度增加而提高,脱水效率则显著降低,适当降低充灌浓度可有效提高管袋施工效率;充灌浓度介于40%～60%之间时,充灌、脱水与过滤效率均随真空压强的增加而降低,适当降低真空压强可在一定程度上改善管袋脱水效率。试验结果可为土工管袋脱水工程提供理论与技术参考。     

Assessment of the condition of the building housing the machine room at the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP from results of trial dynamic tests

Different combinations of loads on structural components of the machine room are analyzed. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 11, November 2008, pp. 44–51.     

Effective pollutant retention capacity of permeable pavements for infiltrated road runoffs determined by laboratory tests.

The infiltration of urban runoff always implies an entrance of pollutants into the soil and ground water. Due to legal regulations in many communes there is no longer any permission needed for stormwater infiltration, if administrative regulations and the requirements of standards are observed. The results of a research project carried out under the heading "Development of an assessment procedure for permeable pavements" show, that the pollutant retention capacity of permeable pavements varies considerably, depending on the material and the specific reactive surface. The objective of the study was to work out recommendations of suitable permeable pavements for different types of urban runoff. Selected data about the quality of urban runoff was compiled into a runoff matrix, which was used for defining characteristic dilutions. In batch tests, the material of the infiltration devices is penetrated with the dilutions. A test installation in large scale is used to calibrate the sorption coefficients derived from the batch experiment.     

Results of laboratory tests of an experimental industrial model of an engineering seismometric observation system (ESOS)

Conclusions The breadboard works showed that it was possible to achieve all main measurement parameters and transmission of data recorded in the specifications. At present a study of all fundamental problems with respect to components and to the system as a whole is being completed. There are four digital recording stations with eight channels each. Detectors of the type A1632 and A1612 were successfully tested in operation. A check of the measuring board (ADC) from an audio signal oscillator confirmed the possibility of measuring in the 120-dB dynamic range. The good performance of the data transmitting system was tested and confirmed. In the immediate future adjustment of the entire system is to be completed and a complete set of detectors is to be purchased. Today we can state that the developer is ready to take commercial orders. Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 7, pp. 27–30, July, 1995.     

Analysis of pumping tests data from mutually leaky aquifers

Abstract:

Pumping tests in aquifers separated by semipervious layer are generally analyzed by using solutions for leafy aquifers that assume constant head distribution in the unpumped source bed. This may not be true under prolonged pumping. Hantush (1967) solutions take into account head decline in the unpumped source bed. The objective of this paper is to present procedures for pumping test analysis using some of these solutions. Both type curve matching and straight‐line methods have been presented. Procedures described in this paper can be used to analyze early‐time drawdown data of the pumped aquifer and the late late‐time drawdown data of the pumped and unpumped aquifer above the semipervious layer. The hydraulic properties for the pumped and unpumped aquifer and the semipervious layer estimated by different methods are quite comparable.     

The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar controllable shunting reactor in the Tavricheskaya substation

The results of systems tests of the 500 kV busbar magnetization-controllable shunting reactor (CSR), set up in the Tavricheskaya substation, including measurements of the quality of the electric power, the harmonic composition of the network currents of the reactor for different values of the reactive power consumed, the determination of the regulating characteristics of the reactor, the speed of response of the shunting reactor in the current and voltage stabilization modes, and also the operation of the reactor under dynamic conditions for different perturbations, are presented. The results obtained are analyzed.     

The dynamic water-sediment system: results from an intensive pesticide monitoring campaign.

To gain insight into the dynamics of pesticides in the different compartments of a river system, an intensive monitoring campaign was set up. An extensive dataset is useful when planning to model the fate of pesticides in river systems. In this study we focus on the Nil, a small, hilly basin situated in the central part of Belgium. Two automatic samplers were placed in the river basin, i.e., one at the mouth and one upstream, taking composite samples of water and suspended solids. Undisturbed sediment samples were taken by means of a macro-core and immediately frozen with CO2-ice. The samples were sliced and analysed for pesticides in pore water and on sediment. The results of the study revealed the dynamics of the different compartments of a river system. The water compartment showed hourly variations in pesticide peak concentrations, regularly exceeding the standards. The amount of pesticides transported by suspended solids increased after a rainfall event. The concentration of pesticides in pore water, measured on a monthly basis, followed the trends of the water compartment remarkably well, but in a significantly lower concentration. These observations may be explained by combined diffusion, biodegradation and chemical reactions occurring in the water column and the sediment. Further insight into the importance of each of these processes can be gained by dynamic modelling, an approach that is currently being followed.     

Sediment dynamics in shallow Lake Markermeer, The Netherlands: field/laboratory surveys and first results for a 3-D suspended solids model

In 2007/08, a study was undertaken on sediment dynamics in shallow Lake Markermeer, The Netherlands. Firstly, the sediment characteristics median grain size, mud content and loss on ignition showed a spatial as well as water depth related pattern indicating wind-induced sediment transport. Sediment dynamics were investigated in a sediment trap field survey at two stations. Sediment yields, virtually all coming from sediment resuspension, were significantly correlated with wind speeds. Resuspension rates for Lake Markermeer were very high, viz. ca. 1,000 g/m(2)day as an annual average, leading to high suspended solids (SS) contents, due to the large lake area and its shallowness (high 'Dynamic Ratio'). Sediment resuspension behaviour was further investigated in preliminary laboratory experiments using a 'micro-flume', applying increasing water currents onto five Lake Markermeer sediments. Resuspension showed a clear exponential behaviour. Finally, a 3-D model was set up for water quality and SS contents in Lake Markermeer; first results showed a good agreement between modelled and actual SS contents. Construction of artificial islands and dams will reduce wind fetches and may be expected to cause a substantial decrease in lake water turbidity.     

Temporal Variability of Water Footprint for Maize Production: The Case of Beijing from 1978 to 2008

The water footprint (WF) of crop production is a comprehensive indicator that can reflect water consumption types, quantities and environmental impacts during the crop growth period. This study assesses interannual variability of green, blue and grey WFs of maize production in Beijing from 1978 to 2008. Results indicate that: (1) The multi-year average WF of maize was 1,031 m³ ton^?1 which was 56 % green, 25 % blue, and 19 % grey; (2) the climate experienced a warm-dry period in Beijing during the period from 1978 to 2008, and this lead to the increase of crop water requirement and irrigation water requirement for maize with trends of 0.52 mm a^?1 and 2.86 mm a^?1, respectively; (3) under the combined effects of climate change and agricultural inputs, the total WF and green WF presented decreasing trends. The blue and grey WFs had clear increasing trends; (4) statistical analysis revealed that interannual variability of green and blue WFs were caused by both climatic factors (effective precipitation) and non-climatic (agricultural inputs) factors. The grey WF was mainly associated with non-climatic factors, such as chemical fertilizers consumption.     

Hydraulic performance of biofilters for stormwater management: first lessons from both laboratory and field studies.

In order to improve knowledge on stormwater biofiltration systems, the Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration (FAWB) was created at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. One of the aims of FAWB is to improve hydraulic performance of biofilters, given that there are numerous cases of infiltration devices failing after a few years of operation. Experiments were conducted in the field to evaluate the performance of existing systems, and in the lab to understand the factors that influence hydraulic behavior over time. The field experiments show that 43% of tested systems are below nominal Australian guidelines for hydraulic conductivity. The preliminary lab results show a decrease in hydraulic conductivity during the first weeks of operation (mu=66% reduction), although most remain within acceptable limits. Influences of the size of the biofilter relative to its catchment and the importance of the type of media, on the evolution of hydraulic conductivity, are examined.     

浅谈生物安全实验室活毒废水处理

据我们所知,我国目前还没有专门从事活毒废水处理设备的专业生产厂家。针对国内的三级生物安全实验室和疫苗车间的活毒废水处理,主要采用大罐式高温灭菌处理的方式,存在安全性差、温度难以控制、效率低等缺点,简述了国际常用的连续式和序批式两种方式处理三级、四级生物安全实验室活毒废水的方法,并概括介绍了两种方式的特点。