铝合金微弧氧化工艺研究

为了达到改善铝合金表面硬度低、耐磨耐蚀性差的目的,采用脉冲电源微弧氧化技术在硅酸钠电解液中在铝合金表面原位生长陶瓷膜.讨论氧化时间和电流密度对微弧氧化成膜厚度的影响.用数字式覆层测厚仪测量膜厚,扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析膜层显微结构和相组成.结果表明:氧化时间越长,膜层越厚,但是30min以后不再增厚,电流密度越大,膜层越厚;陶瓷层表面有微孔产生,膜层与基体结合紧密,膜层由致密层、过渡层和疏松层组成,致密层厚且致密;氧化膜由γ-Al2O3、mullite莫来石(3Al2O3·2SiO2)和AlO相组成.     

5083铝合金微弧氧化膜的制备及腐蚀特性

以硅酸盐溶液为电解液,测量了5083铝合金微弧氧化膜的生长曲线.分析了氧化膜的结构、成分和相组成,并通过盐雾腐蚀试验、动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测量,评估了微弧氧化表面处理前后试样的腐蚀特性.微弧氧化初期,电流密度快速下降,膜层主要是向外生长,膜层粗糙度快速增加.氧化30 min后电流密度逐渐降低,膜层逐渐变为向内生长为主.5083铝合金微弧氧化膜由γ-Al2O3和少量莫来石相(3Al2O)3·2SiO2)组成,莫来石主要分布在膜外层中.微弧氧化表面处理的5083铝合金腐蚀电流密度减小2个数量级,电化学阻抗模值|Z|增加,耐腐蚀性能得到了显著的改善.此外,由EIS图谱证实,内层膜致密性对微弧氧化膜耐蚀性起决定作用.     

镁合金表面微弧氧化放电现象及氧化膜特性分析

为研究AZ91D表面微弧氧化过程中的放电现象及膜层特性,采用高速摄像机记录微弧氧化试样表面在Na2Si O3-Na OH电解液体系下放电过程的瞬间图像。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微弧氧化膜层截面形貌和表面形貌进行观察,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析膜层的相组成。结果表明:AZ91D合金在微弧氧化稳定阶段,放电过程呈周期性变化规律。AZ91D合金微弧氧化膜层由致密层与疏松层构成,靠近基体一侧为致密层,膜层外侧为疏松层,在疏松层表面存在微孔和裂纹缺陷,膜层最大厚度约为169μm。陶瓷膜层主要由Mg O和Mg2Si O4相组成,且以Mg O相为主。     

铝合金微弧氧化膜纳米TiO_2掺杂机理研究

在含有纳米TiO_2的电解液中对铝合金进行微弧氧化处理,用以研究掺杂纳米TiO_2对铝合金微弧氧化成膜机理及性能的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察微弧氧化膜形貌,能谱仪(EDS)分析膜层Ti、Al、O等元素含量,X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析相组成,测定膜厚、硬度和氧化液中TiO_2表面电荷,建立了掺杂改性模型。结果表明,加入纳米TiO_2后,氧化初期电压随TiO_2添加量增加逐渐升高、5min后电压逐渐降低;氧化膜表面孔洞数量和尺寸减小,成膜效率、膜层致密度和表面疏松层硬度提高。纳米TiO_2在氧化膜表面均匀分布,截面不均匀分布。氧化膜主要由γ-Al_2O_3、Mullite和少量Si组成。     

石墨烯纳米片对D16T铝合金微弧氧化膜层结构与性能的影响

目的研究石墨烯纳米片对D16T铝合金耐磨耐蚀性的影响,为铝合金表面微弧氧化处理技术在油气领域的应用提供理论依据。方法利用微弧氧化技术在含与不含石墨烯的电解液中在D16T铝合金表面制备微弧氧化膜层,采用XRD、SEM、EDS分析了膜层相结构和表面形貌,测试了膜层的粗糙度和显微硬度,通过摩擦磨损和电化学实验研究了石墨烯纳米片对D16T铝合金微弧氧化膜耐磨性和耐蚀性的影响。结果微弧氧化膜层主要由α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3相组成,石墨烯的添加使Al2O3相的衍射峰值和衍射峰的数量增加,Al衍射峰明显降低;膜层表面平整,表面熔融颗粒较少,表面有大块团聚物堆积。膜层由外部疏松层和内部致密层组成,疏松层微孔数量和微裂纹较少,膜层厚度稍有增加,致密层厚度由不含石墨烯时的0.6μm增至1.6μm。含石墨烯的膜层容抗弧半径明显增加,Bode图中低频阻抗值由5×10^5Ω·cm^2提升至106Ω·cm^2,疏松层电阻由1.57×10^5Ω·cm^2增至1.98×10^5Ω·cm^2,致密层电阻由3.07×10^5Ω·cm^2提升至1.24×106Ω·cm^2;膜层自腐蚀电位由-0.53 V提高至-0.41 V,自腐蚀电流密度由3.15×10^-7 A/cm^2降低至3.97×10^-8 A/cm^2;膜层质量磨损量明显降低,摩擦系数减小,耐磨性增加。结论石墨烯纳米片通过放电通道进入膜层填充膜层中的孔和裂纹,部分石墨烯形成团状覆于膜层表面,使膜层更加平整、致密,膜厚增加,膜层耐磨性和耐蚀性得到明显提升。     

铝合金表面微弧氧化陶瓷层耐磨性

利用微弧氧化技术在7075铝合金表面形成微弧氧化陶瓷膜层,通过SEM、XRD手段分析了微弧氧化陶瓷层的显微结构、表面形貌和相组成,并在HIT-Ⅱ摩擦磨损试验机上测试了陶瓷膜层的摩擦学性能.结果表明:7075铝合金表面的微弧氧化陶瓷膜层由疏松层、致密层构成,其相组成主要是α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3两相;氧化陶瓷层与基体结合良好,厚度为25～45μm,表面硬度可达到1900HV0.1左右;微弧氧化表面处理技术可以显著提高铝合金的表面耐磨性,在与GCr15钢球对磨时,膜层具有较低的磨损率,但摩擦因数相对较高.     

低温超音速火焰喷涂铝-微弧氧化复合膜的制备与性能研究

先采用低温超音速火焰喷涂技术在AZ91D镁合金表面沉积一层致密的Al涂层,再采用微弧氧化技术进行微弧氧化处理,进而获得复合涂层。对热喷涂铝涂层微弧氧化的成膜过程、氧化膜微观结构和成分、复合涂层的耐腐蚀性能等进行了研究,并与在2024铝合金及AZ91D镁合金表面的微弧氧化过程和氧化膜层进行了对比。结果表明:在Al涂层上微弧氧化形成的微弧氧化膜呈多孔珊瑚状,相结构主要为γ-Al2O3,没有微裂纹产生,其微弧氧化过程与2024铝合金的微弧氧化大致相同;复合涂层具有良好的抗盐雾腐蚀性能,可显著提高镁合金的耐蚀性。     

6061铝合金微弧氧化膜的组织及热震性能

利用微弧氧化方法在6061铝合金上制备陶瓷膜.采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪研究了氧化膜的截面组织、成分和相结构,并用划痕法和热震试验评价了膜层与铝基体结合状况.结果表明微弧氧化膜由致密层和疏松层组成,氧化膜主要相组成为γ-Al2O3、α-Al2O3和SiO2非晶相.划痕压力为55N时50μm膜层开始被破坏.热震试验结果表明,50μm膜层样品经过500℃→水淬50次循环后无变化.膜层越薄,抗热震性能越好,膜层表面抛光有利于提高微弧氧化膜的热震性能.     

电流密度对ZL108钨酸钠改性微弧氧化膜特性影响

在不同电流密度下制备了ZL108 Na2WO4改性微弧氧化膜,研究了电流密度对Na2WO4改性微弧氧化膜特性的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察氧化膜表面形貌,能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分别测试了氧化膜截面元素分布、相组成以及W的化合价,极化曲线测试了耐蚀性。结果表明,随电流密度增大,微弧氧化膜由致密变为多孔,微孔数量增加、尺寸变大,膜层增厚。膜层中W、O含量增加,Al含量下降。微弧氧化膜由γ-Al2O3、Al和Si 3个相组成,W元素在膜中主要以WO3形式存在。微弧氧化膜的耐蚀性随电流密度增加而提高。     

2A06铝合金表面微弧氧化陶瓷层摩擦学特性

采用微弧氧化技术,以硅酸盐为主要电解液,在2A06铝合金表面制备出高硬度、高耐磨性的微弧氧化陶瓷膜。用扫描电镜观测膜层的显微结构,用X射线衍射分析其相组成,并对膜层进行耐磨损和抗冲蚀试验。结果表明,氧化时间越长,2A06铝合金表面陶瓷层越厚,陶瓷层粗糙度也越高。陶瓷层由过渡层、致密层和疏松层组成。过渡层与基体和致密层结合紧密。致密层的相组成主要为α-Al2O3、γ-Al2O3,疏松层的相组成主要为α-Al2O3、γ-Al2O3以及Al6Si2O3。致密层中的α-Al2O3相的含量远高于疏松层。从试样边缘到试样中心硬度逐渐降低,最高硬度出现在试样表面边缘向内5～20 mm处,平均HV硬度可达20.96 GPa。2A06铝合金的耐磨性比较差,磨轮转速从100 r/min增至400 r/min时,磨损量不断增加且呈线性分布。微弧氧化制备的陶瓷层磨损量在磨损开始时(100 r/min)稍高,磨轮转速到600 r/min时磨损量趋于稳定,磨轮转速到1600 r/min时磨损量仍然呈现较低水平。陶瓷层的冲蚀体积损失率也远低于2A06铝合金基体。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.