Numerical simulation for prediction of aerodynamic noise characteristics on a HAWT of NREL phase VI

The purpose of this study is to numerically predict the characteristics of aerodynamic noise generated from rotating wind turbine blades according to wind speeds using commercial CFD code, FLUENT. The near-field flow around a HAWT of NREL Phase VI is simulated directly by LES, whereas the far-field aerodynamic noise for frequencies below 500 Hz is modeled using FW-H analogy. As there was no experimental noise data, we first compared aerodynamic noise analysis with experimental data. This result showed a difference of power outputs by 0.8% compared with the experimental one with 6.02 kW. Then the characteristics of aerodynamic noise were predicted at a specific location P1 according to IEC 61400-11 international standard. When the wind turbine blades rotate with time, tip-vortices occur at the tip of two blades and are generated periodically in a circle. These vortices in the vicinity of the blade tip cause intense aerodynamic noise due to the tip vortex-trailing edge interaction by local cross flows along the trailing edge. In a wind speed of 7m/s the sound intensity ratio of quadrupole to dipole at P1 location is about 21.1%, but as wind speed increases the sound intensity ratio increases up to 54.3% in the case of no-weighted correction. This means that there is a considerably close relation between the quadrupole noise by small and large scales and the increase of wind speeds. With the purpose of a rough prediction of sound power level, CFD results were compared with a simple model of previous researchers and showed a good agreement with one by Hagg of three other models.     

垂直轴风力发电机叶片气动性能研究

性能优越的垂直轴风力发电机正越来越受到关注。优良的风叶是使垂直风力发电机获得最大风能利用系数和良好经济效益的基础。垂直风力发电机叶型的气动性能研究是当前叶片设计的重要内容。利用ANSYS FLUENT12.0对NACA4412、FX76MP12、DU86-137-25以及C型四种不同叶片的气动性能进行了仿真和分析,得出C型叶片相对其他三种叶片有着更好的气动性能,能为垂直风力发电机叶片的设计起到指导作用。     

Enhancement of wind turbine aerodynamic performance by a numerical optimization technique

Sectional aerodynamic design optimization was performed to enhance the aerodynamic performance of horizontal axis wind turbine rotor blades based on a computational fluid dynamics technique. The proposed sectional optimization framework consists of airfoil section contour modeling by the PARSEC shape function and a modified feasible direction search algorithm. To enhance the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine rotor blades, the objective of the design framework was set to maximize the lift-over-drag ratio for each design section. A two-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver coupled with a transition turbulence model was used to evaluate the aerodynamic performance during the iterative design optimization procedure. The sectional flow conditions were extracted from the flow of a three-dimensional rotor blade configuration. The design framework was applied to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Phase VI rotor blade. The design optimization was conducted at nine spanwise sections of the rotor blade. To validate the present methodology, the aerodynamic performances of the original baseline rotor and the rotor after the design optimization were compared by using a three-dimensional Navier-Stokes flow solver. It was found that approximately 11% of torque enhancement was achieved after the aerodynamic shape design optimization.     

高密实度H型风力机气动性能的数值分析

针对高密实度H型风力机在不同叶片数下的气动特性及风场布置等问题,将采用k-ω SST湍流模型进行数值模拟的方法应用到对高密实度H型风力机的研究中.开展了对风力机做功特性的分析,建立了流场与风力机功率之间的关系,提出了单个风力机设计选择叶片数时应综合考虑风力机效率和轴承安全这两个因素;在尾流场分析的基础上对不同叶片数的风力机在风场前后串列布置进行了评价.研究结果表明:叶片在上游(θ=90°附近)的气动性能决定整个风力机的性能;由正常工况点下的流场图显示,叶片数的增加导致流场复杂,以及叶片的内外压差逐渐减小,从而使得功率下降;尾流场流向速度恢复至来流速度的距离随叶片数的增加而减小了28.1％,这对风力机的前后串列布置提供了依据.     

Design optimization of a wind turbine blade to reduce the fluctuating unsteady aerodynamic load in turbulent wind

Design optimization of the wind turbine of a NREL 1.5-MW HAWT blade was studied to minimize the fluctuation of the bending moment of the blade in turbulent wind. In order to analyze the unsteady aerodynamic load of a wind turbine, FAST code was used as the analysis code. To consider turbulent wind as the wind input model in FAST, TurbSim was used as a turbulent wind simulator. For effective geometrical representation of the aerodynamic shape of a wind turbine blade, the shape modeling function was used to represent the chord length and twist angle. The fluctuation of the out-of-plane bending moment at the blade root was minimized by maintaining the required power of the wind turbine. Through the redistribution of the section force in the radial direction between both the primary and tip regions, the magnitude of the fluctuation of the out-of-plane bending moment was reduced by about 20%, and the rated power of 1.5-MW was maintained. The local angles of attack for the optimized blade were near the point of the maximum lift-to-drag ratio in the primary and tip regions compared to the baseline blade. The fluctuating unsteady aerodynamic load in the optimized blade was reduced within the operating range of the wind speed. With the optimized blade shape, the wind turbine can be operated with decreased fluctuating aerodynamic loads and have a longer life in turbulent wind.     

大型风机叶片气动外形参数计算及三维建模方法

结合工程实践,基于Schmitz理论计算出风机叶片气动外形参数并利用三维坐标变换原理计算截面翼型空间分布位置,在此基础上,以大型三维设计软件UG为工作平台建立了叶片三维气动外形,并完全满足五轴数控加工制造要求,从而验证了该方法的可靠性.这一方法简化了复杂曲面的设计过程,提高了工作效率,为后续的数控加工、模具制作、结构设计及计算奠定了基础.     

稳态偏航状态的风力机风轮气动力研究

根据水平轴风力机的特征参数建立了偏航致动盘的涡流柱面模型,用稳态偏航状态下的叶素动量理论计算出周向诱导流动因数。以Pitt-Peters模型为收敛条件,考虑了风轮的偏航角参数,建立计算水平轴风力机轴向诱导流动因数的计算模型,并用C++语言在VC环境下进行仿真计算,解决了气动设计和性能计算的关键问题,并通过实例验证了仿真过程的可行性。     

CFD investigation on the flatback airfoil effect of 10 MW wind turbine blade

The flatback airfoil effect on the inboard region of a large wind turbine blade was investigated by numerical analysis. Complicated flow phenomena in wind turbine blade with flatback and non-flatback airfoil were captured by Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes flow simulation with shear stress transport turbulence model. Although both airfoil blades were designed using blade element momentum theory to produce identical shaft power, results of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow analysis indicated that at a specific location of the root area, the flatback airfoil improved the inboard force by approximately 6 % compared with the non-flatback airfoil. We were also able to confirm that by using the flatback airfoil, the overall shaft power throughout the blade increased by 1 %, thereby restraining the bending moment exerted by the thrust force on the hub by 0.5 %. Moreover, numerical analysis results indicated that the flatback airfoil blade reduced the size of the secondary vortex around the blade root area and its progress in the secondary direction in comparison with the non-flatback airfoil blade. The shape of the flatback airfoil on the trailing edge weakened the adverse pressure gradient migrating from the lower to the upper surface. Regardless of the flatback airfoils, the tip vortex core of the outboard region formed on the suction surface leading edge and strongly rolled up by the pressure surface boundary layers due to the large pressure difference between the suction and pressure surfaces in the blade tip region. This remarkable strong tip vortex developed downstream and raked up the boundary layer of the blade trailing edge with low energy.     

Investigation on the aerodynamic performance and boundary layer characteristics of high deflection industrial turbine cascade at off-design conditions

This research leads to reach the effects of the off-design operation on the aerodynamic performance, boundary layer behavior, and associated loss occurring in a high deflection industrial turbine blade. Numerical simulations, proved opposed to experimental results, are used to achieve the detailed flow field of the cascade, incidence angels ranging from −15° to +10° at inlet chord Reynolds number varied from 9.63E+04 to 2.24E+05. Boundary layer specifications covering thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness are achieved in the 15 points on the suction side and talk about detail on the authority of numerical simulations in various flow conditions. Results indicate that profile loss is forcefully increased by the rising up the incidence angle mostly in the positive range. Studying the effect of incidence angle on the boundary layer behavior indicates that as incidence angle varies from negative to positive, all three characteristics of the boundary layer increase gradually.

     

新型变速风力发电传动系统的研究

介绍一种新的基于液力机械的风力发电传动系统.该传动系统可以使风轮运转在最佳尖速比下,使风轮最大限度地利用风能,不仅可以减轻机电传动系统的极限载荷,延长使用寿命,而且还有储能作用,可以减轻因风速的瞬时变化引起的能量冲击.通过控制传动系统的液力变矩器的运转速度,来实现整个系统的变速恒频,发电机可以直接连到电网上.     

Separation blockage-correction method for the airfoil of a wind turbine blade

A new blockage-correction method for the separated flows around the airfoil of a wind turbine blade was developed for the wall interference correction of the closed test-section wind tunnel. A wind tunnel test was performed for the airfoil at an angle-of-attack range of 0–180°. The freestream velocity was 15 m/s, which corresponds to a Reynolds number of 2.3 × 10⁵ based on the chord. Then a blockage correction for the separated flows was obtained with respect to the multiplication of the blocking area and the separation drag coefficient based on the test. The present method was validated by comparing the corrected results with those of the existing classical and measured-boundary-condition methods. The results of the classical method are similar to those of the measured-boundary-condition method at the attached flow region; however, at high angles of attack, the difference in the corrected results between the classical and MBC methods becomes significantly large. The present method is in good agreement with the measured-boundary-condition method, enabling better wall corrections than the classical method in post-stall region.     

Investigation of dynamic characteristics of planetary gear stage in wind turbine considering voltage dip

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The transient variation of electrical parameters makes system loads fluctuate and reduces bearing capacity when the grid voltage dips. This work...     

Investigation on aerodynamics and active flow control of a vertical axis wind turbine with flapped airfoil

A 2D unsteady numerical simulation with dynamic and sliding meshing techniques was conducted to solve the flow around a threeblade Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). The circular wakes, strip-like wakes and the shedding vortex structures interact with each other result in an extremely unstable performance. An airfoil with a trailing edge flap, based on the NACA0012 airfoil, has been designed for VAWT to improve flow field around the turbine. Strategy of flap control is applied to regulate the flap angle. The results show that the flapped airfoil has an positive effect on damping trailing edge wake separation, deferring dynamic stall and reducing the oscillating amplitude. The circular wake vortices change into strip vortices during the pitch-up interval of the airfoils. Examination of the flow details around the rotating airfoil indicates that flap control improves the dynamic stall by diminishing the trend of flow separation. Airfoil stall separation has been suppressed since the range of nominal angle of attack is narrowed down by an oscillating flap. Vortices with large intensity over rotational region are reduced by 90 %. The lift coefficient hysteresis loop of flapped airfoil acts as an O type, which represents a more stable unsteady performance. With flap control, the peak of power coefficient has increased by 10 % relative to the full blade VAWT. Obviously, the proposed flapped airfoil design combined with the active flow control significantly has shown the potential to eliminate dynamic stall and improve the aerodynamic performance and operation stability of VAWT.     

Investigation of CFD calculation method of a centrifugal pump with unshrouded impeller

Currently, relatively large errors are found in numerical results in some low-specific-speed centrifugal pumps with unshrouded impeller because the effect of clearances and holes are not accurately modeled. Establishing an accurate analytical model to improve performance prediction accuracy is therefore necessary. In this paper, a three-dimensional numerical simulation is conducted to predict the performance of a low-specific-speed centrifugal pump, and the modeling, numerical scheme, and turbulent selection methods are discussed. The pump performance is tested in a model pump test bench, and flow rate, head, power and efficiency of the pump are obtained. The effect of taking into consideration the back-out vane passage, clearance, and balance holes is analyzed by comparing it with experimental results, and the performance prediction methods are validated by experiments. The analysis results show that the pump performance can be accurately predicted by the improved method. Ignoring the back-out vane passage in the calculation model of unshrouded impeller is found to generate better numerical results. Further, the calculation model with the clearances and balance holes can obviously enhance the numerical accuracy. The application of disconnect interface can reduce meshing difficulty but increase the calculation error at the off-design operating point at the same time. Compared with the standard k-ε, renormalization group k-ε, and Spalart-Allmars models, the Realizable k-ε model demonstrates the fastest convergent speed and the highest precision for the unshrouded impeller flow simulation. The proposed modeling and numerical simulation methods can improve the performance prediction accuracy of the low-specific-speed centrifugal pumps, and the modeling method is especially suitable for the centrifugal pump with unshrouded impeller.     

风电机组齿轮箱早期故障预警方法研究

为实现风力发电机组等变工况机电设备的早期故障预警,研发了变工况齿轮箱状态监测系统。在基于该系统的多种变工况行星齿轮磨损实验研究基础上,提出了一种基于流形学习的早期故障预警方法。该方法首先研究采用完全总体经验模态分解与改进快速独立成分分析盲源分离技术,有利于对复杂振动信号的滤波与盲源分离;然后研究改进了局部线性嵌入流形学习方法,基于时域、频域信息融合提取了早期故障敏感特征;最后应用k-近邻分类器实现变工况齿轮箱早期故障预警。实验研究表明,该方法提高了早期故障预警准确率,能够应用于风电机组等变工况机电设备的安全保障及科学维护,具有广泛工程实用前景。     

Effect of fuel composition of LNG on the performances and operating characteristics of a gas turbine cycle

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The effect of natural gas compositions on the thermodynamic performance characteristics of the single-shaft gas turbine cycle is analyzed in this...     

兆瓦级风力发电机组传动系统的振动特性研究

以1.25 MW风力发电机组传动系统为研究对象.使用集中参数法建立传动系统的动力学模型,并对动力学模型方程进行求解,对求解结果进行分析,分析了传动系统的同有频率特性和响应特性,分析结果表明:传动系统在启动阶段发生较小的扭转变形,并网阶段发生较大的扭转变形;并网运行中,当风力和电网发生突变时,传动系统发生较大的扭转变形,其中电网突变对传动系统的影响更大;在不同的气动转矩作用下,气动转矩越大,风力发电机组传动系统受到的冲击也越大;传动系统的固有频率比较大,在工作频率附近不会发生共振.     

基于叶片弦长的小型H型垂直轴风机气动性能分析

针对不同弦长下的小型H型垂直轴风轮模型,建立风轮外流场cFD(Computational Fluid Dynamic)模型,采用移动网格技术,选用RNG两方程湍流模型和基于压力的隐式Couple算法进行瞬态计算,获得风轮气动性能曲线,进而分析叶片弦长对小型H型垂直轴风力机风轮气动性能的影响.     

基于控制方法的风机塔架减振研究

为利用控制方法减小兆瓦级风机运行过程中塔架的振动量,对塔架结构动态特性和塔架激励源动态特性进行了分析研究。以某2 MW机组为例,进行了塔架振动情况评估。基于评估结果,设计了增加气动阻尼的塔架振动控制方法,并进一步设计了直接加阻的主动控制结构,结合振动过大时主动降功率运行手段,实现了塔架振动的控制器干预。在许继WRTS-800和PRDS-600仿真实验平台上进行了仿真验证和等效疲劳载荷计算;在实验风场进行了现场实验,并对实验数据进行了统计分析。研究结果表明,采用该方法,塔架等效疲劳载荷明显减小,主动控制减振效果明显。     

Investigation on hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a gas-liquid ejector using three-dimensional CFD modeling

An investigation of the gas-liquid ejector has been carried out to study the influence of operating conditions and ejector geometries on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of the ejector by using three-dimensional CFD modeling. The CFD results were validated with experimental data. Flow field analysis and prediction of ejector performance were also conducted. Variations of the operating conditions were made by changing the gas-liquid flow rates ratio in the range of 0.2 to 1.2. The length to diameter ratio of mixing tube (L _M/D _M) was also varied from 4 to 10. CFD studies show that at L _M/D _M=5.5, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient increases with respect to gas flow rate. Meanwhile, at L _M/D _M=4, the plot of volumetric mass transfer coefficient to gas-liquid flow rate ratio reaches the maximum at gas-liquid flow rate ratio of 0.6. This study also shows that volumetric mass transfer coefficient decreases with the increase of mixing tube length.