EDXRF分析装置的角度布置对荧光计数率影响的蒙特卡罗模拟

在EDXRF分析中,X射线荧光计数率与待测元素种类和含量有密切关系.但X射线荧光计数率又与很多因素有关,其中X光管、样品和探测器的几何位置关系是一个重要的影响因素.为了设计较好计数率的能量色散型X荧光分析仪,采用MCNP4C程序,建立与实际相符的几何模型,模拟了不同入射角和出射角时的X荧光计数率,得到了X光管与样品、探...     

Si-PIN型X射线探测器灵敏度的MC模拟

在能量色散X荧光仪设计过程中,探测器的尺寸、系统几何结构和目标元素等都涉及到探测器灵敏度的问题。论文从玻尔兹曼方程及电子输运Spencer-Lewis方程入手推导探测器灵敏度的理论计算公式,基于MCNP5模拟平台研究Si-PIN型探测器灵敏度变化规律。研究发现:Si-PIN型探测器灵敏度随探测器灵敏材料厚度的增加呈指数增长;随入射射线能量增加,其规律与探测效率曲线相同;当探测器与样品间的距离小于100 mm时,距离对探测器灵敏度的影响可以忽略。     

Si-PIN探测器特征参数的MCNP模拟

实验运用蒙特卡罗方法模拟X射线在Si-PIN探测器中的能量沉积。针对所选择的每个能量,改变Si-PIN探测器灵敏区厚度、半径,模拟出X射线计数率,从中选择出灵敏区最佳结构组合。并与DeBoer算法和Mcmaster算法的理论计算结果进行对比,结果表明MCNP5程序能准确地模拟X射线在Si-PIN探测器中的物理过程,且选取的灵敏区最佳组合具有较高的可靠性。     

γ探测器水下就地测量比计数率及有效探测距离MC计算

选取¹³¹I、¹³⁷Cs、⁴⁰K、²⁰⁸Tl等核素所发射的不同能量的γ射线,通过MC模拟,获得三种闪烁探测器在就地测量时获取的水体中放射性核素的γ能谱。以此为基础获取其全能峰比计数率随测量水体半径变化的情况,最终获得比计数率饱和值及有效探测距离随射线能量的变化趋势,并得到闪烁探测器用于海洋放射性污染监测时的布放深度。通过MC模拟获得多种闪烁探测器对不同放射性核素的比计数率及有效探测距离,为海洋放射性监测提供参考。     

15 石墨晶体预衍射-X射线荧光分析系统的研制与应用

采用能量色散X射线荧光法测定高放射性比活度的后处理溶液样品必须克服样品自身放射线与荧光信号重叠干扰、样品强放射性造成的探测器漏计数，以及溶液样品固有的高散射特性引起的高本底影响。本工作以石墨晶体预衍射器为核心技术，克服了以上3种影响，掌握了技术关键，设计组装了1套A2靶X光管激发-石墨晶体预衍射-能量色散X射线荧光分析系统。     

用MC软件模拟计算LaBr3(Ce)探测器对MB容器中气态β+粒子湮灭γ光子的探测效率

用蒙特卡罗软件MCNPX版本模拟计算了同一尺寸的溴化镧探测器对不同体积的MB容器中β+粒子的探测效率和计数率,以及不同尺寸的探测器对同一MB容器、同一探测器在同一体积的MB容器中处于不同深度时对β+粒子的探测效率和计数率,根据计算结果,确定了MB容器的最佳体积和探测器在MB容器中的最佳位置,并和NaI(Tl)探测器模拟...     

一种新型水泥样品X荧光分析仪的研制

介绍了一种可同时分析水泥样品中镁，铝，铁，钙等多元素含量的X荧光分析仪，该仪器采用Si-PIN电制冷半导体探测器，激发源采用小功率X光管，仪器具有数据采集，实时显示，数据处理，数据通讯等功能，实现了水泥生产的闭环在线控制。     

能量色散X射线荧光分析测定硅酸盐矿中的Sr、Rb

我们采用美国CANBERRA公司SCORPIO-3000系统程序控制多道能谱仪、Si(Li)探测器和苏制X光机,自制试样架,组成了一台X光管激发能散X荧光分析仪。用它对地质试样进行了能散X荧光分析。分析的初步结果为:Sr、As探测限低于3ppm;Rb低于10ppm;Br、Y低于30ppm。 1.标准及试样的制备 标准采用人工合成硅酸盐基体和等量的含内标元素锗的稀释剂混合,再配入分     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的XRF探测器立体角分析

为研究探测器立体角在X射线荧光(X-ray fluorescence,XRF)分析仪的设计对测量结果的影响,运用蒙特卡罗方法对XRF仪进行建模。结果表明,探测器脉冲计数随着探测器与样品之间距离的增大指数衰减;随着探测器立体角的增大,特征峰计数非线性增大,源峰探测效率指数递减;探测器本征探测效率与探测器立体角无关。本文研究方法和结论可为一些XRF仪的设计提供参考。     

实时核信号数字化脉冲成形关键技术研究

本文对理想核脉冲信号和实际探测器输出信号分别进行了计算机模拟仿真与分析,总结了不同成形时间的核脉冲信号的数字梯形成形参数的确定方法。在高计数率场合时提高了有效测量计数率,消除了部分脉冲的堆积并减少了系统死时间。同时,采用256点和512点数字三角成形方法测试了Si-PIN半导体探测器的性能,并与模拟电路成形方法进行了对比测试。测试结果表明,脉冲数字成形处理方法提高了探测器计数率和分辨率。     

First User Results From the HOTWAXS Detector System

Over the past 10 years combined techniques such as small angle and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with X-ray diffraction (XRD), have become the mainstay of time resolved experimental studies carried out at synchrotron radiation sources (SRS). However, these techniques have been limited by the detectors used to measure the wide angle scattering/diffraction pattern, and therefore restrict the dynamic experiments that can be studied. The HOTWAXS (High Overall Throughput Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering) detector project was designed to address this issue by producing a position sensitive, parallax free, high count rate, photon counting detector based on microstrip gas chamber (MSGC) technology. The initial experiments, performed on station 16.1 of the Daresbury SRS, with a high density polyethylene sample, confirmed the local count rate per channel to be 1 times 10⁶ counts per second. A global count rate over the 512 channel detector of 27 times 10⁶ counts per second was also measured for this sample. Time resolved experiments on stations 2.1 and 9.3 with real 'user' samples have also been performed, the results of which are presented.     

Sensitivity of fuel failure detection by the delayed neutron measurement in the primary cooling circuit of HANARO

The sensitivity of the fuel failure detection system based on the delayed neutron measurement in the primary cooling circuit of a research reactor, HANARO is investigated. The neutrons around the primary cooling pipe during normal operation of HANARO are measured with BF₃ detector, and their count rate is 900 cps. They are regarded as photoneutrons due to the high energy gamma-rays from N-16 and delayed neutrons from the fission of the uranium contaminated on the fuel surface. The contribution of each neutron source is analyzed by measuring the changes of the neutron counts before and after the abrupt shutdown of reactor. In order to estimate the sensitivity of the fuel failure detection, the neutron count rate of BF₃ detector is predicted by Monte Carlo calculation. The generation, transportation and detection of the photoneutrons and the delayed neutrons are simulated for the geometry similar to the experiments. From the calculations and experiments, it is ascertained that the photoneutron contribution to the total count rate is about 20–30%, and that the delayed neutron count rate is expected to about 720 cps. The fission rate in the flow tube of the reactor core by the surface contamination is obtained from the deduced delayed neutron count rate, and it is estimated to 1.66 × 10⁵ fissions/cm³ s. From the MCNP calculation, it is confirmed that this fission rate can originate from the contaminated uranium of 120 μg, which is about 13% of the maximum allowable surface contamination on the fuel surface. The sensitivity of U-235 mass detection by the delayed neutron measurement can be concluded to about 0.2 μg-U²³⁵/cps. Thus, it is confirmed that the delayed neutron detection is sensitive enough to monitor the fuel failure, and that the neutron count rate is high enough for stable signal with short counting time.     

A novel Z-axis diffractometer for X-ray diffraction and fluorescence studies

Recently several X-ray techniques have been demonstrated to have high potential for providing needed structural information to understand the many physical and chemical phenomena that occur at surfaces and interfaces. In this article we will describe an instrument that facilitates the performing of these types of measurements and allows for the investigation of the gas-liquid interface using a variety of synchrotron X-ray scattering techniques. This instrument employs the z-axis diffraction geometry in which the detector has two degrees of freedom while the sample (the gas-liquid interface) has only one degree of freedom — rotation around the vertical axis. A distinctive feature of this diffractometer is that it leaves a fixed illuminated footprint on the liquid interface and allows for an accurate determination of the relative scattering or fluorescence intensity at very shallow angles. The unique capabilities of this novel instrument have been demonstrated at synchrotron facilities in a variety of X-ray techniques: grazing incidence diffraction (GID), shallow angle reflection (SAR), near total external fluorescence (NTEF) and EXAFS experiments from the surface of liquids     

Study and optimization of multiwire proportional chambers for Synchrotron facilities

Multiwire proportional chambers (MWPCs) are widely used in many different disciplines. The quality of the results depends on many factors such as gas gain, detector count rate, detection efficiency, spatial and energy resolution, and uniformity. We report here on a detailed study on how to optimize all these features, in particular regarding the use of MWPC at synchrotron radiation sources. Detector behavior has been analyzed in relation to geometry of the wire planes; electric field; frames design and window geometry; and gas parameters. From this study, general optimization criteria were obtained. The results of this study have been applied to produce a new design for a detector required to perform time-resolved X-ray diffraction/scattering experiments in the submillisecond time scale with a spatial resolution of 0.03 cm. In addition, we report on the outcome of simulations aiming at understanding the influence of manufacturing defects as well as gas quality.     

Determination of bulk etch rate for CR-39 nuclear track detectors using an X-ray fluorescence method

The thickness of a CR-39 detector is determined using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) method of analysis. The method is based on exciting a suitable target and measuring the intensity of its fluorescence X-ray lines passing through the CR-39 sample in a fixed geometry. By properly selecting the target material, the method succeeds in assessing the thickness change of CR-39 detectors etched for different time intervals. The bulk etch rate (V_b) may thus be obtained, which is an important parameter for any solid state nuclear track detector. Application of the EDXRF method yielded a value of V_b = (2.01 ± 0.04) μm h⁻¹ for etching in a 6 N NaOH solution at 75 °C. This value agrees with the bulk etch rate of (1.90 ± 0.03) μm h⁻¹, obtained by the conventional mass-change method.     

基于固体探测器SDD的XAFS数据获取系统

X射线吸收精细结构谱学(X-ray Absorption Fine Structure,XAFS)的发展,提出了对低浓度(痕量)元素研究的需求,高灵敏度的固体探测器纷纷被应用到XAFS技术中来。硅漂移探测器(Silicon Drift Detector,SDD)是一种高计数率、高能量分辨率、采用半导体制冷的小型荧光探测器,其商业产品渐趋成熟。北京同步辐射装置1W2B实验站装备了这种小型SDD,并开发了相应采谱软件供用户使用。经过对含Cu 100 mg·L~(-1)浓度的CuSO_4溶液的测试,结果证明这套新的采谱系统可以满足1W2B实验站XAFS实验荧光模式的需求。     

Bremsstrahlung excited standardless EDXRF analysis

This paper demonstrates that samples can be directly exposed to an X-ray tube bremsstrahlung to obtain their elemental composition. For this purpose, the bremsstrahlung spectrum from an X-ray tube has been detected with a Si(Li) detector. A theoretical spectrum was generated which fitted well with the experimental one. Four samples of known composition were then irradiated in the tube bremsstrahlung. A computer program was developed to obtain the elemental composition of the samples. Results obtained by this method (without the necessity of using any standard sample) were found to be in good agreement with our earlier findings.     

Advances in 3D ion micro-tomography

A new method for three dimensional tomographic analysis of micro-samples is presented. The technique is capable of accurately calculating the mass density and composition distribution of a sample, using the data measured from a STIM and PIXE tomography experiment. The technique solves for the effects of the energy dependence of the proton stopping-power and X-ray production cross-section. It also incorporates X-ray attenuation for a cone geometry between the sample and X-ray detector. A priori information about low Z elements is easily incorporated into the technique. The reconstruction of the mass density and composition of a phantom is shown.     

Improvements to conventional X-ray tube-based cone-beam computed tomography system

Conventional X-ray tube-based cone-beam computed tomography(CX-CBCT) systems have great potential in industrial applications. Such systems can rapidly obtain a three-dimensional(3D) image of an object.Conventional X-ray tubes fulfill the requirements for industrial applications, because of their high tube voltage and power. Continuous improvements have been made to CX-CBCT systems, such as imaging time shortening,acquisition strategy optimization, and imaging software development, etc. In this study, a CX-CBCT system is developed. Additionally, some improvements to the CX-CBCT system are proposed based on the hardware conditions of the X-ray tube and detector. A near-detector(ND)geometry condition is employed to obtain a sharper image and larger detection area. An improved acquisition strategy is proposed to simplify operations and reduce total imaging time. In the ND geometry condition, a simplified method called FBP slice stacking(SS-FBP) is proposed, which can be applied to 3D image reconstruction. SS-FBP is timesaving relative to traditional methods. Furthermore, imaging software for the CX-CBCT system is developed in the MATLAB environment. Several imaging experiments were performed. The results suggest that the CX-CBCT system works properly, and that the above improvements are feasible and practical.