一种基于Contourlet的图像低码率SPIHT算法

Contourlet是一种优于小波的不可分离图像表示方法,它除了具有一般小波变换的多尺度、局部性外,还具有方向性、各向异性。为此,本文提出了一种基于Contourlet变换的SPIHT编码方法。首先,对图像Contourlet变换各子带系数的分布情况进行了统计分析;进而设计了一种基于Contourlet变换的空间方向树结构,该结构具有类似图像小波变换域中“零树”的特性;在此基础上实现了一种基于Contourlet变换的渐进式编码算法（CSPIHT）,该算法除了具有一般基于小波变换的零树编码算法的特性外,还具有方向性和各向异性的特点,特别对图像的边缘方向信息和纹理信息具有很好的捕捉能力和解码的视觉效果。实验结果表明,所提出的算法CSPIHT在低码率下其重构图像的PSNR要高于SPIHT算法;而对于中等码率,尽管重构图像的PSNR略低于SPIHT,但重构图像纹理和边缘区域的视觉效果要优于SPIHT。     

基于视觉特性的Contourlet域图像压缩编码算法

为了有效克服小波变换难以准确捕获图像特征、而Contourlet变换存在冗余等不足,本文提出了一种基于视觉特性的Contourlet域图像压缩编码算法.该算法首先对原始图像进行小波分解,并对中高频小波子带进一步实施自适应方向分解;然后根据人眼视觉特性(HVS),对变换系数进行加权处理;再结合小波分解与方向分解特点,构造扩展的空间方向树结构;最后采用SPIHT编码思想完成图像的压缩.实验结果表明,本文提出的Contourlet域图像编码方法是一种高效的图像压缩算法,不仅其压缩效果明显优于SPIHT、WBCT等图像压缩方案(特别是低比特率下),而且具有比较强的通用性与适应性(SPIHT与WBCT对于Barbara之类纹理图像压缩效果较差,然而本文算法的压缩效果却较理想).     

基于Contourlet的中低码率图像质量可分级编码算法

首先对图像Contourlet变换各子带系数的分布情况进行了统计分析,进而给出了一种基于Contourlet变换的空间方向树结构,并统计验证了该空间方向树的"零树"特性.同时针对图像Contourlet变换各子带"重要系数"的分布情况提出了一种基于图像Contourlet方向子带的多尺度量化方案,该方案对图像的边缘方向信息和纹理信息具有很好的捕捉能力,在此基础上提出了一种基于Contourlet变换的嵌入式图像质量可分级编码算法,该算法除了具有一般基于小波变换的零树编码方法的特性外,还具有方向性和各向异性的特点,其解码图像在中低码率下无论是PSNR还是纹理和边缘区域的视觉效果均优于SPIHT算法.实验结果验证了所提出算法的有效性.     

一种基于Contourlet变换的高光谱图像压缩算法

提出了一种基于Contourlet变换的高光谱图像压缩算法,其将多尺度几何分析用于高光谱图像的空间去相关,在进行有损压缩时有效地保存了高光谱图像丰富的纹理信息.该算法首先对高光谱图像的每一个波段图像进行基于小波的Contourlet变换,然后用前一波段的变换系数预测当前波段,最后对预测误差进行SPIHT编码,形成嵌入式码流.实验结果表明,提出的基于Contourlet变换的高光谱图像压缩算法其压缩效果优于对比算法,且能较好地保留高光谱图像的纹理信息.     

应用人眼视觉特性的Contourlet域图像压缩编码算法

鉴于Contourlet变换存在冗余,小波变换不能准确捕获图像特征等不足,提高编码速度和改进视觉效果,提出了一种基于人眼视觉特性的混合域图像压缩编码算法。算法对原始图像进行小波分解,对中高频小波子带进一步实施自适应方向分解;根据人眼视觉特性（HVS）,对不同子块变换系数进行加权处理;结合小波分解与方向分解特点,构造扩展的空间方向树结构;根据系数重要性,对低频系数采用新的排列结构,采用SPIHT编码思想完成图像压缩。实验结果表明,提出的混合域图像编码方法是一种高效的图像压缩算法,其压缩效果明显优于SPIHT、WBCT等图像压缩方案（特别是低比特率下）。     

适用于PACS系统的医学图像近无损压缩

为解决海量医学数据与有限存储空间和传输带宽之间的矛盾,提出一种适用于PACS(picture archiving and communication system)系统的医学图像近无损压缩算法。首先对病变区域和背景区域分别进行剪切波变换和小波变换;其次,选取一些能够近似逼近病变区域图像的重要系数达到去噪和初步压缩的目的;然后,对病变区域所选取的重要系数进行无损Huffman编码,同时对背景区域所得小波系数进行量化和多级树集合分裂算法(SPIHT)编码实现压缩;最后,融合各区域经解码和逆变换得到的图像获得整幅重构图像。实验结果表明,新算法在与小波有损压缩方法设置同样压缩比的情况下,所获取的病变区域重构图像和原病变区域的平均结构相似度(MSSIM)提高了6%,峰值信噪比(PSNR)是小波有损压缩方法的2.54倍,而整幅重构图像与原图像的MSSIM提高了2%,PSNR提高了13%。     

Contourlet和小波相结合的SPIHT算法

借鉴Contourlet变换和WBCT的思想,采用Contourlet和小波相结合的变换,并根据变换后系数的特殊结构,提出了一种新的空间方向树结构,实现了对变换后系数的类似SPIHT编码,达到了对图像压缩的目的。实验表明,该算法能更好地恢复图像的纹理和细节信息,并在低比特率下具有较高的峰值信噪比。     

基于SPIHT的感兴趣区域编码

感兴趣区域(ROI)编码是一种重要的图像编码思想,可用来解决图像质量与压缩比之间的矛盾,特别适合应用到医学图像压缩中.提出了一种基于层次树集合划分(SPIHT)算法的感兴趣区域编码方法,通过附加ROI掩模信息,无需提升小波系数,使得ROI优先于其它区域编码和传输.     

Contourlet域方向子带稀疏表示的图像压缩感知

为了提高压缩感知中图像的稀疏表示性能, 提出了一种Contourlet域方向子带稀疏表示的图像压缩感知算法。将图像Contourlet分解后的多个高频子带根据方向正交特点进行重组, 采用随机高斯矩阵对重组后的子带分别进行测量, 实现压缩采样; 利用正交匹配追踪法重建各子带系数, 并进行Contourlet反变换重构原图像。实验结果表明, 在相同采样率下, 算法重构图像的主观视觉效果和峰值信噪比都优于小波压缩感知算法。     

SPIHT算法在DICOM图像压缩中的应用研究

DICOM图像文件的储存和传输一直是近代医学图像处理中一个比较热门的研究话题,其中较好的解决方案就是对DICOM图像进行压缩处理。文中通过对DICOM文件的数据结构进行分析,将DICOM文件拆分成图像数据部分和文本信息部分,然后采用9/7提升小波变换对拆分出来的DICOM图像数据进行图像变换,最后对变换后的小波系数进行SPIHT编码完成DICOM图像压缩。主客观对图像的评价表明SPIHT算法在高压缩比时仍能保证图像较好的质量。该方法能够对DICOM图像的存储和传输带来便利也将产生一定的影响。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).