Influence of the slicing technique on mechanical properties of?the?produced veneer

The aim of this investigation was to compare the mechanical behaviour of lengthwise and plain sliced veneer of the species beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Therefore, tension tests parallel and perpendicular to the grain were carried out. The results were evaluated using the variance analysis (ANOVA). As a result it can be stated that lengthwise sliced veneers exhibit significantly higher strength and better mechanical characteristics than plain sliced veneers. The checks parallel to the grain which occurred by manufacturing at that side of the veneer leaf which faces the cutting edge and which is stressed in tension are to be considered as reason therefore. In contrast to the tests parallel to the grain the modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the grain shows significantly lower values for lengthwise sliced veneers than for plain sliced veneers. Due to their higher strength values lengthwise sliced veneers are considered better base materials for engineered wood products than plain sliced veneers.     

Effect of laminated structure design on the mechanical properties of bamboo-wood hybrid laminated veneer lumber

The effects of veneer orientation and loading direction on the mechanical properties of bamboo-bundle/poplar veneer laminated veneer lumber (BWLVL) were investigated by a statistical analysis method. Eight types of laminated structure were designed for the BWLVL aiming to explore the feasibility of manufacturing high-performance bamboo-based composites. A specific type of bamboo species named Cizhu bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis) with a thickness of 6 mm and diameter of 65 mm was used. The wood veneers were from fast-growing poplar tree (Populus ussuriensis Kom.) in China. The bamboo bundles were obtained by a mechanical process. They were then formed into uniform veneers using a one-piece veneer technology. Bamboo bundle and poplar veneer were immersed in water-soluble phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin with low molecular weight for 7 min and dried to MC of 8–12 % under the ambient environment. All specimens were prepared through hand lay-up using compressing molding method. The density and mechanical properties including modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and shearing strength (SS) of samples were characterized under loading parallel and perpendicular to the glue line. The results indicated that as the contribution of bamboo bundle increased in laminated structure, especially laminated on the surface layers, the MOE, MOR and SS increased. A lay-up BBPBPBB (B-bamboo, P-poplar) had the highest properties due to the cooperation of bamboo bundle and poplar veneer. A higher value of MOE and MOR was found for the perpendicular loading test than that for the parallel test, while a slightly higher SS was observed parallel to the glue line compared with perpendicular loading. Any lay-up within the homogeneous group can be used to replace others for obtaining the same mechanical properties in applications. These findings suggested that the laminated structure with high stiffness laid-up on the surface layers could improve the performance of natural fiber reinforced composites.     

The potential of phenol–formaldehyde as plasticizing agent for moulding applications of wood veneer: two-dimensional and three-dimensional moulding

Two phenol–formaldehyde resols, namely a low and a medium molecular weight phenol–formaldehyde, were investigated for their applicability as plasticizers in moulding of European beech veneer (Fagus sylvatica L.). Therefore, beech veneers specimens were impregnated with both phenol–formaldehyde resol types in various concentrations. Subsequently, two-dimensional mouldability of the veneer was tested in a three-point-bending test along and perpendicular to the grain. Additionally, three-dimensional moulding of the phenol–formaldehyde impregnated veneer was tested throughout a modified Erichsen cupping test, where the veneer is pressed through a circular shaped coining die. The obtained results indicate a significantly improved mouldability of the treated beech veneers compared to untreated, water-saturated control specimens. Even at low phenol–formaldehyde concentrations plasticizing effects were detected in longitudinal direction and perpendicular to the grain. These findings are substantiated by results from three-dimensional moulding. Furthermore, the low molecular weight phenol–formaldehyde treated veneers displayed a higher mouldability than medium molecular weight phenol–formaldehyde specimens at similar phenol–formaldehyde concentration.     

Investigation of physical and mechanical properties of oil palm wood core sandwich panels overlaid with a rubberwood veneer face

Low-density sandwich panels consisting of an oil palm wood core overlaid with a rubberwood veneer face were manufactured. Effects of two types of grain orientation of the oil palm wood core (parallel and perpendicular to board surface) and three different veneer thicknesses (0.7, 1.8 and 2.7 mm) and core densities (223 ± 14, 301 ± 35 and 418 ± 33 kg/m³) on some physical and mechanical properties of the boards were investigated. Results showed that higher core density increased the values of thermal conductivity, screw withdrawal resistance, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity but decreased the value of water absorption without effect on thickness swelling of the boards. Boards with the core grain direction oriented perpendicular to panel’s surface possessed lower value of thickness swelling but higher values of thermal conductivity and strain at fracture when the board failed in a mode of core shear under bending test than those of the others. Finally, the relationship between board density and the measured physical and mechanical properties of the oil palm wood core sandwich panels overlaid with a rubberwood veneer expressed as mathematical equations could be used to predict and design the expected properties of this type of sandwich board.     

Influence of veneer thickness on the properties of LVL from Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) plantation trees

The work aimed at evaluating the influence of the veneer thickness on physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) boards made from Schizolobium amazonicum plantation trees. It is a fast growing species (20 m³/ha/year), having a straight trunk almost without any branch and producing a white-yellowish low density hardwood: usually <0.40 g/cm³. The boards were manufactured with the following thicknesses: 1.54, 2.32 and 2.71 mm. Seven LVL boards were produced for each thickness, totaling 21, all according to the following characteristics: PVAc adhesive (200 g/m²), pressed (1.0 N/mm²) at room temperature for 12 h. The following mechanical and physical properties were then evaluated: static bending modulus of elasticity (E _M ), modulus of rupture (f _M ), compression strength parallel to grain (f _c,0 ), shear strength parallel to glue-line (f _v,0 ), shear strength perpendicular to glue-line (f _v,90 ), water absorption and thickness swelling for 2 and 24 h of water immersion. The results pointed out that the utilization of thinner veneers implied improving mechanical properties, while thicker veneer reduced the water absorption. Nevertheless, in contrast, the efficiency was lower than that observed when thicker veneer was used.     

Ultrasound evaluation of lathe check depth in birch veneer

In this study, the lathe checks in birch veneer were examined with contact ultrasound and a preliminary study for the measurement with air-coupled ultrasound from green birch veneer (moisture content 60–75%) was carried out. The contact measurements were conducted from dry veneer and then from moistened veneer. Several ultrasound parameters measured from dry veneers were related with lathe check depth, e.g. correlation between ultrasound transit time and lathe check depth was 0.63 (p<0.001, N=30) when measuring perpendicular to grain from unchecked face of the veneer. The same correlation for moistened veneers was 0.74 (p <0.01, N=12). Furthermore, air-coupled reflection and through-transmission measurements were carried out with green veneer samples. In air-coupled through-transmission measurements, it seemed that moisture content dominated the measurement when measuring parallel to checks. There was also positive correlation between energy-related parameters in through-transmission and reflection measurement, which could be utilised to measure the properties of veneer with transducers on one side.     

Modification of beech veneers with lignin phenol formaldehyde resins in the production of laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

Rotary cut beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers were treated with four different lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) solutions using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. Four of these veneers were bonded with PF adhesive to produce four-layer laminated veneer lumber (LVL). To synthesize the LPF solutions, a commercial phenol formaldehyde resin (PF resin) was individually mixed with three different technical lignins (Indulin AT, BioChoice lignin, organosolv lignin) and lignin cleavage products (LCP) at a ratio of 3:2 (60%:40%). Differential scanning calorimetry showed an increased curing temperature for the LPF resins in comparison to the PF resin. The mechanical and water-related properties of the LPF-modified LVL were shown to be similar or slightly improved compared to PF-modified LVL. Fungal degradation experiments with white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) and brown-rot fungus (Coniophora puteana) exhibited no significant differences in the mass loss of the LPF-modified and PF-modified samples except in one case: LVL made from veneers treated with Indulin AT exposed to the white-rot fungus. The resistance to weathering of LVL samples made from veneers treated with technical lignins was low; however, specimens treated with LCP and the reference PF resin displayed a higher resistance to weathering. It is concluded that technical lignins or LCP can, to a certain extent, be used as a substitute for crude-oil based PF resin.     

A study of the deformation behaviour of veneers resulting from water storage (A methodological approach for determining the swelling characteristic using the example of European beech veneer)

This article discusses the swelling-induced deformation behaviour of veneers. Impregnation tests were performed to assess the influences on the unrestrained deformation of veneers. Among others, the tests focused on a comparison of the swelling-induced deformation in consideration of influences caused by the manufacturing process for different anatomical orientations (tangential or radial veneer). For this, samples of European beech veneer (Fagus sylvatica L.) were measured under a microscope and categorised into groups of tangentially or radially sampled veneers based on the anatomical characteristics. In addition, manufacture-specific damage was documented during the slicing process and also considered for the assessment. As a result of these tests, it was proven that the influence of near-surface damage caused by the manufacture on the unrestrained deformation of veneers was significantly dominant.     

The mechanical behaviour of veneer subjected to bending and tensile loads

Bending and tensile tests were carried out on veneer of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and European oak (Quercus robur L./Quercus petraea Liebl.) with a thickness between 0.35 mm and 0.5 mm. The tests were done on veneer in two test series, one parallel to the fibre and the other one perpendicular to the fibre. Mechanical properties and bending radiuses were measured and evaluated. It could be concluded that the bending properties of the veneers not only depend on the bending stiffness but also the mechanical strength and structure of the material. During the tests it could be shown that the 3-point bending test procedure is not a suitable method for determining the bending modulus of rupture.     

Lathe check development and properties: effect of log soaking temperature,compression rate,cutting radius and cutting speed during peeling process of European beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.) veneer

The depth of lathe checks and integrity of veneer have been shown to be critical factors affecting the bonding process but also affecting the mechanical properties of veneer-based products. This study shows how beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneer lathe checks interval and depths are affected by soaking temperature, compression rate, cutting radius and cutting speed during the peeling process in well-controlled conditions. Freshly felled European beech logs were soaked in a water tank at 50, 60, 70 or 80 °C. Following soaking, the logs were immediately peeled with laboratory scale lathe (SEM S500) to 3.5 mm thick veneer at a cutting speed of 1, 2 or 3 m s^?1 and pressure rates of 0, 5, 10 or 15%. The correlation between lathe check depth and frequency was validated using “Système de Mesure d’Ouverture des Fissures” (SMOF) device, which enables to measure check properties reliably on veneer ribbons. In a well-controlled peeling process, the strong correlation between check depth and interval was shown. At higher temperature, shallower and more frequent checks are created compared to lower temperature. However, the effect of soaking temperature (between 50 and 80 °C) on veneer checking is much smaller than the effect of compression rate during peeling process, where the higher compression rate produced veneer with shallower and more frequent checks. The results of the study also show that the direction of lathe check propagation could be affected by the rays in beech veneer. Rays resist crack growth in tangential direction, but act as weak planes in radial direction.     

Utilization of bark flours as additive in plywood manufacturing

Increasing demand for wood based panel products and shortage of wood as raw material have triggered many efforts to utilize residues generated annually by the forest industries including a large portion of bark in panel production. In this study, the effects of using bark flours as additives obtained from different wood species (walnut, chestnut, fir and spruce), having much polyphenol content, on some physical and mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of plywood panels were examined. Wheat flour, which has been used widely as additive in plywood manufacturing, served as control. Plane tree (Platanus orientalis) logs were obtained for veneer manufacturing. Urea formaldehyde (UF) resin with 55 % solids content was used as adhesive. The bonding shear strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), density, equilibrium moisture content and formaldehyde emission of plywood panels were determined according to related standards. It was found that the use of flours obtained from the barks of chestnut and fir trees in the glue mixture decreased the formaldehyde emission of panels. The bonding strength values of the test panels made using the glue mixture including the flour of walnut and spruce barks as additive were lower than those of the panels with adhesive containing the flour of fir and chestnut barks. The panels manufactured with adhesives including the flour of fir bark gave the highest bending strength and modulus of elasticity values.     

Properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made with low density hardwood species: effect of the pressure duration

Cross-linked polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive and thin veneers of three low density wood species, namely silver maple, yellow poplar and aspen, were used to produce LVL engineered wood products using different press durations. Density, water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural strength and surface hardness were evaluated. Internal bond strength, tensile shear and block shear strengths were tested in dry, accelerated (boiling and dry) and cyclic (wet and dry) conditions. LVL made using cross-linked polyvinyl acetate and silver maple with a platen temperature of 38 °C for 5 minutes exhibited the best properties. LVL of silver maple veneers showed improved properties as compared to yellow poplar and aspen. Silver maple can be used suitably in laminated veneer flooring.     

单板含水率与桉木单板层积材性能关系初探

对不同含水率桉木单板压制的单板层积材的静曲强度、弹性模量和水平剪切强度进行检测并对比分析,结果表明,结构用单板层积材所用单板的含水率应控制在8%～12%之间。     

Determination of characteristic strength and stiffness values in glued laminated beams of Argentinean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus grandis</Emphasis> according to European standards

The present paper reports the results of an investigation regarding the determination of characteristic strength and stiffness values in glued laminated beams of fast-growth Argentinean Eucalyptus grandis according to the criteria established in European standards. An empirical research project with 100 beams in structural sizes and 191 finger-jointed laminations was carried out. Test results allow to analyse the mechanical property values of this glued laminated timber in comparison with those adopted by the strength class system established in the European standard EN 1194 (1999), and they reveal a very high ratio of modulus of elasticity to density. Test results were also compared with values obtained by means of the equations provided by EN 1194 (1999). The effectiveness of the criteria established in this European standard for determining mechanical properties in beams of this deciduous species is analysed through the discussion of test results and those obtained from calculations based on lamination properties.     

Steady and dynamic shear rheological properties of extrusion modified fenugreek gum solutions

This study investigated the rheological properties of extrusion modified fenugreek gum solutions (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%, w/v) under steady and dynamic shear conditions. Fenugreek gum was extruded in a twin-screw extruder without an exit die to minimize a decrease in molecular weight of fenugreek gum during extrusion process. Both of the steady and dynamic shear rheological tests revealed that extrusion process did not substantially influence the steady and dynamic shear properties of the gum. The power law model was applied to describe the flow behavior of the extruded gum solutions. The extrusion modified fenugreek gum solutions exhibited a shearthinning flow behavior at 25°C, and the values of consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity (η_a,100) increased with an increase in the gum concentration. The magnitudes of storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) for the extrusion modified fenugreek gum solutions increased with increasing frequency (ω) and with increasing gum concentration.     

Material properties and nondestructive evaluation of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from Pinus oocarpa and P. kesiya

This study aimed at evaluating the mechanical, physical and biological properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl (PO) and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (PK) and at providing a nondestructive characterization thereof. Four PO and four PK LVL boards from 22 randomly selected 2-mm thickness veneers were produced according to the following characteristics: phenol-formaldehyde (190 g/m²), hot-pressing at 150°C for 45 min and 2.8 N/mm² of specific pressure. After board production, nondestructive evaluation was conducted, and stress wave velocity (v ₀) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (E _Md ) were determined. The following mechanical and physical properties were then evaluated: static bending modulus of elasticity (E _M ), modulus of rupture (f _M ), compression strength parallel to grain (f _c,0), shear strength parallel to glue-line (f _v,0), shear strength perpendicular to glue-line (f _v,90), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and permanent thickness swelling (PTS) for 2, 24, and 96-hour of water immersion. Biological property was also evaluated by measuring the weight loss by Trametes versicolor (Linnaeus ex Fries) Pilát (white-rot) and Gloeophyllum trabeum (Persoon ex Fries.) Murrill (brown-rot). After hot-pressing, no bubbles, delamination nor warping were observed for both species. In general, PK boards presented higher mechanical properties: E _M , E _Md , f _M , f _c,0 whereas PO boards were dimensionally more stable, with lower values of WA, TS and PTS in the 2, 24, and 96-hour immersion periods. Board density, f _v,0, f _v,90 and rot weight loss were statistically equal for PO and PK LVL. The prediction of flexural properties of consolidated LVL by the nondestructive method used was not very efficient, and the fitted models presented lower predictability.     

瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯-小麦混合粉面团质构和流变特性的影响

本文探究了添加量为0(对照组)、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%、1.2%和1.5%的瓜尔豆胶对马铃薯含量为35%的混合面团质构特性和流变特性的影响。结果表明:改良面团属于假塑性流体,具有剪切稀化特性。添加瓜尔豆胶能减小面团的硬度,改善拉伸特性,增大弹性模量和黏性模量,降低损耗角正切值、应变值和蠕变柔量,使面团高聚物含量增大,聚合度提高。其中,瓜尔豆胶添加量为0.9%的混合面团硬度适中,拉伸距离最大;弹性模量和黏性模量与对照组接近,黏弹性好;应变值、蠕变速率和蠕变柔量最小,表明面团内部强度大,在外力作用下,面团抗变形能力强;面团蠕变回复率和可回复性柔量最大,面团在撤去外力后,回复能力强。所以瓜尔豆胶添加量为0.9%的混合面团,适合用于制作马铃薯主食产品。     

对桉木胶合板液氮处理前后的动态弹性模量测量与分析

本文运用结构动力学理论,采用瞬态激励法分别测算了七层桉木(Eucalyptus)胶合板超低温(-196℃)处理前后的动弹性模量值2,并对测量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:超低温(-196℃)处理后,桉木胶合板的动弹性模量值下降幅度5%左右,且其动弹性模量变异性减小。本研究以期为制作良好动态力学性能的绝缘箱产品提供新材料,具有较好的应用价值。     

[AMIM]Cl为溶剂的纤维素溶液流变性能

 以离子液体氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑（[AMIM]Cl）为纤维素溶剂,制备3种不同质量分数的纤维素溶液,测定纤维素溶液在不同条件下的静态及动态流变性能,分析实验数据,计算溶液的黏流活化能 及结构黏度指数 。静态流变结果表明,实验范围内的纤维素溶液均为假塑性流体,表观黏度、剪切应力、结构黏度指数均随温度升高而下降,当温度达到100℃,溶液表观黏度趋于恒定。动态流变结果表明：该体系的损耗模量和储能模量随溶液质量分数的增加而增大,随温度的升高而减小;损耗模量和储能模量的曲线都有1个交点,交点前粘性效应占优,交点后弹性效应占优。     

魔芋胶溶液浓度对其流变学特性的影响研究

配制质量分数为0.1~1.0%的魔芋胶溶液,通过稳态流动、应变扫描、频率扫描以及动态粘弹性温度扫描、动态粘度温度扫描,观察不同溶液浓度对粘度特性随剪切速率及温度的变化情况,粘弹性随应变、频率及温度的变化,以及考察模量频率相交点、松驰时间等与结构特性相关的各因素。试验结果表明：在1%浓度范围内,魔芋胶溶液的零剪切粘度、粘度、剪切稀化指数、特征松驰时间及弹性模量、粘性模量、损耗正切与浓度之间存在高度的相关性。另外,浓度的改变影响频率扫描中G’=G’’时交点处频率、模量及松驰时间,亦影响动态粘弹性温度扫描中凝胶-溶胶转换时温度的高低与模量的大小。