A Brief Overview of Low CO_2 Emission Technologies forIron and Steel Making

The global steel production has been growing for the last 50 years,from 200Mt in 1950s to 1240Mt in 2006. Iron and steel making industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries,with an annual energy consumption of about 24 EJ,5% of the world's total energy consumption. The steel industry accounts for 3%-4% of total world greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing energy efficiency and employing energy saving/recovering technologies such as coke dry quechning (CDQ) and top pressure recovery turbine (TRT) can...     

关于钢铁行业CO_2排放计算方法的探讨

介绍了目前国际上主要的几种钢铁行业CO2排放计算方法,详细分析了各种方法之间的区别,为中国钢铁行业/企业今后开展CO2排放计算提供一定的参考。     

中国钢铁工业的CO_2排放估算

对钢铁制造流程进行了碳素流运行规律解析,并对中国钢铁工业的CO2排放水平进行初步估算;同时也强调了国内外不同来源的钢铁工业CO2排放指标是不能随便拿来比较的。结果表明:虽然近年来中国钢铁工业CO2排放总量在不断增加,但吨钢CO2排放总体趋势是逐年降低的,且能源消耗引起的排放是总排放量的主要部分。     

八钢矿渣微粉项目对促进我区工业CO2减排的分析

CO2减排是我国实现清洁化生产中长期规划中的一项重要内容。通过论述矿渣微粉是实现CO2减排的主要途径,指出八钢建设矿渣微粉项目,不仅能够有效地降低八钢工业固体废弃物的排放和环境污染问题,而且对新疆工业CO2减排具有重要意义。     

Cost and Life Cycle Analysis for Deep CO2 Emissions Reduction for Steel Making: Direct Reduced Iron Technologies

Among heavy industrial sectors worldwide, the steel industry ranks first in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Technologies that produce direct reduced iron (DRI) enable the industry to reduce emissions or even approach net-zero CO₂ emissions for steel production. Herein, comprehensive cradle-to-gate (CTG) life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) are used to evaluate the CO₂ emissions of three DRI technologies. Compared to the baseline of blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF–BOF) technology for steel making, using natural gas (NG) to produce DRI has the potential to reduce CTG CO₂ emissions by 33%. When 83% or 100% renewable H₂ is used for DRI production, DRI technologies can potentially reduce CO₂ emissions by 57% and 67%, respectively, compared to baseline BF–BOF technology. However, the renewable H₂ application for DRI increases the levelized cost of steel (LCOS). When renewable natural gas (RNG) and clean electricity are used for steel production, the CTG CO₂ emissions of all the DRI technologies can potentially be reduced by more than 90% compared to the baseline BF–BOF technology, although the LCOS depends largely on the cost of RNG and clean electricity.     

Emission Mitigation of CO2 in Steel Industry: Current Status and Future Scenarios

Global warming caused by greenhouse gases(GHGs) has been recognized as a worldwide problem.Of all the GHGs ,CO2is the most significant ,account-ing for half the greenhouse effect .In 1992 , over 150countries signedthe United Nations Framework Conven-tion on Cli mate Change (UNFCCC) onthe Cli mate Con-ferencein Rio.Six years later ,the 3rd meeting washeldin Kyoto ,and 175 countries agreed to take fur-ther actions to reduce GHGs emissions .In February2005 ,the Kyoto Protocol ,in whic…     

钢铁企业系统节能减排过程集成研究进展

论述了过程集成方法在过程工业领域的应用及研究进展。指出钢铁工业是典型的过程工业系统,根据其能源消耗、污染物排放的特点,以生产工序、生产流程和联合企业为研究对象,依据能量流、物质流和污染流输入输出关系构建了钢铁生产过程集成模型,并分析了影响钢铁工业节能减排的因素。结果表明通过过程集成可以实现钢铁工业系统节能减排,同时优化钢铁生产流程的物质流和能量流结构,进一步分析提高能源效率,降低CO2等污染物排放的潜力、途径和技术措施。     

中国钢铁工业CO2减排的进步与展望

CO₂减排已引起中国钢铁行业的高度重视。中国钢铁行业20多年来,一直重视节能工作,并取得了巨大成就,成为CO₂减排最重要的基础。1990年以来,不同时间段的吨钢综合能耗年均降低值为3.02～5.85个百分点,主要大型钢铁企业能耗水平已与国外先进企业相当,干法除尘、冶金煤气、余压、余热利用技术水平不断提高,钢铁能耗统计不断完善,先进的“少碳”、“非涉碳”冶金技术正在研发。在保证中国发展的前提下,不断淘汰落后企业和装备,深化节能技术,进一步降低CO₂是中国钢铁工业最为迫切和长远的任务。     

钢铁工业中CO2排放和降低的措施

介绍了地球变暖对人类生态环境的影响。并讨论了钢铁行业中CO2排放量和减少钢铁生产过程中CO2排放量的一些措施。     

日本为减排CO2而开发的高炉新型炉料

日本正在开发的高炉新型炉料具有显著减少CO2排放的作用。介绍了住友金属开发的C IS烧结矿,并与JFE开发的预还原烧结矿进行了比较。介绍了新日铁开发的高反应性焦炭和铁焦、JFE开发的铁焦球团、日本NEDO等开发的HPC并进行了比较。指出新型炉料的开发成功不仅对减少CO2排放具有显著作用,还非常有利于降低炼铁成本,提升钢铁企业竞争力。     

Recent Developments in Iron‐Making Technologies in Japan

The environment surrounding the iron and steel industry has changed greatly. This paper describes the technology adopted by the Japanese iron and steel industry to cope with changes in global demand, changes in the availability of coal and iron ore resources, correspondence to the extension of plant life, and energy conservation. In addition, efforts to reduce the amount of exhausted CO₂ due to environmental concerns are discussed.     

Blast Furnace Operating Conditions Manipulation for Reducing Coke Consumption and CO2 Emission

A comparative reduction behavior of wüstite samples prepared from iron ore sinter was investigated to find the optimum way for reducing coke consumption and CO₂ emission in blast furnace technology. A series of wüstite reduction experiments was carried out using different gas mixtures. A correlation between the experimental results and real data of blast furnaces at Egyptian Iron and Steel Company (EISCO) was demonstrated in order to optimize the coke consumption inside blast furnaces. Different theoretical models were applied on real data of blast furnaces to calculate the effect of operation parameters on the coke consumption. It was found that the wüstite reducibility can be controlled and enhanced using certain ratio of H₂ and CO gases. Such kind of enhancement decreases the remaining quantity of unreduced wüstite which descends to the high temperature region of blast furnace. The theoretical analysis of real data using certain values of H₂ and CO shows that increasing the amount of natural gas injection in blast furnace of EISCO will decrease the degree of direct reduction of iron oxide and consequently will decrease the amount of coke consumption.     

钢铁厂节能温室气体减排现状及对策

钢铁行业是温室气体排放的主要行业之一,温室气体减排技术包括节能和温室气体利用两方面.介绍国外温室气体的减排现状、中国的能源现状及日本和美国目前主要的节能减排技术;着重介绍宝钢开展的减排工作,包括节能技术的推广应用、新的节能减排技术的研发应用,如蓄热燃烧技术、多孔介质燃烧技术等;提出了应对后京都时代的措施.     

湘钢炼铁CO_2排放现状及减排途径

计算分析了湘钢炼铁工序的CO2排放量,结果表明,湘钢目前高炉炼铁CO2减排尚有较大潜力。通过努力进一步提高现有高炉的能源利用效率,并加强研究和应用能大幅度降低能源消耗的新技术,可进一步减少炼铁CO2排放量。     

结合CCS的炉顶煤气循环—氧气鼓风高炉CO2减排分析

 介绍了炉顶煤气循环—氧气鼓风高炉炼铁技术的研发进展,阐述了碳捕捉及封存技术(CCS)的特点及其技术成熟度,重点分析了几种CO2分离方法的原理及其适用条件,最后应用IPCC2006方法计算分析了结合碳捕捉及封存技术的炉顶煤气循环氧气鼓风高炉的CO2减排效果。结果表明：新工艺的吨铁CO2排放量为582.40kg,较传统高炉CO2减排55%。结合碳捕捉及封存技术的炉顶煤气循环氧气鼓风高炉炼铁技术的开发,能够促进中国钢铁工业CO2减排,对钢铁工业的可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义和深远影响。     

铜冶炼行业节能减排先进适用技术评估方法研究

针对目前国内环境技术评估以专家定性判断为主、缺乏定量技术评估手段的现状,通过设置节能减排先进适用技术指标体系、确定指标权重、构建评估因素集及其隶属函数等过程,建立定性与定量方法相结合的基于层次分析和模糊综合评估的铜冶炼行业节能减排先进适用技术评估方法,综合评估铜冶炼技术。应用该方法,从闪速熔炼、富氧侧吹熔池熔炼、艾萨/奥斯麦特熔炼、氧气底吹熔炼、白银炼铜、诺兰达炼铜等6项技术中,筛选出前4种作为铜冶炼行业重点推广的节能减排先进适用技术。     

Reduction of CO2 Emissions from Steel Plants by Using Steelmaking Slags for Production of Marketable Calcium Carbonate

By carbon dioxide mineralization, CO₂ can be stored safely and leakage‐free for very long times. Owing to their high calcium content, steelmaking slags are suitable for mineral carbonation. In a country like Finland, where no suitable geological formations for CO₂ storage seem to exist, steelmaking slag carbonation offers an important CO₂ emissions reduction option for steel plants. If calcium could be extracted selectively from the slags prior to carbonation, a pure, and possibly marketable, calcium carbonate may be produced. This could replace some of the natural and synthetic CaCO₃ used in industry, combining savings in natural resources with CO₂ emissions reduction. Development work on the production of pure calcium carbonate from steelmaking slags by carbonation is presented in this study. Selective extraction of calcium from steelmaking slags was investigated using various solvents. Precipitation of CaCO₃ from dissolved calcium at atmospheric pressure was also investigated. Amongst the various tested solvents ammonium salt solutions (NH₄Cl, CH₃COONH₄, NH₄NO₃) were found to be the most promising for selectively extracting calcium from steel converter slag. These solvents dissolved calcium efficiently also from desulphurization slag, while extraction of calcium from two other types of slag was poor. CaCO₃ was successfully precipitated from the solution containing ammonium salt and dissolved steel converter slag.     

Emission Mitigation of CO2 in Steel Industry: Current Status and Future Scenarios

The sustainable development against global warming is a challenge faced by societies at global level. For steel industry, the pressure of reducing CO₂ emission is likely to last many years. During the past decades, the CO₂ emission per ton steel has been reduced mainly due to the improvement of energy efficiency. Entering the 21st century, the steel manufacturing route must have three functions, namely, production of high performance steel products, conversion of energy, and treatment of waste. In the near future, it is expected that existing BF-BOF and EAF routes will be improved, in order to produce high performance steels, increase the use of scrap, and integrate steel industry with other industries for mitigating CO₂ emission. In the long term, using carbon-free energy, reducing agents, and storing CO₂ securely or converting CO₂ into a harmless substance can be presumed for tremendous reduction in CO₂ emission.     

Reduction of Fine Ores in Argon‐Hydrogen Plasma

The steel industry is a major source of global CO₂ emission. Larger reductions of greenhouse gases are the challenge to develop new processes, like Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction (HPSR). The present paper shows physical and chemical fundamentals for the reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen plasma. The behaviour of different hematite iron ores during melting and reduction with hydrogen plasma were investigated with thermogravimetry and a laboratory plasma furnace. The path of iron oxides during smelting and reduction in the Fe‐O phase diagram are described. Reduction tests in the laboratory furnace show the possibility to reduce hematite iron ores with hydrogen plasma in a short time with high utilization degrees without direct CO₂ emissions.