纳米制冷剂在微通道内两相摩擦压降实验研究

分别以质量分数为0.2%、0.5%、0.8%的Al2O3-R141b纳米制冷剂与纯制冷剂R141b为实验工质,在截面尺寸为1 mm×2 mm的矩形微通道内进行实验,研究流动沸腾过程中两相摩擦压降。将两相摩擦压降的实验值与5种分相模型预测值进行对比,Qu-Mudawar模型预测值和实验值最为吻合,平均绝对误差为21.4%,Chishiolm模型预测效果最差,平均绝对误差为42.5%。结合实验数据在Qu-Mudawar模型基础上进行修正,得到的修正关联式能较好的预测实验两相摩擦压降,平均绝对误差降为11.3%。     

平行通道直冷板内R1233zd(E)流动沸腾换热压降特性实验

为研究平行通道直冷板的压降特性对换热的影响,本文对不同质量通量(118～1 300 kg/(m² s))、入口过冷度(2.5～8 K)条件下低压制冷剂R1233zd(E)在平行通道直冷板内的摩擦压降进行了实验研究,分析了单相及两相摩擦压降以及气液相速度的变化规律。结果表明：在制冷剂单相情况下,随热流密度的增加,通道内的摩擦压降先减小后增加。当制冷剂进入两相状态后,摩擦压降随热流密度的增加而快速增长;质量通量的增加会使汽化核心的位置延后,导致摩擦压降变化趋势突变点的出现有所推迟。此外,在高热流密度下,制冷剂液相速度和气液相相对速度均有所增加;相同干度条件下,较高的质量通量使气液相相对速度增加,摩擦压降增速变快。     

润湿异质性表面的过冷流动沸腾实验研究

非均匀润湿表面对流动沸腾过程中的流动模式和传热机制有重要影响。本文以去离子水为工质，实验研究了矩形微通道内硅表面和润湿异质性表面的过冷流动沸腾换热特性。通道横截面为0.5 mm×5 mm,过冷流动沸腾的质量通量分别为300、400 kg/(m²·s),热流密度在30～300 kW/m²的范围内。实验在大气压下进行，过冷度为10 K。对比了与流动方向垂直(HC)和平行(HP)的疏水图案，讨论了不同热流密度、质量通量等工况下的硅表面和润湿异质性表面垂直向上流动沸腾，分析了不同工况下过冷沸腾的沸腾曲线、平均传热系数和两相流流型。结果表明：润湿异质性表面的流动沸腾换热表面传热系数最大提高了39.55%,换热机制主要为核态沸腾。     

微柱群通道内饱和沸腾换热特性实验研究

为实现微小空间高效散热,本文以去离子水为工质,实验研究了工质流经高度和直径均为500μm的微圆柱组成的叉排微柱群通道时的饱和沸腾换热特性,并采用高速摄像机记录了通道内不同加热功率的气液两相流型,实验参数设定质量流速为341~598.3 kg/(m~2·s),热流密度为20~160 W/cm~2,蒸气干度为0~0.2。结果表明:随着热流密度增大,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数近似单调递减。在低干度区,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数随着质量流速的增加而增大,随着蒸气干度的增加而减小;受过冷沸腾气泡影响,工质进口温度越低,局部沸腾换热表面传热系数越大;随着热流密度增大,微柱群通道流动沸腾气泡流型依次为:泡状流、环状流,且泡状流区的局部沸腾换热表面传热系数明显高于环状流区。     

加热方位对流动沸腾临界热流密度影响

为了研究重力场对流动沸腾临界热流密度的影响,搭建了两相沸腾换热实验系统。以蒸馏水为工质,采用单侧加热的窄缝通道,通过改变质量流速、入口过冷度和重力场与加热方位的夹角,考察不同加热方位临界热流密度特性和实验段流阻特性。分析了质量流速、入口过冷度、加热方位对流动沸腾临界热流密度的影响,并将实验数据与Ivey-Morris模型、Sudo模型和Wojtan模型的计算值进行了验证对比。结果表明:加热面呈0°放置时的临界热流密度最大,呈180°放置时最小,质量流速和入口过冷度的增大会加大临界热流密度。Sudo模型对本实验条件不适用;Ivey-Morris模型和Wojtan模型在加热面呈0°放置时与实验值符合情况良好,相对误差约在30%以内,其他加热方位时,计算值均大于实验值。     

微通道内流动沸腾的研究进展

微通道内的流动沸腾在能源、电子冷却、生物医疗等高新技术领域有着广泛的应用.对微通道内流动沸腾的研究进展进行了综述,研究工质涉及到水、制冷剂、液氮等,内容包括微通道与常规通道的划分,微通道的传热特性、临界热流密度、压降特性、主要流型以及流型转变、不稳定性的主要形式及产生机理等.同时指出了微通道内流动沸腾进一步的研究工作.     

采用多通道直冷板的两相循环冷却系统实验研究

本文搭建了以R1233zd(E)为工质的多通道直冷板两相循环冷却系统,并在冷凝温度为10、15、20 ℃,质量通量147~882 kg/(m2?s),热流密度7.73~39.75 kW/m2工况下对系统热力学循环和冷却性能进行实验研究。实验结果表明：质量通量上升,出口制冷剂焓值降低,热流密度上升,蒸发压力与出口制冷剂焓值升高。不同热流密度下冷板壁面温度随质量通量的变化趋势有所不同：当热流密度为7.73 kW/m2时,制冷剂质量通量由147 kg/(m2?s)增至735 kg/(m2?s),最大温差由2.9 K降至1.6 K;当热流密度为39.75 kW/m2时,最大温差由3.6 K增至5.2 K。不同质量通量下,换热系数随热流密度增加有不同幅度的升高：质量通量为147 kg/(m2?s)时,换热系数由1 843 W/(m2?K)增至4 528 W/(m2?K);而质量通量为588 kg/(m2?s)时,在相同条件下换热系数由1 536 W/(m2?K)增至3 569 W/(m2?K)。     

逆向载荷下矩形通道内水流动沸腾临界热流密度

临界热流密度(CHF)是流动沸腾过程中一个重要的参数,在旋转平台上以蒸馏水为工质,采用单侧加热的矩形通道,对逆向载荷下两种不同加热方位下的流动沸腾CHF特性进行了实验研究,获得了逆载下发生临界换热时的质量流速、入口压力、实验段压降和壁温的变化特性。研究讨论了逆载、入口温度、质量流速和加热方位对CHF的影响。结果表明:临界换热现象发生时,壁温迅速上升,有效热流密度迅速减少,实验段压降增大,质量流速减小;逆载和质量流速越大,CHF越大;入口温度越高,CHF越小,同时加热方位对CHF也有明显影响。     

微细管内CO2流动沸腾换热特性研究

针对CO2作为制冷剂在微细通道内流动沸腾换热进行了实验与理论研究,采用红外成像观测与换热系数实验研究定量与定性的分析了热流密度：2~35 kW/m2,饱和温度：﹣10 ℃ ~15 ℃工况时,内径为1 mm、2 mm圆管内的换热系数。实验结果表明：热流密度的增加强化了微细通道内工质核态沸腾换热,使换热系数得到显著提高;换热系数随饱和温度非单调变化,饱和温度较高时,越接近CO2临界温度其换热系数随饱和温度升高而增加,当饱和温度在低温工况时换热系数则随其降低而增加,换热过程中发生干涸干度随饱和温度升高而单调降低。     

R1234ze(E)在水平圆管内流动沸腾换热过程中摩擦压降特性实验研究

新型制冷剂R1234ze(E)(trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene)因较低的GWP而被广泛关注,有望在热泵中作为R134a的替代品。本文对R1234ze(E)在内径为8 mm水平管内流动沸腾过程中摩擦压降特性进行实验研究,并在相同实验工况下与R134a进行对比。实验研究的流动沸腾换热的饱和温度为10℃,热流密度为5.0 k W/m~2和10.0 k W/m~2,质流密度范围为300~500 kg/(m~2·s),并分析质流密度、热流密度对R1234ze(E)和R134a饱和流动沸腾过程中摩擦压降的影响。结果表明,在相同工况下R1234ze(E)的流动沸腾过程的摩擦压降略大于R134a,如质流密度为500 kg/(m~2·s)时,R1234ze(E)的平均摩擦压降值比R134a大8.4%左右。最后,将实验结果同四种摩擦压降经验关联式进行比较分析。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.