联氨气体传感器的敏感物质的选择

通过筛选试验,并采用化学还原法制备了催化联氨氧化的Pt/C催化剂;透射电子显微镜(TEM)表明催化剂具有较小的粒径;利用电化学循环伏安法研究Pt/C催化剂催化联氨氧化的活性,担载在碳载体上的Pt催化剂对联氨的电氧化具有着更高的催化活性;电化学计时电流法表明Pt/C催化剂有着较好的工作稳定性。     

沉淀剂对花球状Au/CeO_2催化剂催化氧化CO活性的影响

采用水热合成法制备花状CeO_2载体,并选择了3种沉淀剂NH_4OH、Na_2CO_3和NaOH,通过沉积-沉淀法分别制备Au/CeO_2催化剂。以CO氧化为探针反应,研究不同沉淀剂对催化剂催化CO氧化性能的影响,通过ICP-AES、XRD、TEM、XPS、H_2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征,探讨了不同沉淀剂对Au/CeO_2催化CO氧化性能的影响。结果表明,以NaOH为沉淀剂制备催化剂室温活性最低,以NH_4OH和Na_2CO_3为沉淀剂制备的催化剂具有较好的CO氧化催化活性,室温转化率高于95%,但后者的室温催化活性相对更高。不同沉淀剂制备的催化剂活性与其实际金的负载量、金颗粒尺寸和载体还原的难易程度密切相关。     

DBHFC阴极铂合金催化剂的制备及其电催化性能

采用浸渍还原法分别制备了两种不同铂含量的Pt/C纳米催化剂和Pt-Mn/C、Pt-Co/C纳米合金催化剂,利用XRD和TEM技术对催化剂的粒径大小、晶体结构和晶格常数进行表征,并对四种催化剂进行了循环伏安、线性扫描伏安和电流-时间测试。结果表明:四种催化剂的平均粒径均在10nm以下,且Pt-Mn/C、Pt-Co/C两种合金催化剂的粒径均小于Pt/C催化剂;四种催化剂均为面心立方晶体结构;与Pt/C催化剂相比,两种合金催化剂的晶格常数有所减小,且结晶度较低。电化学性能测试表明,两种Pt合金催化剂较相同Pt载量的纯Pt催化剂具有更高的还原峰电位和更大的还原峰电流,其中Pt-Co/C催化剂的还原峰电位和峰电流最大;在催化剂稳定性方面,两种Pt合金催化剂要优于两种纯Pt催化剂。     

纳米金催化剂Au/ZnAl-LDHs的制备及在CO常温氧化反应中的活性及稳定性

以人工合成的双羟基金属氢氧化物ZnAl-LDHs为载体,将预先制备的金溶胶通过静电吸附的方式负载到载体上,获得了纳米金催化剂Au/ZnAl-LDHs,用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)表征了催化剂的物相,用透射电镜(TEM)观察了纳米金颗粒的粒径分布,以CO的常温催化氧化为模型反应,分别考察了金溶胶制备过程中金前体HAuCl4·6H2O的浓度和还原剂THPC的用量、负载过程的pH值以及金的负载量等因素对金催化剂的活性和稳定性的影响。结果表明:在制备金溶胶的过程中,降低HAuCl4·6H2O的浓度并提高还原剂THPC的用量,可以制备出粒径分布处于1~7nm之间、平均粒径仅3.87nm的负载型纳米金颗粒,其对CO的常温转化率为100%,且其催化活性的稳定性明显提高;而在金溶胶的吸附负载过程中,使体系的pH值处于6~7的范围,有利于金溶胶在ZnAl-LDHs载体上的吸附负载,从而得到实际负载量更接近理论负载量的金催化剂样品,当金的实际负载量接近1%(质量分数)时,能够确保对CO的常温氧化转化率达到100%。     

单分散纳米CeO_2和Cu-Ce-O催化剂的制备、表征及其催化性能

以硝酸铈、硝酸铜和氢氧化钠为原料,使用超声双雾化工艺实现微区反应制备了纳米CeO2粉体和掺铜CeO2复合粉体,并利用XRD、TEM、HR-TEM、FT-IR和BETN2等手段对其成分、物相结构、形貌及颗粒大小进行表征;并将所制备的粉体作为催化剂考察其对CO的催化氧化性能.结果表明,所制备的纳米CeO2粉体和掺铜CeO2复合粉体粒径均为4～5 nm,球形,粒度分布均匀,且单分散性好;CeO2催化剂粉体粒径越小、比表面积越大,对CO的催化氧化活性越高;Cu-Ce-O催化荆对CO具有最好的催化氧化活性,表明铜的掺入有利于明显提高CeO2催化剂在CO催化氧化反应中的低温活性,降低起燃温度.     

介孔碳化钨负载铂催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

采用硬模板法制备了介孔碳化钨(m-WC), 进一步还原铂的前驱体(H2PtCl6)得到Pt/m-WC催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对样品的物相、结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明, 所制得的m-WC载体为单一的碳化钨相, 孔径为10~20 nm, Pt/m-WC催化剂中Pt的粒径约为3.4 nm, 主要以金属态形式存在, 相对比较均一的Pt纳米粒子均匀地分散在载体的表面和孔道中。电化学测试结果表明, 与普通WC载Pt催化剂(Pt/c-WC)相比, Pt/m-WC催化剂具有较大的电化学活性表面积, 对甲醇呈现出更高的电催化氧化活性和更好的稳定性。     

负载型复合氧化物催化剂催化燃烧氯苯性能研究

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了系列负载型Mn-Ce-Zr复合氧化物催化剂,考察了载体、摩尔比以及负载量对催化燃烧氯苯性能的影响,同时借助X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测定(BET)、氢气程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征手段研究了催化剂的理化性能。结果表明:以堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体、锰铈锆摩尔比为4∶1∶1、负载量为30%的条件制得的催化剂表现出最优的催化氧化性能,325℃下氯苯的转化率可达99%。研究发现,这与催化剂优异的氧化还原性能以及活性组分于载体的均匀分布密切相关。此外,催化剂对不同结构特性CVOCs的催化燃烧性能也进行了初步的比较研究。     

铂修饰二氧化钛纳米片的制备及其光电催化析氢反应研究

利用静电吸附作用在二氧化钛纳米片上负载铂原子制备了两种不同形态的铂催化剂。SEM、XRD、TEM测试结果表明, 改变铂负载量可以调控铂的形貌结构。在低Pt负载(0.2wt%)下, 铂原子主要是半径约2 nm的纳米簇, 当Pt负载量增加到1wt%时, 铂原子在二氧化钛纳米片上堆积成纳米颗粒。调控Pt负载量和纳米结构, 可以显著提高二氧化钛纳米片催化析氢反应的活性。在AM1.5太阳光照射下, 两种催化剂的塔菲尔斜率都小于100 mV/dec, 分别为56和90 mV/dec。与TiO₂-Pt1%催化剂相比, TiO₂-Pt0.2%具有更理想的金属-半导体界面, 有利于光生电子迁移至铂纳米簇表面, 因而具有更高的催化活性。本实验为研究更加高效的铂催化剂和其他光电催化剂提供了新的途径。     

Pd负载型介孔ZrO2-TiO2复合材料的设计合成及其CO催化氧化性能研究

以介孔结构的复合ZrO₂-TiO₂为载体负载活性组分, 制备了具有高CO催化氧化活性的Pd/ZrO₂-TiO₂与PdCu/ZrO₂-TiO₂负载型催化剂。XRD、TEM研究结果表明: 活性组分Pd、Cu物种可均匀分散于介孔载体中。系统考察了不同的催化剂载体、制备方法和助催化剂等对该介孔复合材料CO催化氧化性能的影响, 结果表明: 以ZrO₂-TiO₂为载体的催化剂其CO催化氧化活性明显优于以介孔Al₂O₃或介孔SBA-15为载体的催化剂; 一步法制备的介孔Pd/ZrO₂-TiO₂催化剂其CO催化氧化的低温活性较浸渍法制备的Pd/ZrO₂-TiO₂有很大提高; 并且Pd和Cu物种共负载的介孔ZrO₂-TiO₂复合催化剂具有最优的CO催化氧化活性, 其CO的完全催化氧化温度可降至170℃, O₂-TPD分析说明Pd和Cu之间的相互作用使得PdCu/ZT催化剂在更低温度具有氧化还原活性。     

Pt／C催化剂的制备及其对甲醇电催化氧化的研究

首次报道了以乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）作为螯合剂,采用硼氢化钠还原氯铂酸制备Pt／C（Pt的质量分数为20％）纳米催化剂,TEM分析表明,通过改变反应的pH值可以获得分散度与粒径不同的Pt粒子,当pH=12．5时,Pt的分散度最高,平均粒径最小（3．2nm）。催化剂的退火处理研究表明,经270℃氮气氛围内退火后,其电催化活性有了显著提高。使用循环伏安法在甲醇的溶液中电催化氧化研究结果表明,在pH=12．5时制备的催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化活性最高。     

Mesocarbon microbeads supported PtSn catalysts for electrochemical oxidation of ethanol

Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) supported PtSn catalysts were prepared by alcohol reduction method and characterized by XRD, FESEM and EDX. XRD results show that the addition of Sn to Pt/MCMB extends the fcc lattice parameters of platinum and the particle size of PtSn/MCMB is about 2.6 nm, smaller than that of Pt/MCMB. The electrode catalytic activity in the electro-oxidation of ethanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry, Tafel plot, electrochemistry impedance spectra (EIS) and chronoamperometry. All the results showed that PtSn/MCMB gave higher catalytic activity for ethanol electro-oxidation than Pt/C (20 wt.% E-TEK).     

Characterization of Pt-Cu binary catalysts for oxygen reduction for fuel cell applications

Nanostructured Pt-Cu/C alloy catalysts synthesized by a reduction procedure with different reducing agents are investigated to find the origin of the enhanced activity of the oxygen reduction reaction for fuel cell applications. Prepared catalysts are characterized by various techniques, such as energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry. XRD analysis shows that all prepared catalysts exhibit face-centered cubic structures and have smaller lattice parameters than pure Pt catalyst. TEM images show that the particle size of the catalysts increases with the heat treatment temperature, and that different reducing agent causes different particle size and dispersion of the binary catalysts on XC-72R. Using the polyol method with CuSO₄ as the precursor, the Pt-Cu/C sample is found to have good dispersion and high Cu loading. The Pt-Cu/C sample has a slightly higher specific activity value than that of Pt/C. The catalytic activity can be enhanced greatly with hydrogen reduction at 300 °C. Higher reduction temperatures cause the catalytic particles to agglomerate and therefore decreased catalytic activity.     

羟基锡酸盐载铂复合催化剂Pt/(Co,Zn)Sn(OH)6的合成及其甲醇电催化氧化性能

以羟基锡酸盐CoSn（OH）₆和ZnSn（OH）₆纳米空心立方体为前体,采用抗坏血酸作为弱还原剂,经过超声过程分别合成了羟基锡酸钴载Pt/CoSn（OH）₆和羟基锡酸锌载Pt/ZnSn（OH）₆复合催化剂,并在甲醇氧化反应（MOR）中表现出良好的性能。Pt/CoSn（OH）₆和Pt/ZnSn（OH）₆催化剂的单位质量活性分别为1 095.6 mA/mg和699.5 mA/mg,高于C载Pt（Pt/C）的594.6 mA/mg。利用XRD、SEM、TEM、XPS和电化学测试对催化剂晶体结构和性能间的关系进行了探索。CO溶出实验结果表明,羟基锡酸盐载体有利于Pt表面CO的去除,载体与Pt间的强相互作用和载体表面的大量羟基基团增强了催化剂的催化活性和CO抗毒性。此外,Pt/（Co,Zn）Sn（OH）₆催化剂中单质Pt高的相对含量也有利于提高MOR活性。通过研究载铂羟基锡酸盐电催化氧化甲醇性能,能够揭示载体结构对催化性能的影响,有助于羟基锡酸盐载铂复合催化剂在直接甲醇燃料电池（DMFCs）领域的应用。     

Nanosized Pt-Co catalysts for the preferential CO oxidation

The preferential CO oxidation in the presence of excess hydrogen was studied over Pt-Co/gamma-Al2O3. CO chemisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) were conducted to characterize active catalysts. The catalytic activity for CO oxidation and methanation at low temperatures increased with the amounts of cobalt in Pt-Co/gamma-Al2O3. This accompanied the TPR peak shift to lower temperatures. The optimum molar ratio between Co and Pt was determined to be 10. The co-impregnated Pt-Co/gamma-Al2O3 appeared to be superior to Pt/Co/gamma-Al2O3 and Co/Pt/gamma-Al2O3. The reductive pretreatment at high temperature such as 773 K increased the CO2 selectivity over a wide reaction temperature. The bimetallic phase of Pt-Co seems to give rise to high catalytic activity in selective oxidation of CO in H2-rich stream.     

Preparation and characterization of nanosized gold catalysts supported on Co3O4 and their activities for CO oxidation

Gold catalysts supported on Co3O4 were prepared by co-precipitation (CP), deposition-precipitation (DP), and impregnation (IMP) methods. The Au/Co3O4 catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) to understand the different activities for CO oxidation with different preparation methods. Gold particles below 5 nm supported on Co3O4 by DP method were found to be more exposed to the surface than those by CP and IMP methods, and this catalyst was highly active and stable in CO oxidation. Finally, catalytic activity of Au/Co3O4 catalyst for CO oxidation was strongly dependent on the gold particle size.     

氧还原电催化剂Pt/WO3-C的制备及稳定性研究

采用化学沉淀法由HCl-Na₂WO₄制备WO₃-C复合载体, 通过微波辅助乙二醇还原法制备Pt/WO₃-C复合载体催化剂。研究了WO₃含量以及热处理温度对Pt/WO₃-C催化剂性能的影响, 采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和能量散射光谱对Pt/WO₃-C的物化结构和组成进行了表征。结果表明, WO₃的最佳含量为10wt%, N₂气氛中热处理适宜温度为250℃。所制备的Pt/WO₃-C催化剂中WO₃以单斜晶型存在, Pt颗粒的平均粒径为2.77 nm。通过循环伏安法和单体质子交换膜燃料电池极化曲线测试了Pt/WO₃-C催化剂的电化学性能, 证实了Pt与WO₃之间存在协同催化作用, 与Pt/C催化剂相比, Pt/WO₃-C的催化活性和稳定性都有明显改善。     

Effect of pretreatment conditions on particle size of bimetallic pt-au catalysts supported on ZnO/Al2O3 and its activity for toluene oxidation

Bimetallic Pt-Au catalysts supported on ZnO/Al2O3 were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation (IW-IMP) method with different pretreatment conditions such as flow velocity, calcination temperature, and heating rate under H2 during the calcination procedure, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), CO chemisorption, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) equipped energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Furthermore, catalytic activity for complete oxidation of toluene was measured using a flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. Finally, relationship between the particle sizes with pretreatment conditions and catalytic activity for toluene on the bimetallic Pt-Au catalysts was discussed. In these results, nanosized bimetallic Pt-Au particles on ZnO/Al2O3 could be prepared by IW-IMP method. Relationship between the Pt and Au particle size and activity for toluene oxidation was clearly observed.     

Mn、Fe和Cu氧化物在低温等离子体催化氧化甲苯体系中的活性比较

采用等体积浸渍法制备了MnOx/γ-Al2O3、FeOx/γ-Al2O3和CuOx/γ-Al2O3催化剂,测定了不同催化剂在低温等离子体场内分解甲苯的活性,用X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)技术对催化剂进行表征。结果表明催化剂分解甲苯的活性的顺序是MnOx/γ-Al2O3>FeOx/γ-Al2O3>CuOx/γ-Al2O3。催化剂分解臭氧的实验表明,不同催化活性组分对臭氧的催化分解性能顺序与对甲苯的分解性能顺序是一致的。MnOx/γ-Al2O3催化剂的Mn负载量对其催化活性有明显影响,Mn的含量为1%(质量分数)时,催化剂的活性最高,当能量密度为19J/L时,其对甲苯催化氧化的转化率接近100%。催化剂表征结果表明当Mn含量为1%(质量分数)时,氧化锰在载体γ-Al2O3上最接近单层分散量,此时活性组分与载体表面的相互结合力最强,在载体上有很好的分散性,从而表现出对甲苯分解的最好性能。     

快速制备高负载量高分散Pt/C催化剂的研究

一种经过优化的快速、简单、方便制备方法用于纳米Pt/C催化剂的制备,并采用比表面分析(BET)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析技术对催化剂进行了表征。研究结果表明,该法可一次性快速制备贵金属负载量>40%的Pt/C催化剂,催化剂具有高比表面积、Pt粒子粒度小、分布窄(平均在3～5nm之间)的特点,并且在VulcanXC 72炭载体上高度分散。     

A comparative study of catalytic partial oxidation of methane over CeO2 supported metallic catalysts

In the present study, the catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) over various active metals supported on CeO2 (M/CeO2, M = Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru) has been investigated. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, H2-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), CO chemisorption and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Ir/CeO2 catalysts showed higher BET surface area, higher metal dispersion, small active metal nano-particles (approximately 3 nm) than compared to other M/CeO2 catalysts. The catalytic tests were carried out in a fixed R(mix) ratio of 2 (CH4/O2) in a fixed-bed reactor, operating isothermally at atmospheric pressure. From time-on-stream analysis at 700 degrees C for 12 h, a high and stable catalytic activity has been observed for Ir/CeO2 catalysts. TEM analysis of the spent catalysts showed that the decrease in the catalytic activity of Ni/CeO2 and Pd/CeO2 catalysts is due to carbon formation whereas no carbon formation has been observed for Ir/CeO2 catalysts.