基于MATLAB的叶片四次NURBS曲面反求重构及分析

为了提高涡轮增压器叶片曲面反求设计的精度和光顺性,在MATLAB环境下,基于曲面型值数据,利用双四次NURBS理论与方法,通过编程和大量计算等,重构了叶片曲面模型。经过与双三次NURBS叶片曲面模型误差的数据分析和图形对比,结果表明:四次NURBS曲线的误差和波动要小于三次的误差和波动;升高一次的四次NURBS曲线曲面反求设计具有更高的造型精度和光滑度。研究结论有助于在工程实践中,对复杂的自由型曲线曲面逆向工程的高效数据计算,为更精准、更光滑造型等提供支持和借鉴。     

矿用轴流通风机叶片三维几何模型反求重构

通风机叶片形状是影响通风机气动性能的关键因素,为了引进和吸收先进的矿用轴流通风机叶片设计技术,采用反求技术对其三维几何模型进行反求重构.首先,根据通风机叶片设计特点规划测量路径,应用三坐标测量机(CMM)对矿用轴流通风机叶片表面曲面进行测量,提取通风机叶片表面曲面的三维点云数据.然后,在反求软件UG中,利用最小二乘拟合曲线检查法对所提取的点云数据进行异常点的剔除,运用弦高-夹角综合法进行点云数据的精简.最后,采用非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)对各截面数据点进行曲线拟合,并使用通过曲线组生成曲面的方法重构了矿用轴流通风机叶片的三维几何模型,这对矿用轴流通风机计算流体力学模拟和叶片优化设计具有重要意义.     

NURBS曲线在叶轮设计中的应用分析

介绍一种采用NURBS对叶轮叶片的关键截面和基迭线进行参数化表达的风力机叶片设计方法,先介绍了NURBS曲线设计叶片的优点、概述定义和数学模型,然后针对风机叶片的造型设计,讨论了用NURBS曲线生成方法,及三维模型设计方法,并最终完成了叶轮的三维模型建立与实体加工。该方法有效提高了风力机叶片设计的质量。     

燃气轮机透平叶片截面形状重构技术研究

基于逆向工程,采用NURBS(非均匀有理B样条)理论对透平叶片截面数据点阵进行整体插值,实现对透平叶片截面形状的重构;然后采用NURBS小波分解的光顺算法,对重构的自由曲线进行整体光顺。实践表明,经过重构和小波光顺后,有效地构造出透平叶片截面线,并去除了曲线上的坏点,改善了截面线的品质,达到了预定目的。     

叶片蒙皮曲面重构方法的研究

对叶片曲面重构进行了研究,应用了一种曲面重构的蒙皮方法,根据三维空间的一系列叶片测量点列,采用三个步骤重构出叶片NURBS曲面：首先利用B样条插值拟合的方法构造截面曲线,其次在各截面线之间建立特征对应关系,最后基于截面特征相容利用蒙皮技术重建特征曲面,可准确再现叶片造型特征,并达到极佳的品质效果.     

NURBS在复杂叶型设计中的应用

非均匀有理B样条（NURBS）技术在近年来得到迅速发展,这里对这种叶片几何造型方法进行了改进,研究了NURBS在叶片设计中的具体应用,包括叶片基元级的中弧线、吸压力面、前后缘的NURBS处理,以及整个叶片的NURBS曲面拟合处理.结果表明,可以用四段NURBS曲线来表示一完整的基元级,用NURBS来设计叶片具有很好的灵活性和统一性,并在优化设计和工程中具有重要的应用价值.     

反求工程技术在复杂曲面重构系统中的应用

论述了针对注塑零件复杂曲面的反求设计,提出运用CCD白光光栅非接触工业相机采集点云数据,将点云数据加载到Geometric软件中,利用NURBS曲面重构方法和插值算法,进行点云数据筛选,构造点云特征网格和曲面拟合,得到点云曲面的三维重构.实践证明,基于Geometric系统的NURBS曲面重构方法,在复杂曲面为原型实体重构的反求设计中具有理想的应用价值.     

基于NURBS造型的复杂曲面零件反求工程研究

讨论反求工程技术的实现过程 ,阐述数据处理、曲面和模型重构以及利用CAM数控加工出样件的整个过程 ,特别提出点云数据网格化方法以及通过调用OpenGL库函数来进行NURBS曲面重构并生成效果逼真的三维模型的实现方法。     

薄壁叶片加工变形误差补偿

为了减少薄壁叶片在加工过程中叶片变形引起的加工误差,提出了一种重构叶片模型补偿加工误差的方法。通过构建端铣刀切削力的数学模型,求解叶片在加工过程中切削力的大小,应用材料力学理论和有限元理论分析加工过程中叶片的变形量,根据镜像对称补偿方法,获取新的叶片截面数据云图。应用NURBS曲线理论,反求出数据云图的NURBS曲线数学模型,通过改变权因子、控制顶点等因素,对新建的叶片数据云图进行优化,求解叶片汽道的光滑截面曲线,实现叶片重构。通过模拟加工验证,原叶片模型的最大加工误差在84μm左右,重构的叶片模型加工误差小于10μm,为提高叶片加工精度奠定了技术基础。     

涡轮叶片曲面的精确重构技术

涡轮叶片在航空发动机上有着极其重要的作用,但因其形状复杂,故正向设计周期较长,且精度不易满足要求.采用逆向工程技术,应用Imageware软件对其进行曲面精确重构.提出了点云处理、曲线生成、曲面重构的原则和方法,并研究了修改NURBS曲面的理论基础.     

Effects of prebuckling deformations on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of laterally fixed arches

The effect of the prebuckling in-plane deformations on the elastic flexural-torsional buckling of laterally fixed circular arches is studied in this paper. The finite strains and the energy equation for the flexural-torsional buckling of arches have been derived based on an accurate orthogonal rotation matrix. A closed form solution for the elastic flexural-torsional buckling resistance of laterally fixed arches in uniform bending, including the effects of the prebuckling deformations, is obtained. It is found that the notion that the prebuckling deformations increase the flexural-torsional buckling moment of an arch or of a beam is not necessarily correct for a laterally fixed arch or beam in uniform bending, in deference to a laterally pinned arch. When a laterally fixed arch is subjected to positive uniform bending, the effects of the prebuckling deformations decrease the buckling moment, and the reduction of the buckling moment increases with an increase of the included angle and of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio of the arch. When a laterally fixed arch is subjected to negative uniform bending, the effects of the prebuckling deformations decrease the absolute value of its buckling moment when the included angle is very small, but increase the absolute value of the buckling moment when the included angle exceeds a certain value. The increase in the absolute value of the buckling moment increases with an increase of the included angle and of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio of the arch. When the ratio of the out-of-plane to the in-plane second moments of area of the cross-section is not small, both the reduction of the buckling moment of a laterally fixed arch in positive uniform bending and the increase of the buckling moment of a laterally fixed arch in negative uniform bending, are substantial.     

OUT-OF-PLANE COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF HEXAGONAL PAPER HONEYCOMBS

The compressive behaviour of paper honeycombs is studied by means of an experimental analysis. Experiment results show how geometry aspects of hexagonal paper honeycombs,e.g. the height of paper honeycomb,the thickness and length of honeycomb cell-wall,the drawing ratio of hexagonal honeycomb,affect the compressive properties of the paper honeycombs. It is in good agreement with the theory model. The constraint factor K of the critical buckling stress is mainly determined by the length of honeycomb cell-wall. It can be described as K=1.54 for B type paper honeycombs and K=3.32 for D type paper honeycombs. The plateau stress is the power exponent function of the thickness to length ratio of honeycomb cell-wall,and the experiment results show that the constant is 13.2 and the power exponent is 1.77. The research results can be used to characterize and improve efficiently the compressive properties of paper honeycombs.     

PHENOMENON OF CARVED DRIVING WHEELS

A newly found phenomenon of carved driving wheels of a rear-wheel-drive tractor used in an airport is discussed. The circum of every driving wheel is damaged at three regions,which distribute regularly and uniformly. Everyday,the tractor tows a trailer which are times heavier than the tractor,and moves on the same road in the airport. The phenomenon is explained by the torsional self-excited vibration system of the powertrain. The simplified torsional vibration system is discribed by a 2-order ordinary differential equation,which has a limit circle. Experiments and numerical simulations show the followings: Because of the heavy trailer,the slip ratio of the tractor’s driving wheels is very large. Therefore,there is severe torsional self-excited vibration in the tractor’s drivetrain,and the self-excited vibration results in severe and regular fluctuations of the rear wheel’s velocity. The severe fluctuations in velocity fastens the damage of the driving wheels. At the same time,the time interval in which an arbitrary point in the circum of the driving wheel contacts with the road twice is two times more than the period of the torsional self-excited vibration,and this times explained the existence of three damaged regions. At last,it points out that the phenomenon can be avoided when the torsional damping is large enough.     

气化炉三维扫描测量与数据处理

以德士古气化炉耐火砖的内壁蚀损检测设备为基础,对采集到的点云数据做了进一步处理.通过对数据的筛选和剔除,实现了数据点的平滑降噪细化和精简.然后利用点云对整、网格划分和分色显示等方法,最终完成了内壁腐蚀情况的三维建模.重点讨论了点云数据的预处理及后处理的方法,并根据内壁耐火砖的腐蚀阈值,提出了一种气化炉内壁腐蚀区域的识别与分割方法.对耐火砖的腐蚀分析、气化炉的生产与维修提供了可靠依据,并在工程应用中获得了一致认可.     

The effect of basic nitrogen compounds on the tribological performance of sulphurised olefin

The effect of the molecular structure of basic nitrogen compounds on the lubricating properties of sulphurised olefin has been investigated using a Timken tester. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) were used to study the chemical states of sulphur and nitrogen on the rubbed surfaces and the reaction rates of sulphur and iron separately. It was found that the antiwear and friction reduction properties of sulphurised olefin are greatly influenced by the different molecular structures of the basic nitrogen compounds. A composite additive package containing basic nitrogen compounds with sulphurised olefin can produce either synergistic or antagonistic effects, due to the influence of the different molecular structures of the basic nitrogen compounds. XPS analysis revealed that a tribochemical protective film containing nitrogen and sulphur was formed on the rubbed surface. EDAX analysis indicated that the reaction rates between elemental sulphur and iron were influenced by the different molecular structures of the basic nitrogen compounds. It was found that the apparent reaction rates of elemental sulphur and iron are related to the tribological characteristics of the additive package.     

PROTOTYPE SURFACE MICRO- PRECISION IN FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING PROCESS

To aim at prototype parts fabricated with fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, the problems how to improve and enhance their surface micro-precision are studied. The producing mechanism of surface roughness is explained with three aspects concretely including the principle error of rapid prototyping (RP) process, the inherent characteristics of FDM process, and some micro-scratches on the surface of the extruded fiber. Based on the micro-characters of section shape of the FDM prototype, a physical model reflecting the outer shape characters is abstracted. With the physical simplified and deduced, the evaluating equations of surface roughness are acquired. According to the FDM sample parts with special design for experimental measurement, the real surface roughness values of different inclined planes are obtained. And the measuring values of surface roughness are compared with the calculation values. Furthermore, the causes of surface roughness deviation between measuring values and calculation values are respectively analyzed and studied. With the references of analytic conclusions, the measuring values of the experimental part surface are revised, and the revised values nearly accord with the calculation values. Based on the influencing principles of FDM process parameters and special post processing of FDM prototype parts, some concrete measures are proposed to reduce the surface roughness of FDM parts, and the applying effects are better.     

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF NOVEL ACTIVE ACTUATOR TO CONTROL LOW FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS OF SHAFT SYSTEM

Aiming at providing with high-load capability in active vibration control of large-scale rotor system, a new type of active actuator to simultaneously reduce the dangers of low frequency flexural and torsional vibrations is designed. The actuator employs electro-hydraulic system and can provide a high and circumferential load. To initialize new research, the characteristics of various kinds of active actuators to control rotor shaft vibration are briefly introduced. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the preliminary results via presenting the structure, functions and operating principles, in particular, the working process of the electro-hydraulic system of the new actuator which includes a set of high speed electromagnetic valves and a series of sloping cone-shaped openings, and presenting the transmission relationships among the control parameters from control signals into the valves to active load onto shaft. The course of the work is dynamic, and a series of spatial forces and moments are put on the shaft to get an external resultant force to reduce excitations that induce vibration of shafts. By checking states of vibration, the actuator can control the impulse width and the interval of injection time for applying different control force to a vibration shaft in two circumference directions through the regulating action of a set of combination directional control valves. The results from simulating analysis and experiment show evidence of that this design can satisfy the case of active process of decreasing of flexural and torsional vibrations.     

Computer simulation of turbine oil oxidation. 2: Consumption of a hindered phenol antioxidant in laboratory oxidation tests and in service

The computer simulation study of consumption of di-tert-butyl p-cresol (DBPC) was extended to the oxidation of hexadecane/tetralin model oils under conditions of laboratory oxidation tests and in service. The oxidation lives of the model oils in the ALCOA oxidation test and the ASTM D2272 rotary bomb and D943 turbine oil oxidation tests were successfully predicted from the simulation study. The oxidation behaviour of the model oils is compared to that of a turbine oil used in actual service units. The model oil having 6 mass % of tetralin showed almost identical oxidation behaviour to the turbine oil when the same amount of DBPC was added (0.6 mass %). The calculation shows that the direct oxidation of antioxidants is the main process of antioxidant consumption in the laboratory oxidation tests as well as in the model oxidation system without metal catalysts. In most of the service units which operated at moderate conditions the calculation shows that the direct oxidation of antioxidants is also the main, process. As a consequence, the rate of antioxidant consumption does not depend much on the tetralin content in the model oils. The oxidation behaviour of the model oils in the service units which operate under severe conditions, such as in the high temperature regions of turbines, is calculated by setting a flow reactor model. The results of this calculation show in this case that the turbine oil degradation occurs mostly in the high temperature regions and that the rate of antioxidant consumption increases with an increased amount of tetralin in the model oils. This strong dependence on base oil composition can be attributed to the increased importance of antioxidant consumption through the inhibition of oxidation.     

制造业信息技术应用之间的协同效应分析方法

应用信息技术是企业提高其竞争能力的重要手段之一。企业实施的各种信息技术应用通过信息集成组成企业的信息技术应用组合系统 ,各子系统相互配合而产生协同效应 ,使得系统总体功能可以大于各子系统功能之和。协同效应分析对于信息技术应用的可行性分析和企业信息技术应用水平的正确评价具有重要意义。本文给出的协同效应分析方法以计算机排样为例 ,首先通过信息技术应用的功能原理分析绘制待考察的应用与其它各种信息技术应用之间的数据流表 ,然后根据信息流表对协同系数进行估计 ,根据协同系数计算该信息技术的权数。最后说明了协同效应分析方法的应用价值。     

Toxicity of trifluralin herbicide in a representative of the edaphic fauna: Histopathology of the midgut of Rhinocricus padbergi (Diplopoda)

The aim of this study was to use the diplopod Rhinocricus padbergi as test organism to verify the possible toxic effects of the herbicide trifluralin in a representative of the edaphic fauna. Histological and histochemical techniques were applied in the midgut of the animals after exposure to different concentrations of trifluralin for 7 and 90 days (acute and subchronic exposure, respectively). The individuals from the control group did not present alterations to any of the exposures. In the acute exposure, the group exposed to a quarter and half of the field dose presented an accumulation of cytoplasmic granules in the hepatic cells; the field dose group presented an increase in the rate of epithelial renewal and the group exposed to double the field concentration presented an increase in the release of secretory vesicles. The subchronic response was obtained with the field dose and double field dose because the animals from a quarter and half groups did not survive until the end of the experiment. In both groups, the animals presented disruption of the epithelium and higher occurrence of hemocytes among the hepatic cells. The group exposed to double the field dose presented sites of cytoplasmic vacuolization, dilatation of the intercellular space, increase in the epithelial renewal, and release of secretory vesicles. The results alert for a careful use of this herbicide, since it promoted alterations in the midgut cells of the test organism used. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.