中国华象白蚁属的分类(等翅目:白蚁科:象白蚁亚科)

华象白蚁属Sinonasutitermes Li建立于1986年.李桂祥、平正明(1986)报告四种.本文现记述六新种和二新组合,将大鼻象白蚁Nasutitermes grandinasus Tsai et Chen和扁头象白蚁N. platycephalus Ping et Xu移入本属;前者原记述触角12节,现作为该种小兵,后者1988年原记述的鼻长有误.现附入重新测量的量度.列表对我国已知12种的不同兵型作出检索,供作鉴别.该属目前仅局限分布在我国东南部的     

吞咽分期深刺法治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍

目的:观察吞咽分期深刺法治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者的临床疗效。方法:根据随机数字表将符合标准的脑卒中后吞咽障碍患者60例,分为治疗组与对照组,各30例,两组口腔期及咽期均各为15例。治疗组采用吞咽分期深刺法;对照组采用传统针刺法。治疗后,采用洼田饮水试验及藤岛一郎吞咽疗效评价标准对比两组疗效,并记录两组的不良事件。结果:两组患者治疗后洼田饮水试验评分较治疗前均显著下降(P <0. 05),两组比较,治疗组优于对照组(P <0. 05)。两组患者吞咽疗效比较,治疗组为94%(29/30),高于对照组的67%(20/30)(P <0. 05)。两组口腔期患者治疗后洼田饮水试验评分较治疗前明显下降(P <0. 05),且治疗组下降程度明显优于对照组(P <0. 05);两组口腔期患者吞咽疗效比较,治疗组疗效为93%(14/15),对照组为60%(9/15),治疗组优于对照组(P <0. 05)。两组咽期患者治疗后洼田饮水试验评分较治疗前显著下降(均P <0. 05),且治疗组明显优于对照组(P <0. 05);两组咽期患者吞咽疗效比较,治疗组为93%(14/15),对照组为73%(11/15),治疗组明显优于对照组(P <0. 05)。两组不良反应发生较少,经处理后均好转。结论:吞咽分期深刺法治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍是遵循辨证施治、中病即止的施针方法和治疗原则,疗效明显。     

贵州某岩溶地区结构地基基础设计研究

由于岩溶地区地下溶洞分布复杂、形状大小不一,给建筑结构基础设计带来了困难.结合贵州岩溶强发育地区某实际工程,重点研究了在溶岩强发育地区桩端顶板厚度小于3D(D为桩径)和5m时,溶洞体积、顶板厚度、岩体临空面及应力扩散角对桩基承载力的影响,探讨了同一建筑多种基础形式的应用以及基础遇到溶洞时处理方法.得出如下结论:应保证桩端下3D和5m范围内无软弱夹层、断裂破碎带和洞穴分布,且在桩底应力扩散范围内应无岩体临空面;桩身穿越溶洞时,应将顶板厚度乘以折减系数后计入侧阻力的计算;相邻桩基的桩端有高差且距离较近(净距小于5m)时,桩端高差应小于桩净距(满足桩底竖向应力的扩散角条件);当基岩面起伏较大且都是岩石地基时,同一建筑物可以采用用多种基础形式.     

李家峡拱坝复杂地基处理效果和反馈分析

李家峡大坝复杂地基的处理措施涉及到坝肩沿断层的深部混凝土网格置换、地基内高压固结灌浆、大吨位深孔预应力锚索加固、两岸坝肩设置完善的排水系统等.结合现场10 a的监测数据反馈分析,针对加固措施采用基于Drucker-Prager(D-P)准则非线性本构模型,并运用此模型开展有限元反馈计算,然后评价了李家峡拱坝复杂地基的处理效果.反分析计算和原型观测资料的结果显示:(1) 大坝河床建基面经加固处理后,安全度有明显提高,大坝的荷载主要转移到两岸,两岸整体承受荷载和点安全度较对称.(2) 上游坝踵拉裂安全度:K1=2.0P0(P0为正常工况下水压);K2 = 3.5P0;大坝开始丧失正常工作荷载:K3 = (5～7)P0.(3) 左岸"金三角"在正常荷载下,无论是现场监测数据还是反演计算都表明大坝基本是稳定的.(4) 李家峡大坝的基础处理经过10 a的运行,证明其基础处理是有效的,且基础安全稳定,可以满足大坝正常水位的运行.     

郊区DTR与最大城市热岛强度的关系研究

气象条件对城市热岛(UHI)的发展有重要影响,对UHI深入评估分析需要选择适当的观测和分析日.研究以广州地区近1 a的观测资料为基础,探讨郊区温度日较差(diurnal temperature range,DTR)与最大城市热岛强度(UHIImax)的关系,结果表明:1)在选取的160个样本气象日中,广州的两个城市区域的UHIImax的平均值分别为2.65℃和3.00℃,高频发生在夜间;秋、冬季节高于春、夏季节;2)郊区DTR的差异为1.67～13.89℃之间,郊区DTR与UHIImax有明显的相关性(r＞0.60,P＜0.001);3)通过郊区DTR和UHIImax分布分析,初步提出DTR≥9℃为识别适合广州UHI发展的气象条件的阈值.通过DTR和UHIImax关系的研究,为识别适合UHI发展的气象日筛选提供了初步的方法和条件.     

28例急性巨核细胞白血病实验室检查结果分析

目的:分析急性巨核细胞白血病(AMKL)患者实验室检查特点。方法:4管用8色抗体组合对28例AMKL患者的骨髓有核细胞进行免疫表型分析,同时结合分析患者骨髓细胞形态学、融合基因和染色体核型等检查结果。结果:28例AMKL患者中阳性表达率较高的是巨核细胞相关抗体:CD41a、CD61、CD42b、CD36,阳性率分别为81. 48%、92. 86%、72. 00%、70. 83%,其中,CD41a、CD61、CD42b三种抗体共表达的患者占53. 57%,至少表达两种抗体的患者占82. 14%。髓系祖细胞相关标志:CD117、CD34、CD38、HLA-DR阳性表达率分别为64. 29%、42. 86%、64. 29%和46. 15%,与非APL的AML患者相比表达率均较低(P <0.01);髓系全程抗原CD13、CD33在AMKL中阳性表达率与非APL的AML之间无统计学差异。髓系中后期抗原CD15及单核系抗原CD64、CD14、CD300e和胞浆抗原MPO、cCD79a和cCD3均阴性。与非Down综合征相关AMKL(non-DS-AMKL)相比,CD7与CD11b的表达在Down综合征相关AMKL(DS-AMKL)中较高(P <0.05)。AMKL患者中17例(65.4%)为复杂染色体核型,5例为+21染色体异常;仅5例患者核型正常。25例行白血病融合基因筛查,24例(96%)患者WT1基因表达增高(40.24±59.14%),12例患者(70.58%) EVI1基因表达增高(53.93±37.98%),4例患者融合基因阳性(2例MLL-AF9阳性,1例TLS-ERG,1例P210 BCL/ABL)。结论:AMKL中82.14%患者表达至少两种巨核细胞相关标志,髓系祖细胞标志表达相对较低,多为复杂染色体核型异常,WT1及EVI1异常表达率较高。     

竖向荷载下桩身压缩和桩基沉降变形研究

随着我国建设规模的扩大,桩基础领域发展迅速,长桩基础被越来越多的工程所采用.工程实测表明,桩侧土模量较高的非软土地区,长桩静力试桩的荷载传递和桩身压缩性状与软土地区超长桩性状相似,长桩的桩身压缩量相当可观,计算中应予以考虑.目前的桩身压缩测试结果大都基于工程试桩所得,通过现场大型单、群桩模型试验,深入研究群桩基础承载力、桩身压缩和土体压缩沉降性状.主要研究内容如下:(1) 通过系统模型试验,研究单、群桩基础的承载力性状.群桩中基桩桩身轴力、侧阻力的分布形式因位置的不同而不同.群桩端阻表现出明显的沉降硬化效应,即随着群桩基础沉降的增大,端阻力都会有不同程度的提高,且在较小桩距条件下提高程度较大,在较大桩距条件下提高程度较小.(2) 工程实测表明,桩身压缩产生的沉降始于加载初期,并伴随加载全过程.桩侧土压缩模量较高的非软土地区,长桩静力试桩的荷载传递和桩身压缩性状与软土地区超长桩性状相似,长桩的桩身压缩量相当可观,计算中应予以考虑.(3) 群桩试验表明,桩间土的竖向变形在桩顶处最大,随着深度的增加,桩间土的竖向变形逐渐变小.桩间土除了产生剪切变形(桩、土相对位移)外,还出现压缩变形.(4) 同一荷载水平下,桩端以下土层的沉降值随深度的增加而减小,整体压缩主要产生在距桩端一定厚度的土层范围内,即土层距桩端越近,单位厚度土层的整体压缩量越大;同一深度处,土体整体压缩沉降值随荷载的增大而增大.(5) 当复合基桩分担荷载值一定时,大桩距群桩桩端整体压缩沉降值较小桩距群桩小;桩数多的群桩桩端整体压缩沉降值较桩数少的群桩大,这是由于群桩效应增强所致,即桩距一定时,随着桩数的增多,桩与桩之间的增沉效应增强.(6) 群桩桩端平面以下地基土,其整体压缩变形及压缩层深度因桩距的不同差异很大,即在P=Pu/2(其中,P为群桩承载力特征值,Pu为群桩极限承载力)荷载条件下,大桩距群桩基础地基土整体压缩变形及压缩层深度较小桩距小,这与粉土、软土中群桩试验的结果一致.(7) 研究了桩侧阻力分布模式对桩身压缩沉降的影响机制,给出了考虑不同侧阻分布模式时,桩身压缩系数的3个计算公式:ξe正三角=0.33α+0.67,ξe矩形=0.50α+0.50,ξe倒三角=0.67α+0.33其中zξe正三角,ξe矩形,ξe倒三角,为不同侧阻力分布模式下的桩身压缩系数,α为端阻比例.(8) 给出了小桩距群桩基础的沉降计算公式:s=ψn∑(i=1)σgzi-Esi△zi+se 其中,s为计算沉降值;ψ为沉降计算经验系数;σgzi为群桩各基桩对应力计算点桩端平面以下第i层土1/2厚度处产生的平均附加应力之和;Esi为第i计算土层的压缩模量,采用土的自重压力至土自重加附加压力作用段的压缩模量;.zi为第i计算土层的厚度;se为计算桩身压缩量.该公式可考虑桩身的压缩、桩数、群桩的几何特征、侧阻力分布模式、端阻比例等因素对桩基沉降的影响.(9) 基于目前规范中给出的压缩层厚度确定方法,通过压缩层厚度计算方案的比较,确定了压缩层厚度计算公式.(10) 在已有的考虑桩径影响Mindlin解竖向应力系数的研究成果上,给出了小桩距群桩基础的平均竖向应力系数的数值解,制作相应的数据表格,该表格可供相关的工程设计人员手算沉降量时使用.     

贵州省乳螱属一新种(等翅目:鼻螱科)

贵州乳螱Coptotermes(Polycriniterms)guizhoueusis,新种兵螱(图1—3) 头部深黄稍杂浅淡褐色,上颚赤褐色,上唇、触角和后颏以及胸、腹部和足为深黄色,或略浅于头色。头部仅散布少许长毛,上唇端部具一对长端毛,端毛周围可见数个极微小的毛。乳孔口两侧各具二枚毛,乳孔与触角窝之间各具一枚额侧毛。后颏前缘和     

香港网螱属(Reticulitermes)的研究(等翅目:螱科)

The present paper deals nine species of the genus Reticulitermes from HONG KONG, inwhich six species are new record. The key to species is given.All specimens are preserved separately in Nanjing Institute of Termite Control, Shanghai Institute of Entomology, Academia Sinica and Tai Lung Experimental Station, Agriculture and Fisheries Department, Hong Kong.     

香港新螱属(Neotermes)的研究(等翅目:木螱科)

The present paper deals with three species of the genus Neotermes from Hong Kong. They were found causing damage to living trees of Common Mango(Mangifera indica L. ),Loquat(Eriobotrya japonica) (Thund. )Lindl.,Rich Acacia (Acacia confusa Merr. =A. richii A. Br. )and Southern Magnolia(Magnolia grandiflora L. ). The key to species is given.All specimens are preserved spearately in Nanjing Institute of Termite control,Shanghai Institute of Entomology,Academia Sinica and Tai Lung Experimental Station,Agricultue and Fisheries Department,Hong Kong.     

岩芯饼化的应力分析

作者应用光弹、电测和电算方法,对地质钻探过程中岩芯地应力的释放进行了研究,找出了地应力释放后,岩芯中剩余应力的波及范围和分布规律。在此基础上,应用能量原理,推导出了一维和二维地应力的计算公式。同时,还用试验方法建立了一个一维地应力的计算公式。应用这些公式,根据岩芯饼化的特征参数;岩饼直径D、厚度t和长短轴差△D,可以计算出地应力的大小,从而大大简化了现有的地应力的测量工作。本文对几种地应力计算公式进行了分析比较,并用二维计算公式,对二滩电站实测岩饼资料进行了计算,得出二滩电站岩芯饼化地层的地应力为700kg/cm~2左右,中国科学院武汉岩体土力学研究所实测结果为650kg/cm~2,二者接近。     

Further study on the flexural behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubes

This paper is a further study on the flexural behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubes based on the former work presented by Han [Han LH. Flexural behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubes. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2004;60(2):313-37]. A total of 36 composite beam specimens filled with self-consolidating concrete (SCC) were tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) sectional types (circular and square); (2) steel yielding strength (from 235 to 282 MPa); (3) the ratio of tube diameter (or width) to wall thickness, D/t (from 47 to 105), and (4) the ratio of shear span to depth (from 1.25 to 6). Comparisons are made with predicted beam capacities using the existing methods, such as AIJ-1997 [Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). Recommendations for design and construction of concrete filled steel tubular structures. 1997], AISC-LRFD-1999 [AISC. Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.; 1999], BS5400-1979 [British Standard Institute: BS5400, Part 5, Concrete and composite bridges. 1979], EC4-1994 [Eurocode 4. Design of composite steel and concrete structures, Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings (together with United Kingdom National Application Document). DD ENV 1994-1-1:1994. London W1A2BS: British Standards Institution; 1994] and the method proposed by Han [Han LH. Flexural behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubes. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2004;60(2):313-37].Applied calculation formulae of moment versus curvature curves and the flexural stiffness of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beams are presented, based on the mechanics model of Han [Han LH. Flexural behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubes. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2004;60(2):313-37]. Comparisons are made with predicted beam flexural stiffness using different methods, such as AIJ-1997, AISC-LRFD-1999, BS5400-1979, EC4-1994 and the method proposed in this paper. Comparisons are also made between the simplified model and the mechanics model, and generally good agreement is achieved.     

上海与国际大都市服务业发展的对比

分析了上海服务业所处的发展阶段指出上海与国际大都市比较分析的背景差异，概括了当代国际大都市服务业的基本特征，通过上海与国际大都市服务业的多角度比较得出上海服务业的七个方面差距：一是总体发展水平低；二是资源综合配置功能弱；三是对外开放度不高；四是吸引国际性功能主体的能力不强；五是智力资源不足；六是服务半径不大；七是市场化运行机制不健全。根据上海服务业存在的差距，提出发展上海服务业的着力点。     

Estimating natural-ventilation potential considering both thermal comfort and IAQ issues

Natural-ventilation potential (NVP) value can provide the designers significant information to properly design and arrange natural ventilation strategy at the preliminary or conceptual stage of ventilation and building design. Based on the previous study by Yang et al. [Investigation potential of natural driving forces for ventillation in four major cities in China. Building and Environment 2005;40:739–46], we developed a revised model to estimate the potential for natural ventilation considering both thermal comfort and IAQ issues for buildings in China. It differs from the previous one by Yang et al. in two predominant aspects: (1) indoor air temperature varies synchronously with the outdoor air temperature rather than staying at a constant value as assumed by Yang et al. This would recover the real characteristic of natural ventilation, (2) thermal comfort evaluation index is integrated into the model and thus the NVP can be more reasonably predicted. By adopting the same input parameters, the NVP values are obtained and compared with the early work of Yang et al. for a single building in four representative cities which are located in different climates, i.e., Urumqi in severe cold regions, Beijing in cold regions, Shanghai in hot summer and cold winter regions and Guangzhou in hot summer and warm winter regions of China. Our outcome shows that Guangzhou has the highest and best yearly natural-ventilation potential, followed by Shanghai, Beijing and Urumqi, which is quite distinct from that of Yang et al. From the analysis, it is clear that our model evaluates the NVP values more consistently with the outdoor climate data and thus reveals the true value of NVP.     

Overseas military cemeteries as american sacred space: mine eyes have seen la gloire

ABSTRACT

The American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) maintains twenty-three cemeteries worldwide for American soldiers and war workers killed in the Great War and World War II. This article examines ABMC cemeteries as American sacred space, foregrounding their fusion of Christian and American symbol and text and the barely submerged theologies and mythologies to which they point. ABMC cemeteries have given families of fallen soldiers places to mourn and remember. They have also served as spaces for the United States to tell all comers of the righteousness of the American soldier and the saving power of dying while fighting for the United States. Compelling as these memorial landscapes are, the sacred narratives they construct are often in subtle but real tension with the histories they contain and conceal.     

Revue des reactions des algues aux micropolluants mineraux et organiques; consequences ecologiques et possibilites d'applications industriellesAlgae reactions to mineral and organic micropollutants, ecological consequences and possibilities for industrial-scale application: a review

An aquatic ecosystem may react to pollution in different ways, some of which combat the pollution actively; in particular, algae participate therein by developing various substances capable of complexing or degrading numerous organic or mineral pollutants.When heavy metals are not directly accumulated in algae, they can often be complexed by their extracellular metabolites (Hart, 1981), e.g. hydroxamates (McKnight and Morel, 1980; Jardim and Pearson, 1984), to form organo-metallic compounds; the ecological consequences of these phenomena, most often due to the presence of Cyanophyceae (Walsby, 1974), are varied:Useful effects: greater assimilability of certain indispensable trace elements (Provasoli et al., 1957; Johnston, 1964; Allen, 1976; Murphy et al., 1976; Gaechter et al., 1978), reduced toxicity of heavy metals brought in by pollution (Barber, 1973), etc.;Harmful effects: among others, antagonistic action against copper-based algaecidal treatments (Gaechter et al., 1978; Gnassia-Barelli et al., 1978; Van den Berg et al., 1979; McKnight and Morel, 1980).Organic micropollutants are often metabolized or even assimilated by algae, for instance:Hydrocarbons: assimilation by marine algae such as the diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans (Boutry et al., 1977a, b), or by fresh water algae (Krauss et al., 1973; Schroeder and Rehm, 1981a, b);Phenols: metabolization which can go as far as to completely remove them (Werner and Pawlitz, 1978; Stom et al., 1978), through the action of phenoloxidases which induce the formation of transient degradation products, in particular quinones (Stom et al., 1978);Pesticides: these more stable compounds are most often accumulated in algae (Soedergren, 1968; Vance and Drummond, 1969); however, certain algae are capable of causing their partial degradation (Miyazaki and Thorsteinson, 1972; Neudorf and Khan, 1975; Werner and Moerschel, 1978; Goulding and Ellis, 1981), but this may result in the temporary appearance of metabolites more toxic than the initial product (e.g. DDE from DDT);PCBs: these still more stable micropollutants are fixed, without being metabolized, by living algae (Keil et al., 1971; Veber, 1980), and even dead ones (Urey et al., 1976).The various reactions we have just seen above explain that in nature, certain algae prove specifically tolerant to various industrial wastes that contain mineral pollutants (Madgwick and Ralph, 1977; Say et al., 1977; Palmer, 1980; Strong et al., 1982), or organic pollutants (Palmer, 1980; Walsh et al., 1982).These observations, made both in the laboratory and in the field, could well lead to new applications in the biological treatment of industrial waste water; such possibilities have already been proved for vascular plants, for instance for the removal of heavy metals (Wolverton, 1975a, b and c; Tridech et al., 1981; Muramoto and Oki, 1983) or phenols (Seidel, 1965; Seidel and Kickut, 1967; Karaseva and Papchenkov, 1974; Kaminskii and Gvozdeva, 1976; Stom et al., 1978). The new generation of biological treatments of industrial effluents will be based on selected algae species acting in symbiosis with bacteria (Yurovskaya et al., 1968; Bagnyuk et al., 1975) in traditional lagooning or through more intensive processes, e.g. “activated algae” (McGriff and McKinney, 1971; McKinney et al., 1971) or cultures of algae immobilized in agar beads (Pore and Sorenson, 1981) or on rotating discs (Przytocka-Jusiak et al., 1984b), etc.Where the latter are still in the pilot plant stage, natural lagooning is now a tried-and-tested technique which has already been applied to certain industrial effluents (Lee et al., 1978; Palmer, 1980; Rebattu, 1981; Altona et al., 1983), but without previous selection of the species of algae to be used: they will be selected as a function of their ability to remove pollutants: either by bioaccumulation as for heavy metals (Filip et al., 1979; Shumate et al., 1980; Nakajima et al., 1981; Becker, 1983) or pesticides or else by metabolization and/or assimilation as for phenols (Stom et al., 1978), nitrogen-laden effluents (Matusiak et al., 1976, 1977; Przytocka-Jusiak et al., 1984a, b), hydrocarbons, etc.In addition, it should be pointed out that in its conventional applications, natural lagooning often suffered from the lack of additional clarification of the effluent; the latter may contain over 100 mg 1⁻¹ of residual algae (Shelef et al., 1972; Bratby and Marais, 1974; Harris et al., 1977; Russell et al., 1983; Przytocka-Jusiak et al., 1984a), which then bring in a high additional BOD₅, especially after their death (Varma and Digiano, 1968; King et al., 1970; Rance Bare et al., 1975; Friedman et al., 1977; McGimpsey, 1978). Therefore, it is always more advisable to remove the algae and possibly use them as a source of energy or food.In the cases studies here, this additional treatment would be absolutely essential to protect the receiving water not only from the algae themselves, but also from the micropollutants that they would have accumulated. The different processes available for harvesting algae are listed: filtration through sand (Harris et al., 1977; Filip et al., 1979; Russell et al., 1983), microstraining (Kormanik and Cravens, 1978 and 1979; Cravens and Lauritch, 1982; Harrelson and Cravens, 1982), dissolved air flotation (Van Vuuren et al., 1965; Funk et al., 1968; Bratby and Marais, 1974; Rance Bare et al., 1975; Stone et al., 1975; Shelef, 1982; Viviers and Briers, 1982), sedimentation (Friedman et al., 1977), separation through microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes (Shelef et al., 1972; Castelas et al., 1984), etc.In fact, there is not one system which is universally applicable: this explains the wide-ranging opinions on the subject. Depending on the case, microstraining, direct filtration, accelerated settling with sludge contact, membrane technology and above all dissolved air flotation may well be usefully applied in this field. The performances of the various processes are examined, and several principles for the choice of a method of separation of algae as a function of local conditions are proposed.     

Influence of soil reinforcement on the uplift bearing capacity of a pre-stressed high-strength concrete pile embedded in clayey soil

This paper presents a field study on the uplift bearing capacity of a pre-stressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pile embedded in clayey soil, and on the soil around the PHC pile that was treated with cement paste. The PHC pile was inserted into a pile hole filled with cemented soil by its own weight (by gravity), and the soil compaction effect of a conventionally driven pile induced by the installation process was avoided. The test results showed that: the pile head displacement needed to fully mobilize the uplift bearing capacity of the test piles was about 0.1 D (pile diameter); the ultimate skin friction of the PHC pile–cemented soil interface was much larger than that of the cemented soil–soil interface; the PHC pile and the cemented soil around the pile behaved as an integral pile in the load transfer process; and the measured ultimate bearing capacity of the test piles was 0.91–0.94 times the American Petroleum Institute (API)’s proposed values for piles under compression and 0.79–0.80 times the values calculated with the effective stress method for piles under compression.