节理压缩闭合试验前后表面形态特征变化分析

岩石节理表面形貌对于岩石的力学性质具有重要的影响。为了研究节理表面形貌在法向压缩作用下的变化规律,对节理试样进行了压缩闭合试验。运用三维高精度激光形貌仪（Talysurf CLI 2000）对试验前后节理表面分别进行扫描,获得了二维和三维形貌特征图,并选取节理表面最大峰高（S_p）、表面最大高度（S_z）、表面最大谷深（S_v）、峰度系数（S_ku）、偏斜度系数（S_sk）、均方根高度（S_q）和算术平均高度（S_a）共7个表面形貌高度特征参数进行分析。研究发现：S_p、S_sk、S_k在法向应力的作用下有所减小,但是减幅均较小;S_v在压缩闭合试验后减小明显;S_z变化规律类似;S_a和S_q在压缩闭合后基本呈增大趋势。由此可见,节理表面形貌对节理压缩闭合曲线有明显的影响。     

节理粗糙度对应力波传播及试样破坏影响的颗粒流模拟

为了研究节理粗糙度对应力波传播规律的影响以及粗糙节理试样受应力波作用发生破坏的微观机理,利用基于离散元方法的数值分析软件PFC2D构建了SHPB系统的颗粒流数值模型.在已有SHPB物理试验的基础上对试验中采用的节理试样进行微观参数标定,研究了较低冲击荷载下节理粗糙度对应力波传播的影响规律以及较高冲击荷载下不同形貌节理试...     

动态压缩下烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体的断裂行为研究

采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)对不同型号的烧结Nd-Fe-B试样进行了动态压缩试验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对回收试样的微观断口形貌进行观察。试验结果表明,在压缩载荷作用下,使试样断裂产生的功可以用来表征试样的冲击稳定性。随着加载应变率的逐渐增大,试样的初始断裂时间逐渐减少,并且在单位体积下所做的功也逐渐减小,说明磁体的抗压强度随着应变率的增大而逐渐减小;磁体断裂时的破坏应力逐渐增大,而破坏应变逐渐减小。不同型号的烧结Nd-Fe-B磁体均表现出明显的脆性断裂特征,断裂方式主要是沿晶断裂。     

γ-TiAl金属间化合物的压缩断裂行为研究

通过室温压缩试验,研究全片层γ-TiAl基合金在不同加载速度和不同卸载载荷下的压缩断裂行为。结果表明:随着加载速度的增加,γ-TiAl基合金试样的屈服强度及抗压强度相应增大;试样的最终断裂是通过裂纹的形核、扩展以及相互贯通而形成的,断裂面主要由剪应力形成的撕裂区和压应力形成的解理断裂区域组成,并且在不同加载速度下,断口也呈现出规律性的变化。在不同载荷加载-卸载-再加载的过程中,小载荷(4.67、9.42、18.94 k N)下卸载和加载的名义应力-名义应变曲线完全重合,大载荷(26.60、37.24、53.20 k N)下卸载后产生的不可逆应变依次增大;裂纹面密度随着卸载载荷的增大而逐渐增大,材料的损伤程度不断增加。     

微扰动作用下预静载硬岩的断裂特性研究

为了研究预静载条件下硬岩在微扰动作用下的断裂特性变化规律,采用花岗岩制作中心直裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试样,在MTS Landmark电液伺服试验机上,利用圆弧形加载方式,进行硬岩在平行于预制裂纹方向的预静载荷和微扰动载荷的组合作用下的断裂特性研究。设定预静载荷水平为常规准静态断裂载荷的90%,设定微扰动载荷幅值为常规断裂载荷值的10%,下限为常规断裂载荷的80%,上限为常规断裂载荷值。扰动频率分别为1 Hz、5 Hz、10 Hz、20 Hz、30 Hz、50 Hz和70 Hz。研究结果表明:在预静载加载段,岩石试样内部沿预制裂纹方向新的裂纹已经产生发展,并且裂纹扩展的速度随着载荷的增大而增大;在扰动载荷加载段,随着扰动次数的增加,裂纹扩展的速度越来越慢,岩石损伤程度逐渐积累;在断裂破坏段,岩石损伤程度超过了承受极限,裂纹贯穿沿预制裂纹方向贯穿试样,岩石断裂破坏;在预静载作用下,试样已经处于临界失稳状态,扰动作用会诱发试样的断裂失稳破坏,扰动频率超过10 Hz后,减韧效应随着扰动频率的提高并不明显,扰动使得试样的总体变形量有减小的趋势。     

单压下节理密度及倾角对类岩石试件强度及变形的影响

通过预制张开节理类岩石试件,在单轴压缩条件下,研究节理密度及倾角的组合作用对试件强度和变形特征的影响.试验结果表明:(1)随着节理倾角的增大,应力-应变曲线由多峰值转变为单峰值,试件脆性增强,延性减弱;(2)节理密度对当量峰值强度的影响与节理倾角大小有关,对当量弹模的影响呈“V”形变化,即当量弹模随着节理密度的增大呈现先减小后增大的变化规律;(3)当量弹模随节理倾角的增大而增大,在节理倾角为90°的时候达到最大值,为完整试件弹性模量的70%~80%;(4)节理倾角对多节理类岩石试件当量峰值强度和当量弹性模量的影响大于节理密度的影响.对试验结果进一步分析发现:节理密度及节理倾角与应力-应变曲线、当量峰值强度及当量弹性模量之间的关系,其变化规律与试件的破坏过程息息相关,其破坏模式可分为张拉破坏、剪切破坏和复合破坏.      

高静应力和频繁动力扰动共同作用下矽卡岩动力学特性

为进一步揭示深部岩体受到开挖爆破等动力作用时的破坏机理,利用基于SHPB装置的动静组合加载试验系统,首次对中高应变率下矽卡岩在高静应力和频繁动力扰动共同作用时的变形特性、能量规律、破坏模式等进行了研究.随着冲击次数的增加,岩石的弹性模量先增大后减小,而每次冲击时的最大应变整体表现出先减小后增大的趋势,最后一次冲击时弹性模量骤降,最大应变突增,岩石试样发生破坏.单位体积岩石能耗为负值,说明在冲击动载的作用下岩石试样表现出释放能量的特性,这是由于高静应力作用产生的弹性应变能受动力冲击作用诱导而释放;随着冲击次数的增加,单位体积岩石释放的能量先增大后减小.结构致密、强度较高的矽卡岩试样随冲击次数的增加表现出劈裂破坏模式.      

盾构刀具冲击破岩传递过程研究

为研究滚刀冲击破岩的传递过程,以盾构机冲击破岩试验台滚刀为研究对象,通过静力加载分析得到滚刀刀轴刚度与刀圈变形量.在振动理论建模的基础上,通过ADAMS对滚刀进行动力学仿真,并对仿真振动信号进行相关性分析.最后在盾构机滚刀冲击破岩试验台上验证了研究结果.研究表明:滚刀冲击振动经过刀体以后衰减与畸变极小,对滚刀施加的冲击振动有97!能够传递给岩石.随着冲击动载荷的增大,滚刀受到的总载荷增大,滚刀侵入深度增大.同时大理岩的破碎块增大,破碎重量增加.     

医用镍钛管永久变形量影响因素的研究

使用医用镍钛管制备拉伸试样,研究了时效温度、时效时间、循环加载次数、应变和加载速率对医用镍钛材料永久变形量的影响.结果表明:随着时效温度的升高,试样的永久变形量先增大后减小;随着时效时间的延长,试样的永久变形量增大;460℃时效30 min时,试样的永久变形量增加到3.350％;随着加载次数的增加,累积永久变形量逐渐增...     

热冲击对花岗岩动态断裂行为的影响研究

为了研究热冲击对加热花岗岩的影响，使用3种冷却方法来提供不同的冷却速率，对花岗岩试样施加不同程度的热冲击作用。通过分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)系统对热冲击处理后的花岗岩半圆盘中心直裂纹三点弯曲(NSCB)试样进行冲击断裂试验，并利用高速摄像机记录了试样的断裂模式。试验结果表明：随着试样温度和冷却速率的提升，试样的干密度和纵波波速显著下降，试样的孔隙率加大。试样的断裂韧度变化及破坏模式表明热冲击作用使花岗岩试样受到冲击力时抗裂纹扩展的能力下降，尤其在冲击载荷的加载率高于130 GPa·m^0.5/s时下降尤为明显。     

N型组合节理类岩体单轴压缩破坏试验

针对实际工程中平行与交叉裂隙组合呈N字形裂隙岩体的稳定性问题,以N型组合节理为研究对象,开展了N型节理类岩体试件超声波检测试验和单轴静载试验,结合断裂力学理论,分析其强度特征、破坏特征和超声波波速衰减规律。结果表明：（1）N型组合节理类岩体的裂纹类型依次有翼型裂纹和次生倾斜裂纹,其扩展路径最终均趋向于主应力方向,不同于单节理下的裂纹发展规律;（2）当主节理倾角一定时,主次节理夹角和节理条数对试件的物理性能有一定的影响。各组合节理试件的波速衰减率范围在0.9%～9.6%之间,且15°和90°夹角节理试件的波速衰减最快,而60°夹角节理试件的衰减最慢;（3）组合节理类岩体的本构关系、峰值强度和破坏特征均表现出非线性特征。峰值强度分布规律基本服从M型分布,不同于单节理下的U型分布,其中15°、30°、45°、75°和90°夹角试件,以及完整试件呈准脆性破坏,其他夹角试件呈脆性破坏。     

Effects of High Strain Rate on Properties and Microstructure Evolution of TWIP Steel Subjected to Impact Loading

 The mechanical properties of the TWIP steel subjected to impact loading at various strain rates were analyzed by the Split Pressure Hopkinson Bar. Meanwhile the microstructure of the TWIP steel fore-and-after the dynamic deformation were characterized and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The result shows that when the TWIP steel was deformed under dynamic station, the stress, microshardness and work hardening rate increase with the increment of strain and strain rate; there exist stress fluctuation and decline of work hardening rate for adiabatic temperature rising softening. There exist many pin-like deformation twins in the microstructure of the TWIP steel subjected to impact loading, the grain size after deformation is bigger than that before; the interaction of twins with dislocation and twins with twins, especial emergence of high order deformation twins are the main strengthening mechanisms of the TWIP steel. The nucleation mechanism of deformation twins will be “rebound mechanism”; the incomplete deformation twins can be observed when the strain rate is low; when strain rate raises, deformation twins unite together; furthermore, deformation twins become denser because the nucleation rating enhancing with strain rate increasing.     

不同应力上限和加载速率下的黄砂岩疲劳特性研究

为研究黄砂岩单轴疲劳加载的特性,开展了不同应力上限和加载速率下的单轴疲劳荷载试验。试验结果表明：黄砂岩的疲劳试验曲线受到单轴压缩应力—应变曲线的控制,疲劳极限变形与峰后对应变形一致;砂岩疲劳过程的不可逆变形和耗散能密度均具有三阶段演化规律,依据倒“S”型损伤模型,验证了黄砂岩疲劳损伤三阶段演化规律;分析认为三阶段规律的本质是砂岩的塑性变形和内部孔隙微裂纹生成以及扩展速度的不同所呈现的结果。研究表明应力上限和加载速率对疲劳寿命有显著影响,根据所得应力—寿命公式,可以估计砂岩在一定条件下的疲劳寿命。     

Deformation and failure of Zr<Subscript>57</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>5</Subscript>Al<Subscript>10</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>15.4</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>12.6</Subscript>/W particle composites under quasi-static and dynamic compression

We have investigated the mechanical behavior of a composite material consisting of a Zr₅₇Nb₅Al₁₀Cu_15.4Ni_12.6 metallic glass matrix with 60 vol pct tungsten particles under uniaxial compression over a range of strain rates from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁴ s⁻¹. In contrast to the behavior of single-phase metallic glasses, the failure strength of the composite increases with increasing strain rate. The composite shows substantially greater plastic deformation than the unreinforced glass under both quasi-static and dynamic loading. Under quasi-static loading, the composite specimens do not fail even at nominal plastic strains in excess of 30 pct. Under dynamic loading, fracture of the composite specimens is induced by shear bands at plastic strains of approximately 20 to 30 pct. We observed evidence of shear localization in the composite on two distinct length scales. Multiple shear bands with thicknesses less than 1 μm form under both quasi-static and dynamic loading. The large plastic deformation developed in the composite specimens is due to the ability of the tungsten particles both to initiate these shear bands and to restrict their propagation. In addition, the dynamic specimens also show shear bands with thicknesses on the order of 50 μm; the tungsten particles inside these shear bands are extensively deformed. We propose that thermal softening of the tungsten particles results in a lowered constraint for shear band development, leading to earlier failure under dynamic loading.     

Plastic deformation of CVD textured tungsten—I. Constitutive response

The constitutive response of CVD textured tungsten in 〈001〉, 〈011〉 and random orientations under uniaxial compression subjected to a range of strain rates is investigated. Both 〈001〉 and 〈011〉 textured specimens revealed a strong strain rate sensitivity. The 〈001〉 specimens showed large ductility at all strain rates and significant strain softening during high strain rate deformation. The 〈011〉 texture undergoes homogenous deformation under quasi-static loading but failed prematurely due to extensive grain boundary cracking during high strain rate loading. The random orientation specimens exhibited brittle failure. The temperature rise during high strain rate deformation was measured using high speed infrared detectors. A physically based crystal plasticity model motivated by dislocation reactions in b.c.c. metals is outlined. The model predicts the dependence of constitutive response on the texture in tungsten polycrystals and suggests that the transverse tensile stresses which develop in 〈011〉 orientation due to the crystallographic asymmetry could be responsible for observed grain boundary cracking.     

Embrittlement of amorphous Fe40Ni38Mo4B18 alloy by electrolytic hydrogen

The effects of hydrogen on the tensile properties and fracture processes at room temperature were investigated. Specimens were tested at various strain rates in air or under different cathodic charging-current densities. The slopes of the stress-strain curves were essentially identical for all the specimens, except that the fracture points varied under different test conditions. Macroscopically, hydrogen only affected the elastic deformation behavior, but microscopically, the embrittlement was caused by the heterogeneous nucleation of localized plastic deformation. The degree of hydrogen embrittlement increased as the charging current increased or as the strain rate decreased. With the same charging current and time, longer dynamic charging resulted in more severe embrittlement. Before fracture took place, the strength of the alloy could be completely restored if hydrogen had been removed. Hydrogen diffusivity and solubility were used to draw the time-dependent hydrogen concentration profiles for the specimens under different charging conditions. The difference in the mechanical properties was correlated with the hydrogen concentration within the specimen. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University.     

Seismic Rehabilitation of Corner RC Beam-Column Joints Using CFRP Composites

In this paper, efficiency and effectiveness of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) in upgrading the shear strength and ductility of seismically deficient corner or knee reinforced concrete beam-column joints have been studied. For this purpose, four as-built corner/knee joints were constructed with no transverse reinforcement, representing extreme case of preseismic code design construction practice of joints and encompassing many existing beam-column corner joints. Out of these four as-built specimens, two specimens were used as baseline specimens (control specimens) and other two were strengthened with CFRP sheets under two different schemes (strengthened specimens). In the first scheme, CFRP sheets were epoxy bonded to joint, beams, and part of the column regions. In the second scheme, however, sheets were epoxy bonded to joint region only but they were effectively prevented against any possible debonding through mechanical anchorages. All these four subassemblages were subjected to cyclic lateral load histories to simulate loading due to earthquake and provide the equivalent of severe earthquake damage. The damaged control specimens were then repaired by filling their cracks through epoxy and externally bonding them with CFRP sheets under the same above two schemes. These repaired specimens were subjected to the similar cyclic lateral load history and their response histories were obtained. Response histories of control, repaired, and strengthened specimens were then compared. The results were compared through hysteretic loops, load-displacement envelopes, column profiles, ductility, and stiffness degradation. The comparison shows that CFRP sheets are very effective in improving shear resistance and deformation capacity of the corner beam-column joints and delaying their stiffness degradation. Shear capacities of control, repaired, and strengthened specimens were also predicted using writers’ published formulation. The predicted shear capacities were in a good agreement with the experimental values.     

Mn-Si-Cr系Q&P钢的准静态、动态力学行为对比

利用万能试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对Mn-Si-Cr系Q&P钢分别进行了准静态和动态压缩试验。在应变速率为0.001、0.01、0.1 s-1和900、1 500、2 200、3 000 s-1情况下分别得到了准静态和动态压缩真应力-真应变曲线,并利用扫描电子显微镜进行压缩后的显微组织和断口分析,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对压缩变形试样进行物相分析。结果表明,准静态和动态压缩变形条件下,试验钢的真应力-真应变曲线均可大致分为弹性变形和塑性变形2个阶段,且没有明显的屈服平台。准静态压缩条件下应变速率强化效果不明显但应变强化效应较显著。动态压缩条件下应变强化效应不明显,但展现出一定的应变速率强化效应。准静态变形后,试样中心区域板条组织倾向沿近水平方向(垂直于压缩方向)定向排布。动态变形后,约有1/3试样发生了断裂,未发生断裂的试样中心出现45°方向剪切带,其附近板条组织发生了“屈曲”。准静态变形后残余奥氏体含量下降明显,而动态压缩试样中,残余奥氏体含量只有略微下降,且块状M/A岛内部出现扭曲变形与开裂,这可能是导致部分试样断裂的诱因。动态压缩破坏试样断口整体呈现45°剪切断裂,一端发生微孔聚集性断裂,另外一端发生剪切断裂。     

Mn-Si-Cr系Q&P钢的准静态、动态力学行为对比

利用万能试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)对Mn-Si-Cr系Q&P钢分别进行了准静态和动态压缩试验。在应变速率为0.001、0.01、0.1 s-1和900、1 500、2 200、3 000 s-1情况下分别得到了准静态和动态压缩真应力-真应变曲线,并利用扫描电子显微镜进行压缩后的显微组织和断口分析,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对压缩变形试样进行物相分析。结果表明,准静态和动态压缩变形条件下,试验钢的真应力-真应变曲线均可大致分为弹性变形和塑性变形2个阶段,且没有明显的屈服平台。准静态压缩条件下应变速率强化效果不明显但应变强化效应较显著。动态压缩条件下应变强化效应不明显,但展现出一定的应变速率强化效应。准静态变形后,试样中心区域板条组织倾向沿近水平方向(垂直于压缩方向)定向排布。动态变形后,约有1/3试样发生了断裂,未发生断裂的试样中心出现45°方向剪切带,其附近板条组织发生了“屈曲”。准静态变形后残余奥氏体含量下降明显,而动态压缩试样中,残余奥氏体含量只有略微下降,且块状M/A岛内部出现扭曲变形与开裂,这可能是导致部分试样断裂的诱因。动态压缩破坏试样断口整体呈现45°剪切断裂,一端发生微孔聚集性断裂,另外一端发生剪切断裂。