用半导体探测器测量1.5-60keV的X射线

本文阐述X射线能谱测量用的半导体探测器,对硅与锗X射线探测器进行了比较。扼要介绍了X荧光分析用的探测器的制备方法和性能,分析了影响探测器效率的因素。实际量测了1.5-60keV的X和低能γ射线。对于能量>5keV的X射线,探测效率用~(241)Am源刻度,<5keV时,用玻璃荧光源测量窗吸收及其他效率损失的标准技术。测量结果与文献发表过的数据进行了比较。     

用GUPIXWIN软件解谱的PIXE分析系统刻度

使用标准样品比较法,通过计算校正GUPIXWIN中的刻度因子H,对使用GUPIXWIN软件解谱的PIXE分析系统进行了刻度。分析了测得的H值随能量变化的原因,并用刻度后的PIXE系统分析了1组大气颗粒物样品。将GUPIXWIN分析结果与AXIL解谱的结果进行了比较,绝大多数测量结果相对偏差在±10%以内。     

直接测量~(109)Cd活度

~(100)Cd是一个重要的低能γ射线源和X射线源,其半衰期为462.6d。广泛地用于刻度半导体谱仪的效率和X射线荧光分析中作为X射线源。本文介绍了利用4πβ(PPC),4πβ(L,S)和4πe-γ符合法测量~(109)Cd活度的原理,并对几朴方法作了比较和讨论。     

10-50kV X射线水吸收剂量的测量与研究

X射线水吸收剂量是辐射剂量学的重要物理量,它的精确测量在放射治疗中至关重要。开展低能X射线水吸收剂量的研究与测量,可为完善水吸收剂量溯源体系及扩宽计量部门校准范围提供重要技术支持。确定低能X射线水吸收剂量的测量方法,在辐射场中使用PTW23344电离室对10-50 k V的治疗水平辐射质下的X射线水吸收剂量进行了测量。最终得到了电离室的水吸收剂量刻度因子N_D以及厚度为6 cm有机玻璃前表面的水吸收剂量D_W。本项工作为建立国内X射线水吸收剂量标准及进行国际比对提供了条件和基础。     

基于VME总线的FADC数据采集系统的建立

Flash ADC可以记录实验中的完整电流或电压波形,为实验数据的离线分析提供更多的信息.本工作利用CAEN V729A四通道40MHz FADC以及峰敏感V785N ADC插件,建立了基于Linux操作系统和VME总线的小型实验数据获取系统.该系统将用作暗物质探测实验中反冲核抑制因子的中子散射测量实验研究的数据获取,并根据实验要求利用系列低能γ(X)射线对该数据采集系统支持的高纯锗(HPGe)探测器进行了能量刻度,得到了高纯锗(HPGe)探测器系统的能量线形和可探测的能量低阈值.     

~(75)Se和~(113)Sn的KX射线发射几率测量

用54 Mn、57Co、6 5Zn、85Sr、10 9Cd、137Cs等核素发射的KX射线和I(KX) /I(γ)比值法在 5～ 4 0keV范围内对Si(Li)探测器的效率进行了刻度 (不确定度小于 2 % )。在此基础上 ,用Si(Li)X射线谱仪系统和HPGeγ射线谱仪系统对核素75Se和113Sn的主γ射线和KX射线进行了测量 ,获得了75Se和113Sn的KX射线发射几率 ,并与文献报道值进行了比较     

乳腺X射线基准装置能谱研究

介绍了乳腺X射线基准装置及其辐射野特性。根据钼靶X射线光机的各项参数,建立了蒙卡模拟的模型,使用蒙特卡罗软件模拟了光机的能谱。介绍了用于低能光子能谱测量的硅漂移探测器(SDD),并使用三种放射源对探测器进行了能量刻度,得到了能量与道址的线性关系。使用刻度好的硅漂移探测器进行了乳腺X射线基准能谱测量实验,测得了四个不同管电压下基准装置的能谱,实验结果与理论模拟结果吻合。     

凸度检测系统中X光机参数对厚度测量精度的影响

X射线凸度检测技术可在线获得板带材的断面轮廓并反馈到连轧系统实现实时凸度控制,在冶金工业中得到广泛应用,是冶金自动化中的关键技术。该项技术存在厚度测量范围大、测量精度要求高的特点。本文通过理论分析厚度测量精度与X光机管电压和管电流的关系,得到X光机管电流是决定系统极限测量精度的主要因素,X光机管电压是决定系统测量厚度范围的主要因素。在此基础上给出了由测量精度确定管电流的方法和由测量范围确定管电压的方法,为系统X光机的选型和测量档位设定提供指导依据。     

Mo靶X射线空气比释动能及校准因子测量

使用低能X射线自由空气基准电离室对乳腺Mo靶X射线场的空气比释动能进行量值复现,利用绝对测量方法测得电离电流值,结合相关修正因子计算得到该辐射场中600 mm处四个辐射质的空气比释动能值;在同一点处使用传递电离室RC6M进行测量,得到该电离室的刻度因子,与BIPM所测得的刻度因子相差最大为0.13%,在不确定度范围内相符。     

铝箔分辨法测量钍射气研究

为了实现~(222)Rn和~(220)Rn的分辨测量,研究确定了α射线损失能量与铝箔阻挡厚度的关系,利用氡子体发射的6.00 MeV(218Po)和7.69 MeV(214Po)α射线进行了实验验证,并确定了氡钍分辨的铝箔较优阻挡厚度为46.60μm。将包裹该厚度铝箔的探测器置于220Rn室内开展照射实验,得到钍射气及其子体的刻度系数分别为0.53 Tr·cm~(-2)/(k Bq·m~(-3)·h)和7.3 Tr·cm~(-2)/(k Bq·m~(-3)·h)。建立的铝箔分辨法可有效用于222Rn和220Rn的分辨测量。     

桶装核废物SGS检测层间串扰校正技术

分层γ扫描技术是针对桶装核废物样品定性、定量无损检测与分析的一种重要方法。分层γ扫描时,探测器在测量当前层的时候会受到临近层放射性的干扰,层间串扰是导致样品核素总量检测值与实际值产生较大误差的重要因素之一。通过层间补偿的方法确定核废物桶每层样品的校正系数,采用蒙特卡罗(Monte-Carlo,MC)模拟与实验测量对探测张角覆盖废物桶的体积重叠部分进行准确校正。实验结果表明,废物桶样品校正值与实验值误差均在10%以内,精确度提高了5%。在测量和计算误差存在的条件下,可以准确估计出放射性废物桶内核素放射性活度,提高检测精度。     

Micro-crystalline inclusions analysis by PIXE and RBS

A characteristic feature of the nuclear microprobe using a 3 MeV proton beam is the long range of particles (around 70 μm in light matrices). The PIXE method, with EDS analysis and using the multilayer approach for treating the X-ray spectrum allows the chemistry of an intra-crystalline inclusion to be measured, provided the inclusion roof and thickness at the impact point of the beam (Z and e, respectively) are known (the depth of the inclusion floor is Z + e). The parameter Z of an inclusion in a mineral can be measured with a precision of around 1 μm using a motorized microscope. However, this value may significantly depart from Z if the analyzed inclusion has a complex shape. The parameter e can hardly be measured optically. By using combined RBS and PIXE measurements, it is possible to obtain the geometrical information needed for quantitative elemental analysis. This paper will present measurements on synthetic samples to investigate the advantages of the technique, and also on natural solid and fluid inclusions in quartz. The influence of the geometrical parameters will be discussed with regard to the concentration determination by PIXE. In particular, accuracy of monazite micro-inclusion dating by coupled PIXE-RBS will be presented.     

The effect of oxides on PIXE measurements

The presence of oxides on metallic samples used for PIXE analysis affects quantitative measurements. This effect has been calculated based on thick target analysis on layers of different compositions. The ratio of oxidized metal yield to clean metal yield is seen to depend on proton energy and on oxide thickness. Calculations are presented for oxides of Al, Si, Fe, and Cu, and applied to experimental data on Si. The method may be applied to measuring thicknesses of oxides of known stoichiometry.     

波长色散X射线荧光光谱法快速测定铂铑合金中铂和铑的含量

采用波长色散X射线荧光(X-ray fluorescence,XRF)光谱法对铂铑合金中Pt和Rh的含量进行测定,建立了一种Pt和Rh的分析测量方法。实验设定波长色散XRF光谱仪激发电压为60 k V、电流为50 m A,采用100mm的黄铜滤光片、间距300mm的准直器、PX10分光晶体和闪烁探测器对Pt的La线和Rh的Ka线进行分析测量;为消除样品杯罩产生的干扰使用直径27 mm的准直器面罩。应用经验系数法对基体效应进行了校正,建立了Pt和Rh的校正曲线,其K值和RMS值(均方根偏差)较小,线性相关性较好。分析结果表明,Pt和Rh的相对误差分别小于0.09%和0.54%,相对标准偏差分别为0.11%和0.17%(n=10),检出限分别为208mg·g~(-1)和37mg·g~(-1),该方法能准确可靠地测定铂铑合金中Pt和Rh的含量,单样分析时间仅需74 s。将该方法应用到铂铑合金配制生产过程中,Pt和Rh的测定结果与配方值的相对误差分别小于0.06%和0.20%。在铂铑合金稀释熔炼中,对稀释后样品的Rh含量进行测量,其测量结果与计算值的相对误差低于0.29%。该方法能够满足大批量铂铑合金样品的分析需求,为生产实践提供准确可靠的科学数据。     

Accurate quantification resulting from precise beam monitoring and calibration

PIXE investigations in Heidelberg utilize very different target types for which analogous standards are very rarely available. Standardless quantitative measurements are therefore the preferred method. This asks for precise beam monitoring and accurate calibration of the setup for the conversion from X-ray counts to concentrations. It will be shown that our beam monitor enables us to measure beam currents down to 1 pA with a precision of ≈ 0.5%.

The computer code GUPIX which we use to quantify our results offers the possibility to use a calibration function H(E) rather than one constant only. H(E) has been measured, leading to an overall accuracy for quantification of 5% even for trace elements.     

X射线测厚仪刻度校正模型的研究

本文提出了新的模型来描述X射线测厚仪中射线在穿过被测物质时的衰减规律。利用已知厚度的若干标定片的实测数据点,针对不同数据点数量、不同数据点分布等多种情况,对比此模型和其他文献中的刻度校正模型。结果表明,由此模型计算的衰减曲线与实验数据符合良好,且当标定数据点数量减少及分布改变时,此模型仍具有较高的精度,误差的稳定性超过其他模型。     

Thermal–hydraulic analysis for a sodium-heated steam generator using a multi-shell method

A multi-shell analysis method has been applied to predict the Thermal–hydraulics in a steam generator of a liquid metal reactor. The method is intended to improve the calculation accuracy for temperature profiles at a wide range of heat exchange rates in a large sized steam generator for the future plant. The calculation accuracy has been examined using experimental 50 MWth steam generator test data that were measured during 1970's–1980's. The calculation results of temperature profiles were compared with experimental data at 20, 30, 50, 75, 90, and 100% of nominal operating condition. Responses for the stepwise flow rate variations were also evaluated. In conclusion, the calculation accuracy for the temperature profile in the steam generator was improved by using the multi-shell analysis method for a wide range of heat exchange rates.     

Quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis for unknown samples using full-spectrum least-squares regression

The full-spectrum least-squares(FSLS) method is introduced to perform quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis for unknown solid samples.Based on the conventional least-squares principle, this spectrum evaluation method is able to obtain the background-corrected and interference-free net peaks, which is significant for quantization analyses. A variety of analytical parameters and functions to describe the features of the fluorescence spectra of pure elements are used and established, such as the mass absorption coefficient, the Gi factor, and fundamental fluorescence formulas. The FSLS iterative program was compiled in the C language. The content of each component should reach the convergence criterion at the end of the calculations. After a basic theory analysis and experimental preparation, 13 national standard soil samples were detected using a spectrometer to test the feasibility of using the algorithm. The results show that the calculated contents of Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn have the same changing tendency as the corresponding standard content in the 13 reference samples. Accuracies of 0.35% and 14.03% are obtained, respectively, for Fe and Ti, whose standard concentrations are 8.82% and 0.578%, respectively. However, the calculated results of trace elements (only tens of lg/g) deviate from the standard values. This may be because of measurement accuracy and mutual effects between the elements.     

Residual stress analysis of an Overlay weld and a repair weld on the dissimilar Butt weld

Both the experiment and FE analysis were performed to estimate the residual stresses at the parts of the dissimilar metal welds. The specimen of the dissimilar Butt welds was manufactured, and the residual stresses of this specimen were measured by the X-ray method and a Hole Drilling Technique. The values measured by two experimental methods showed a big deviation at the SUS 316L plate. Consequently, the experimental methods to estimate the residual stresses are not a superior method. The Butt FEM Model on this specimen was developed and analyzed by the ABAQUS Code. The results of the FE analysis were compared with those of the experimental methods. As a whole, the values of the Butt FEM Model showed a trend which was in agreement with the experimental values and the values of FE analysis were found reasonable. The Repair FEM Model and the Overlay FEM Model were developed and analyzed by the ABAQUS Code. The values of these results were also found reasonable data even if the experimental methods be not performed. Therefore, the residual stresses for the dissimilar metal welds can be estimated by an analysis with an appropriate FEM Model without the experimental methods.     

Detection limit improvement for Mg in marine foraminiferal calcite by using helium induced X-ray emission

New efforts focus on tools which enable the reconstruction of past climates. For example, the Mg/Ca atomic ratio in marine Foraminifera starts to be used as a proxy for ocean water mass temperature. Because both, Mg content is very low (<1000 ppm) in the calcite shell and samples are difficult to collect, it is necessary to develop non-destructive techniques allowing accurate measurements. We present here a means to improve the detection limit of Mg in thick CaCO₃ samples by using helium ions instead of protons to induce X-ray emission. We determine the Mg/Ca concentration ratio of standard CaCO₃ powders and Globigerinoides ruber Foraminifera collected in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The results show a decrease in the Mg/Ca ratio with the water depth indicating that the temperature record is partially altered by dissolution processes which should be taken into account in a future calibration model.