2 MWt液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆滞留盘管优化设计

液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆滞留盘管是熔盐堆尾气处理系统的重要核安全级设备,为尾气中短寿命核素衰变提供封闭环境,同时去除衰变热,降低其后碘吸附床和活性炭吸附床的温度。本文介绍了业主提供的2 MWt液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆滞留盘管原设计方案中存在的问题及结构优化后的新设计方案。优化后的滞留盘管设计方案具有散热性好、泄漏点少（焊缝少）、容易施焊、便于检测监控维修、用材少等优点,具有较好的可靠性和经济性。      

2MW液态钍基熔盐实验堆主屏蔽温度场分析

反应堆主屏蔽是核反应堆的重要组成部分,用来有效降低反应堆运行时屏蔽体外的辐射剂量水平,以满足反应堆部件材料对辐射限制的要求。温度是影响反应堆主屏蔽性能的重要因素。针对2 MWth液态熔盐堆(2-MW liquid-fueled molten salt experimental reactor,TMSR-LF1),采用MCNP软件获得功率分布后,利用Fluent软件对主屏蔽进行温度场计算。计算过程中利用Python语言编写了程序(MCNP to Fluent,MTF)来实现将MCNP(Monte Carlo N Particle Transport Code)计算结果转换为功率密度的空间分布,以用户自定义函数(User-Defined Function,UDF)形式导入到Fluent,解决了MCNP计算结果不能直接导入到Fluent的问题,并分别计算了TMSR-LF1熔盐堆不同环境温度下的主屏蔽温度场分布情况。结果表明,在环境温度为5°C、18°C、25°C、30°C、35°C、40°C情况下,TMSR-LF1熔盐堆主屏蔽普通混凝土墙温度均低于要求限值,达到设计要求。     

液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆主体装置厂房总体布置研究

为实现2 MW液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆（TMSR）主体装置厂房的合理紧凑型总体布置设计,本研究根据熔盐堆堆型特征、顶层设计和系统功能需求,确定了主体装置厂房总体设计特征,探讨了TMSR关键设备及物项的相对位置特点;同时通过合理规划厂房功能分区和设备布置,最终得到了该厂房的总体布置方案。通过本项目的实施,为实现TMSR的系统集成以及验证提供了基础平台,为小型模块化钍基熔盐示范堆的设计和建设提供技术支持及经验。     

2MW液态钍基熔盐实验堆气载放射性流出物近场扩散的数值模拟

气载放射性流出物在近场范围内的扩散是核设施环境影响评价研究的重要内容之一,传统的高斯模型由于受到复杂建筑物的影响导致计算结果偏差比较大,不宜用于近场扩散的数值模拟。本文采用计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法以2 MW液态钍基熔盐实验堆的拟定场址为研究对象,开展放射性气态流出物在近场范围内分布规律的研究,分析风速、烟囱高度、风向等参数对气态流出物大气弥散因子分布的影响。结果表明,对于高架排放,由烟羽抬升的影响使得风速越大近场范围的放射性核素大气弥散因子越高;在下风向建筑群迎风侧均易出现放射性核素集聚区,烟囱高度越低集聚现象越明显。本研究的结果可为熔盐堆场区辐射环境影响评价及建筑物的布局、核应急提供参考依据。     

2MWt液态燃料钍基熔盐实验堆仪控系统纵深防御设计与分析

研究堆的安全设计要求仪控系统具有纵深防御的特点,其设计需满足研究堆的总纵深防御目标,保证在堆的各种运行工况条件下,能可靠执行监测、控制、保护、报警等功能.为了保证实验堆仪控系统的设计满足我国及国际法规的要求,本文详细论述了研究堆仪控系统的纵深防御设计并对其与标准的符合性进行了分析.通过分析,得出了实验堆仪控系统纵深防御...     

HFETR氙毒效应计算分析

使用数值方法并通过程序的改进完善,在高通量工程试验堆(HFETR)某炉次装载方案的基础上进行不同工况下的氙毒效应计算研究,得到HFETR以不同功率运行相同积分功率、以不同功率运行不同积分功率后紧急停堆的氙毒效应曲线。结果表明理论计算与HFETR实际运行工况相符,对HFETR安全运行具有指导意义,本文计算研究结果已成功应用到HFETR实际运行中。     

基于确定论方法的液态燃料熔盐堆燃料管理程序开发及验证

由于熔盐堆液态燃料的流动、在线添料和后处理特性,现有的固态堆燃料管理程序不再适用于熔盐堆的燃耗计算分析.在自主开发的确定论节块法程序ThorCORE3D的基础上,耦合截面加工模块以及燃耗计算模块,开发了适用于液态燃料熔盐堆的燃料管理分析程序ThorNEMFM,以实现熔盐堆在线添料和裂变产物在线处理等功能.基于熔盐实验堆...     

10 MW固态燃料熔盐实验堆安全分析关键技术初步研究

钍基熔盐反应堆(Thorium Molten Salt Reactor,TMSR)项目是中国科学院科技先导项目之一。基于10 MW热功率熔盐反应堆-固体燃料(Thorium Molten Salt Reactor-Solid Fuel,TMSR-SF)的设计,对TMSR的关键技术安全分析进行了初步研究。TMSR-SF与现有反应堆之间的差异对核安全审查提出挑战,TMSR-SF审查方法的研究将准备其安全审查的技术和要求。固态燃料熔盐实验堆安全分析关键技术初步研究包含4个方面:堆芯核设计关键安全限值、事故序列及验收准则、源项及其审评方法和验收准则、概率安全评价方法和始发事件。首先对其它类型反应堆的安全审查方法进行了研究,对其关键参数和重要规定做了概述,并借鉴了高温气体冷堆和钠冷却快堆的审评要求和方法;然后使用蒙特卡罗和其他方法、模型来计算TMSR-SF的关键参数。应用逻辑图方法讨论概率风险评价(Probabilistic Risk Assessment,PRA)方法和始发事件清单。在本研究中,计算了核心核设计安全限值,研究和讨论事故列表和分类,讨论了TMSR-SF的PRA框架和始发事件清单,该研究将支持TMSR-SF的安全审查和安全设计。     

熔盐快堆Th-U燃料循环增殖性能分析

熔盐快堆是当前国际上关注的热点之一,本文基于堆芯结构双流体方案,即裂变熔盐燃料和增殖熔盐介质各自独立冷却循环,利用氟化或氯化熔盐中钍铀重金属盐高温下的高溶解度特性,获得熔盐快堆的高增殖。通过比较钍铀燃料循环熔盐快堆的三种可行性熔盐燃料方案(LiF+ThF_4+UF_4、NaF+ThF_4+UF_4和NaCl+ThCl_3+UCl_3),采用基于反应堆安全分析和设计的综合性模拟程序SCALE(Standardized Computer Analyses for Licensing Evaluation),计算了中子能谱、反应性温度系数,分析了增殖比BR(breeding ratio)受反应堆裂变区、增殖区和ZrC中子反射层的尺寸影响、熔盐中~6Li和~(35)Cl同位素丰度的影响,以及熔盐密度误差对BR计算值的准确性影响、易裂变核素随反应堆运行时间演化等。在钍铀燃料循环熔盐快堆中,通过优化处理得到三种熔盐燃料方案的增殖比BR约为1.2。     

熔盐快堆U-Pu燃料循环增殖性能分析

熔盐快堆增殖是当前国际上关注的热点,本文基于堆芯结构双流体方案,利用氟化或氯化熔盐中铀钚重金属盐高温下的高溶解度特性,获得熔盐快堆的高增殖。对铀钚燃料循环熔盐快堆的三种可行性熔盐燃料方案(LiF+PuF_4+UF_4、NaF+PuF_4+UF_4和NaCl+PuCl_3+UCl_3),采用基于反应堆安全分析和设计的综合性模拟程序SCALE(Standardized Computer Analyses for Licensing Evaluation),计算了中子能谱、反应性温度系数。分析了增殖比BR(Breeding Ratio)受反应堆裂变区、增殖区和中子反射层的尺寸影响,熔盐中~6Li和~(35)Cl同位素丰度对BR的影响,以及BR随运行时间动态变化。计算结果表明:氯盐方案(BR=1.46)与两种氟盐方案(BR≈1.06)相比较,具有更大的增殖能力优势。结合熔盐相图、BR随重金属摩尔浓度变化和BR最大值随熔盐平均工作温度变化曲线,可以在熔盐快堆设计中快速确定熔盐的工作温度、重金属摩尔浓度和反应堆增殖比。     

Transition toward thorium fuel cycle in a molten salt reactor by using plutonium

The molten salt reactor(MSR), as one of the Generation Ⅳ advanced nuclear systems, has attracted a worldwide interest due to its excellent performances in safety, economics, sustainability, and proliferation resistance. The aim of this work is to provide and evaluate possible solutions to fissile 233 U production and further the fuel transition to thorium fuel cycle in a thermal MSR by using plutonium partitioned from light water reactors spent fuel. By using an in-house developed tool, a breeding and burning(BB) scenario is first introduced and analyzed from the aspects of the evolution of main nuclides, net 233 U production, spectrum shift, and temperature feedback coefficient. It can be concluded that such a Th/Pu to Th/~(233)U transition can be accomplished by employing a relatively fast fuel reprocessing with a cycle time less than 60 days. At the equilibrium state, the reactor can achieve a conversion ratio of about 0.996 for the 60-day reprocessing period(RP) case and about 1.047 for the 10-day RP case.The results also show that it is difficult to accomplish such a fuel transition with limited reprocessing(RP is 180 days),and the reactor operates as a converter and burns the plutonium with the help of thorium. Meanwhile, a prebreeding and burning(PBB) scenario is also analyzed briefly with respect to the net 233 U production and evolution of main nuclides. One can find that it is more efficient to produce 233 U under this scenario, resulting in a double time varying from about 1.96 years for the 10-day RP case to about 6.15 years for the 180-day RP case.     

熔盐冷冻壁应用中关键工艺影响因素研究

在熔盐堆燃料干法处理流程中,处理设备面临着严重的材质腐蚀问题。熔盐冷冻壁技术被视为保护相关设备耐受化学腐蚀的有效方法,而冷冻壁厚度的稳定控制是干法处理流程应用冷冻壁技术实现处理工艺目的的关键。基于自行研制的冷冻壁实验装置,模拟了干法处理中熔盐冷冻壁的应用工况,考察了导热油进口温度、熔盐初始温度、加热器功率、冷冻壁初始厚度对冷冻壁厚度变化的影响,得到了各个因素的影响规律,并总结了最佳的应用工艺条件。利用热流量的变化分析了冷冻壁厚度变化的原因:热流量越大,冷冻壁厚度减小量越大,达到平衡时,热流量越大,冷冻壁平衡厚度越小。通过实验数据拟合得到了线热流密度与冷冻壁平衡厚度的关系式,平均相对误差11.2%。     

小型模块化熔盐快堆燃料管理初步分析

由于燃料随熔盐流动的特性以及可以进行在线添料与处理的特点,液态燃料熔盐堆的燃耗分析与燃料管理和传统固态燃料反应堆有很大不同,需要针对液态燃料熔盐堆的特点重新开发燃耗分析与管理程序。本文针对液态燃料熔盐堆的熔盐流动特性以及在线添料与处理功能,基于MCNP5和ORIGEN2.1燃耗耦合程序,开发了适用于液态燃料熔盐堆的燃料管理程序,并应用于一种小型模块化熔盐快堆的燃料管理和分析,对比分析了5种不同运行方案以及分批在线添料情况下,运行30年期间keff的变化情况及重要核素的演化情况。计算结果表明,采用不断调整添料率的连续在线添料运行方案和固定批量添料的运行方案,都可以让小型模块化熔盐快堆维持运行在一个较小的keff波动范围之内。开发的燃料管理程序适用于液态燃料熔盐堆的研究,同时可以为液态燃料熔盐堆的设计及燃耗管理和分析提供有价值的参考。     

The influence of Xe-135m on steady-state xenon worth in thermal molten salt reactors

There has been a resurgence of interest in fuel-in-salt Molten Salt Reactors (MSR); a number of governments and private companies are currently undertaking efforts to develop and commercialize MSR technology. Recent nuclear models used in the TENDL nuclear data library have estimated the cross section of the metastable state of ¹³⁵Xe, ^135mXe, to have a much larger cross section than the ground state of ¹³⁵Xe. Thermal MSRs with continual online noble gas stripping of the fuel salt can operate in a regime where ^135mXe makes up a notable fraction of the xenon worth, necessitating the implementation of these new cross-sections in the neutronic analysis of these advanced reactor types. To estimate the effect of ^135mXe on reactor operation, a simplified mathematical model was produced with one neutron energy group and ^135mXe cross section data from the TENDL-2015 nuclear data library. ²³⁵U and ²³³U systems were investigated. It was found that the steady-state xenon reactivity worth was considerably higher for some modes of operation when ^135mXe was included in the xenon worth calculations. Based on available literature, it was found that proposed MSR concepts may operate in the modes of operation where ^135mXe has a notable impact on steady-state xenon worth. This work highlights the need to include ^135mXe in MSR models and the importance of acquiring evaluated cross-sections for ^135mXe.     

Burnup optimization of once-through molten salt reactors using enriched uranium and thorium

The advantages of once-through molten salt reactors include readily available fuel,low nuclear proliferation risk,and low technical difficulty.It is potentially the most easily commercialized fuel cycle mode for molten salt reactors.However,there are some problems in the parameter selection of once-through molten salt reactors,and the relevant burnup optimization work requires further analysis.This study examined once-through graphitemoderated molten salt reactor using enriched uranium and thori...     

Structural investigation of thorium in molten lithium-calcium fluoride mixtures for salt treatment process in molten salt reactor

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements on thorium fluoride in molten lithium-calcium fluoride mixtures and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of zirconium and yttrium fluoride in molten lithium-calcium fluoride mixtures have been carried out. In the molten state, coordination number of thorium (N_i) and inter ionic distances between thorium and fluorine in the first neighbor (r_i) are nearly constant in all mixtures. However the fluctuation factors (Debye-Waller factor (σ²) and C₃ cumulant) increase until xCaF₂ = 0.17 and decrease by addition of excess CaF₂. It means that the local structure around Th⁴⁺ is disordered until xCaF₂ = 0.17 and stabilized over xCaF₂ = 0.17. The variation of fluctuation factors is related to the number density of F⁻ in ThF₄ mixtures and the stability of local structure around Th⁴⁺ increases with decreasing the number density of F⁻ in ThF₄ mixtures. This tendency is common to those in the ZrF₄ and YF₃ mixtures. However, in the case of YF₃ mixtures, the local structure around Y³⁺ becomes disordered until xCaF₂ = 0.40 and it becomes stabilized by addition of excess CaF₂. The difference between ThF₄ mixtures and YF₃ mixtures is related to the difference of Coulumbic interaction between Th⁴⁺-F⁻ and Y³⁺-F⁻. Therefore, the variation of local structure around cation is related to not only number density of F⁻ in molten salts but also the Coulumbic interaction between cation and anion.     

Steady thermal hydraulic analysis for a molten salt reactor

The Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) can meet the demand of transmutation and breeding. In this study, theoretical calculation of steady thermal hydraulic characteristics of a graphite-moderated channel type MSR is conducted. The DRAGON code is adopted to calculate the axial and radial power factor firstly. The flow and heat transfer model in the fuel salt and graphite are developed on basis of the fundamental mass, momentum and energy equations. The results show the detailed flow distribution in the core, and the temperature profiles of the fuel salt, inner and outer wall in the nine typical elements along the axial flow direction are also obtained.     

Improvements and validation of the transient analysis code MOREL for molten salt reactors

The liquid fuel salt used in the molten salt reactors (MSRs) serves as the fuel and coolant simultaneously. On the one hand, the delayed neutron precursors circulate in the whole primary loop and part of them decay outside the core. On the other hand, the fission heat is carried off directly by the fuel flow. These two features require new analysis method with the coupling of fluid flow, heat transfer and neutronics. In this paper, the recent update of MOREL code is presented. The update includes: (1) the improved quasi-static method for the kinetics equation with convection term is developed. (2) The multi-channel thermal hydraulic model is developed based on the geometric feature of MSR. (3) The Variational Nodal Method is used to solve the neutron diffusion equation instead of the original analytic basis functions expansion nodal method. The update brings significant improvement on the efficiency of MOREL code. And, the capability of MOREL code is extended for the real core simulation with feedback. The numerical results and experiment data gained from molten salt reactor experiment (MSRE) are used to verify and validate the updated MOREL code. The results agree well with the experimental data, which prove the new development of MOREL code is correct and effective.     

Conceptual design and analysis of a passive residual heat removal system for a 10 MW molten salt reactor experiment

A conceptual design of a passive residual heat removal system was developed for a 10 MW molten salt reactor experiment (MSRE) designed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The principle, main components and design parameters of the system were presented, and thermal-hydraulic behaviors, such as natural circulation and heat removal ability, were numerically analyzed in the code of C++, especially for the bayonet cooling thimbles. The results show that the system can effectively remove decay heat in the molten salt in an MSRE and has a heat removal rate that approximates to the decay heat generation rate, thus causing the temperature of the molten salt to decrease steadily. The width of the gas gap in the bayonet cooling thimbles has little effect on either the heat exchange or the natural circulation inside the thimbles, while the width of the steam riser, in spite of its slight effect on the heat transfer of the system, greatly influences the natural circulation. With the width of the steam riser increase from 3.6 to 5.1 mm, the mass flow rate increases from 1.9 kg/s to 4.79 kg/s. Finally, three operational schemes were proposed for the passive residual heat removal system, among which that of reducing the bayonet cooling thimbles by three-quarters had the best comprehensive performance.