一体化先进堆全厂断电事故下非能动余热排出系统能力分析

中国核动力研究设计院（NPIC）设计的中国一体化先进堆（CIP）余热排出系统是非能动系统。采用RELAP5／MOD程序分析计算该堆全厂断电事故后堆芯核功率、堆芯平均温度、一回路和二回路压力,以及非能动余热排出系统功率随时间的变化,论证了非能动余热排出系统对事故的缓解能力。分析结果表明,CIP在发生全厂断电事故后,完全能够依靠非能动余热排出系统导出堆芯余热,保证反应堆的安全。     

先进堆非能动余热排出系统应对全厂断电事故的能力分析

采用RELAP5/MOD程序对先进堆全厂断电事故进行分析计算,论证非能动余热排出系统对事故的缓解能力.分析表明,先进堆在发生全厂断电事故后,完全能够依靠非能动余热排出系统导出堆芯余热,保证反应堆的安全;先进堆非能动余热排出系统的设计总体上是成功的.     

池壳式研究堆全厂断电应对策略研究

池壳式布置常用于较高功率和较高压力的研究堆,堆本体采用压力壳方式,同时将压力壳浸入水池,有利于采用非能动方式导出堆芯余热,在全厂断电事故后,她有多种可能的余热导出方式。本文采用Relap5程序对某池壳式研究堆全厂断电下的应对策略进行了研究,分析了不同工况下的余热导出及堆芯安全情况,就不间断电源是否可用分别建议了事故后的应对措施。     

某游泳池式反应堆全厂断电事故分析

采用RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对某游泳池式反应堆的全厂断电事故工况进行计算,对堆内冷却剂流动逆转过程进行了模拟计算,并对全厂断电事故下堆芯漏流和组件间流动等相关参数对流动逆转的影响进行了深入分析。结果表明,该反应堆在失去全部强迫流动的情况下,能形成足够的自然循环流量,以导出堆芯余热,燃料组件不会发生破损。     

CPR1000非能动应急给水系统瞬态特性分析

利用RELAP5/MOD3.4程序对CPR1000压水堆在全厂断电事故下一回路主要参数的瞬态热工水力特性进行分析，验证CPR1000非能动应急给水系统(PEFWS)对事故的缓解能力。计算结果表明，CPR1000在发生全厂断电事故后，PEFWS完全可及时向蒸汽发生器补水，同时导出堆芯余热，保证反应堆处于安全状态，从而验证CPR1000PEFWS的设计成功。     

池式钠冷快堆事故余热排出系统一回路仿真研究

池式钠冷快堆事故余热排出系统采用了非能动工作原理,依靠液态钠及空气的自然对流排出堆芯余热。为研究事故工况下余热排出系统一回路的换热能力,基于FORTRAN语言,建立堆芯单通道及盒间流模型,采用全隐二阶迎风差分格式及改进的欧拉法离散求解,对事故余热排出系统一回路系统进行数值模拟,并对全厂断电事故进行仿真计算验证。结果表明:该程序能较好地反映事故余热排出系统瞬态变化过程,并可达到超实时仿真。     

中国铅基研究堆非能动余热排出系统可靠性分析

铅冷快堆是第四代核能系统推荐堆型之一,世界上多个铅冷快堆采用非能动余热排出系统。非能动系统中作为驱动的自然力与阻力在数量级上接近,由周边环境、材料参数的变化引起的波动不可忽略,因此需要研究非能动系统可靠性。改进了常用的响应面分析法,并应用于中国铅基研究堆反应堆容器空气冷却系统(Reactor Vessel Air Cooling System,RVACS)中。分析中使用流体计算软件Fluent模拟中国铅基研究堆RVACS系统的余热排出过程,研究了输入参数的不确定性对系统可靠性及反应堆安全产生的影响。在大量模拟数据的基础上结合神经网络法建立了输入参数不确定性和结果不确定性之间的映射关系,并以此分析RVACS非能动失效概率。分析结果表明在全厂断电的情况下,RVACS四组并联排热管中的两组也能够可靠地导出反应堆余热。     

池式研究堆高功率全厂断电事故分析

针对全厂断电事故的主要事件序列,采用RETRAN-02程序对某池式研究堆全厂断电事故的进程和关键热工参数进行分析,论证该反应堆对全厂断电事故的承受能力。分析表明,在发生全厂断电事故后,该反应堆能依靠主泵惰转、可靠电源供电的余热排除系统和自然对流方式导出堆芯的剩余发热,防止核安全事故的发生;由可靠电源供电的辅助冷却是缓解该事故的有效措施,其供电能力不小于1 h。     

49-2游泳池式反应堆全场断电事故与自然循环能力分析

在全场断电事故下,采用RELAP5/MOD3.3程序对49-2游泳池式反应堆系统热工水力参数瞬态特性进行计算分析,验证反应堆利用自然循环和自身负反应性对事故的缓解能力,并简要讨论了堆芯通道和主泵惰转对事故后果及进程的影响。计算结果表明,在49-2反应堆发生全场断电事故且紧急停堆系统失效后,反应堆可依靠自身的负反应性使反应堆处于停堆状态,并能形成稳定的自然循环,导出堆芯余热,验证了49-2反应堆在全场断电超设计基准事故中是安全的。     

ACME台架全厂断电事故试验研究

为研究AP型非能动核电厂全厂断电事故下的运行特性,利用大型非能动堆芯冷却系统整体试验（ACME）台架开展了试验研究,分析了主要的试验进程和关键参数的变化特点。研究结果表明：ACME台架全厂断电试验的事故序列及试验现象与已有分析一致,符合预期,试验再现了AP型非能动核电厂全厂断电的事故进程;在整个事故过程中,稳压器水位升高,但未发生满溢,非能动余热排出（PRHR）系统换热功率可与衰变功率达到平衡,堆芯余热可有效载出;堆芯补水箱（CMT）和安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）初始条件对非能动余热排出阶段的事故进程具有重要影响,在1列CMT投入失效或IRWST异常等不利初始条件下,模化后的非能动堆芯冷却系统(PXS)仍可满足事故验收准则。     

Natural circulation characteristics of lead-based reactor under long-term decay heat removal

The natural circulation of primary coolant plays an important role in removing the decay heat in Station-Black-out (SBO) accident from reactor core to decay heat removal systems, such as RVACS and PHXS cooling, for lead-based reactor. In order to study the natural circulation characteristics of primary coolant under Reactor Vessel Air Cooling System (RVACS) and primary heat exchangers (PHXs) cooling, which are crucial to the safety of lead-based reactors. A three-dimensional CFD model for the China Lead-based Research Reactor (CLEAR-I) has been built to analyze the thermal-hydraulics characteristics of primary coolant system and the cooling capability of the two systems. The abilities of the two cooling systems with different decay heat powers were discussed as well. The results demonstrated that the decay heat could be removed effectively only relying on either of the two systems. However, RVACS appeared the obvious thermal stratification phenomenon in the cold pool. Besides, with the increase in decay heat power, the natural circulation capacity of primary coolant between the two systems had a significant difference. The PHXs cooling system was stronger than the RVACS, with respect to the mass flow of primary coolant and the average temperature difference between cold pool and hot pool.     

全厂断电事故工况下小型铅铋快堆余热排出能力评价

小型铅铋快堆的非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）主要是为应对全厂断电（SBO）事故,但目前并不确定该PRHRS能否有效带走堆芯衰变热以保证堆芯安全,因此开展了数值分析研究评价PRHRS的余热排出能力。本文使用RELAP5 4.0程序开展了小型铅铋快堆SBO事故热工水力分析,首先进行稳态计算,之后将稳态结果作为初值进行瞬态计算。研究结果表明：在整个SBO事故中,包壳峰值温度最高为820 K,主容器与保护容器壁面最高温度分别为792 K和769 K,均未超过安全限值,表明此PRHRS可有效应对小型铅铋快堆SBO事故。本文研究可为小型铅铋快堆PRHRS的工程设计奠定技术基础。     

Lead-cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor

Lead-cooled reactor systems capable of accepting either zero or unity conversion ratio cores depending on the need to burn actinides or operate in a sustained cycle are presented. This flexible conversion ratio reactor is a pool-type 2400 MWt reactor coupled to four 600 MWt supercritical CO₂ (S-CO₂) power conversion system (PCS) trains through intermediate heat exchangers. The cores which achieve a power density of 112 kW/l adopt transuranic metallic fuel and reactivity feedbacks to achieve inherent shutdown in anticipated transients without scram, and lead coolant in a pool vessel arrangement. Decay heat removal is accomplished using a reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) complemented by a passive secondary auxiliary cooling system (PSACS). The transient simulation of station blackout (SBO) using the RELAP5-3D/ATHENA code shows that inherent shutdown without scram can be accommodated within the cladding temperature limit by the enhanced RVACS and a minimum (two) number of PSACS trains. The design of the passive safety systems also prevents coolant freezing in case all four of the PSACS trains are in operation. Both cores are also shown able to accommodate unprotected loss of flow (ULOF) and unprotected transient overpower (UTOP) accidents using the S-CO₂ PCS.     

静止和摇摆条件下浮动式核电站一二回路PRHRS特性分析

浮动式核电站长期在海洋环境中运行,各系统都会受到海洋运动条件的影响。非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）可在核电站发生全厂断电事故的情况下带出堆芯衰变余热,防止堆芯熔化,是重要的反应堆辅助系统。本文以一种采用海水作为最终热阱的浮动式核电站作为研究对象,分别设计了一回路和二回路PRHRS,开展了静止和摇摆条件下反应堆系统发生全厂断电事故的计算,对两种PRHRS在静止和摇摆条件下的运行特性进行了分析。研究表明,静止条件二回路PRHRS具有更强的带热能力,摇摆条件下一回路PRHRS的带热能力更加稳定。     

Development of the analysis tool for the water cooling type passive residual heat removal system of Chinese pressurized reactor

An innovative design for Chinese pressurized reactor is the steam generator (SG) secondary side water cooling passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS). The new design is expected to improve reliability and safety of the Chinese pressurized reactor during the event of feed line break or station blackout (SBO) accident. The new system is comprised of a SG, a cooling water pool, a heat exchanger (HX), an emergency makeup tank (EMT) and corresponding valves and pipes. In order to evaluate the reliability of the water cooling PRHRS, an analysis tool was developed based on the drift flux mixture flow model. The preliminary validation of the analysis tool was made by comparing to the experimental data of ESPRIT facility. Calculation results under both high pressure condition and low pressure condition fitted the experimental data remarkably well. A hypothetical SBO accident was studied by taking the residual power table under SBO accident as the input condition of the analysis tool. The calculation results showed that the EMT could supply the water to the SG shell side successfully during SBO accident. The residual power could be taken away successfully by the two-phase natural circulation established in the water cooling PRHRS loop. Results indicate the analysis tool can be used to study the steady and transient operating characteristics of the water cooling PRHRS during some accidents of the Chinese pressurized reactor. The present work has very important realistic significance to the engineering design and assessment of the water cooling PRHRS for Chinese NPPs.     

摇摆条件下海上浮动堆全厂断电事故分析

为研究海洋条件对海上浮动堆全厂断电事故后的事故进程及非能动安全系统运行特性的影响,通过建立海洋条件加速度场模型,基于RELAP5程序开发获得了适用于海上浮动堆的系统分析程序,并对程序进行了实验验证。利用所开发的程序通过建立双环路海上浮动堆及二次侧非能动余热排出系统的计算模型,开展了不同摇摆运动参数下海上浮动堆全厂断电事故的计算分析。计算结果表明,船体的横摇运动可加快全厂断电事故后浮动堆系统压力和温度的下降速度,堆芯余热能够被二次侧非能动余热排出系统有效导出;但横摇运动会造成事故后堆芯自然循环流量的显著降低,引起一回路系统和非能动余热排出系统中自然循环流量的大幅度振荡及周期性倒流。本文计算结果可为海上浮动堆非能动安全系统的设计提供参考。     

Thermal hydraulic design of a liquid salt-cooled flexible conversion ratio fast reactor

A 2400 MWth liquid-salt cooled flexible conversion ratio reactor was designed, utilizing the ternary chloride salt NaCl-KCl-MgCl₂ (30-20-50%) as coolant. The reference design uses a wire-wrapped, hexagonal lattice core, and is able to achieve a core power density of 130 kW/l with a core pressure drop of 700 kPa and a maximum cladding temperature under 650 °C. Four kidney-shaped conventional tube-in-shell heat exchangers are used to connect the primary system to a 545 °C supercritical CO₂ power conversion system. The core, intermediate heat exchangers, and reactor coolant pumps fit in a vessel approximately 10 m in diameter and less than 20 m high. Lithium expansion modules (LEMs) were used to reconcile conflicting thermal hydraulic and reactor physics requirements in the liquid salt core. Use of LEMs allowed the design of a very favorable reactivity response which greatly benefits transient mitigation. A reactor vessel auxiliary cooling system (RVACS) and four redundant passive secondary auxiliary cooling systems (PSACSs) are used to provide passive heat removal, and are able to successfully mitigate both the unprotected station blackout transient as well as protected transients in which a scram occurs. Additionally, it was determined that the power conversion system can be used to mitigate both a loss of flow accident and an unprotected transient overpower.     

HPR1000非能动堆腔注水冷却系统事故缓解能力评估

华龙一号（HPR1000）设计了堆腔注水冷却系统（CIS）以实现严重事故期间熔融物的堆内滞留（IVR）,该系统分为能动与非能动两列子系统,其中非能动CIS应对的是全厂断电（SBO）始发的严重事故工况。本文对非能动CIS的事故缓解能力进行评估。首先开发了下封头熔池换热计算程序并予以验证,使用MAAP程序对SBO严重事故序列及SBO叠加不同尺寸一回路破口始发的严重事故序列进行计算,并结合熔池换热计算程序得到不同事故序列下的压力容器外壁面最大热流密度,进而评估不同事故序列下非能动CIS的有效性。评估结果表明,非能动CIS可有效应对SBO始发的严重事故序列以及SBO叠加一回路破口尺寸小于60 mm始发的严重事故序列,实现IVR策略。评估结果可应用于HPR1000的严重事故管理。     

TMSR-SF2全厂断电事故分析

钍基熔盐堆-固态燃料二号堆(Thorium Molten Salt Reactor-Solid Fuel 2,TMSR-SF2)是基于球床熔盐堆SF1(Solid Fuel 1)的小型模块化升级堆型,这种新概念堆结合了两者的诸多优点,目前已经完成了预概念设计,对其进行典型事故的分析与安全特性的评估成为当前重要研究内容。本文基于Relap5/MOD4.0程序,建立了反应堆事故模型,进行了全厂断电事故的模拟,分析了反应性、反应堆功率、冷却剂温度和燃料温度等关键参数的变化规律。结果表明,SF2在全厂断电事故中具备高度安全性,其中固有安全性发挥了重要作用。此外还进行了全厂断电事故伴生不同事件的后果比对以及不同温度反应性系数的敏感性分析,证明了直接反应堆辅助冷却系统(Direct Reactor Auxiliary Cooling System,DRACS)在事故前期余热排出能力的局限性,而依靠主泵可以最大限度利用熔盐堆的热惰性从而显著缓解熔盐堆堆芯过热。     

Simulation of the small modular reactor severe accident scenario response to SBO using MELCOR code

Advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) use different design in the systems, structures, components from large reactors for achieving a high level of safety and reliability. In present work, the SMRs severe accident caused by the station blackout (SBO) was modeled and analyzed using MELCOR code, and the simulation of the accident scenario response to SBO was conducted. Based on the steady state calculation, which agrees well with designed values, we introduced the SBO accident for transient calculation. First, the case of the SBO accident without the passive core cooling system (PXS) was calculated. The progression and scenario in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the containment were simulated and analyzed, including the transient response, cooling capacity and thermal-hydraulic characteristics and so on. The station black-out transient in the SMR can be simulated accurately, and the main failure model in the accident process can be concluded. Then three other cases of the SBO accident with different passive safety systems (core makeup tank (CMT), accumulator (ACC), passive residual heat removal system heat exchanger (PRHR HX), automatic depressurization system (ADS)) of the PXS were calculated respectively, and the results for different passive safety systems were compared. The passive core cooling system can not only provide water to the primary coolant system, but also take away the reactor decay residual heat. So in a station black-out transient, we can get more time for restoring AC power, and effectively prevent the accidents such as Fukushima.