背散射成像系统的甄别级CZT探测器特性研究与应用

为设计适用于康普顿背散射成像系统,通过分析成像系统及CdZnTe探测器性能,并考虑到相应核电子学电路的噪声特性,设计了甄别级CdZnTe探测器,并设计了相应的低噪声电荷灵敏前置放大器和主放大器.在常温下,5mm×5mm×5mm的甄别级CdZnTe探测器与核电子学电路系统对于662 keV的137Cs源,其能量分辨率小于4%.     

基于碲锌镉探测器的能谱放大器

本文简要介绍了能谱放大器的工作原理,特别是新研制的放大器根据CdZnTe探测器的特点在原有能谱仪的基础上进行的改进和完善,及仪器性能、实际测量结果等.它具有高计数率时比原有放大器分辨率和稳定性都好.本放大器还适用于Si(Li)探测器、正比计数管和闪烁探测器.     

A test device for isotopic γ-ray imaging with CdZnTe detector

A test device for isotopic γ-ray imaging, which consists of an isotope γ-ray source, a CdZnTe γ-ray spectrometer and other auxiliary equipment, is studied here. Compared with the conventional X-ray, the isotope γ-ray,which is utilized in this project, has its own advantages in imaging. Furthermore, with a room-temperature high-energy-resolution CdZnTe detector and a modern imaging processing technique, this device is capable of effectively suppressing the background and gaining more information, thus it can obtain a better image than conventional X-ray devices. In the experiment of PCB imaging, all soldered points and chip components are sharply demonstrated.     

基于CdZnTe探测器的低噪声小尺寸电荷灵敏前置放大器的设计

通过分析CdZnTe半导体射线探测器的性能,并考虑到电荷灵敏放大器的噪声特性,设计了用于便携式探测器中的低噪声小尺寸电荷灵敏放大器.在常温下,3mm×7mm×3mm的CdZnTe探测器与小尺寸电荷灵敏前置放大器探测系统对于241Am d的59.5keVγ射线的能量分辨率为4.38%.     

Performance simulation and structure design of Binode CdZnTe gamma-ray detector

A new electrode structure CdZnTe （Cadmium Zinc Telluride） detector named Binode CdZnTe has been pro- posed in this paper. Together with the softwares of MAXWELL, GEANT4, and ROOT, the charge collec- tion process and its gamma spectrum of the detector have been simulated and the detector structure has been optimized. In order to improve its performance further, Compton scattering effect correction has been used. The simulation results demonstrate that with refined design and Compton scattering effect correction, Binode CdZnTe detectors is capable of achieving 3.92% FWHM at 122 keV, and 1.27% FWHM at 662 keV. Com- pared with other single-polarity （electron-only） detector configurations, Binode CdZnTe detector offers a cost effective and simple structure alternative with comparable energy resolution.     

N型碲锌镉探测器的制备和性能

碲锌镉(CZT)晶体由于原子序数高、禁带宽、密度大,制成低能γ射线和X射线探测器不需液氮冷却就能得到相当好的能量分辨率,且有相当高的探测效率,因此近年来发展迅速。我们实验室已制成φ8mm×1.7mm灵敏体积的CZT探测器,室温22℃下对241Am放射源59.54keV能量的γ射线能量分辨率可以达到2.06keV(FWHM)(未使用准直器),连续测量没有极化效应,并且具有很好的长期稳定性。     

Research of CdZnTe detector based portable energy dispersive spectrometer

A kind of excellent CdZnTe crystal has been grown in Yinnel Tech, Inc. in recent years. Based on these CdZnTe crystals and some new techniques, a portable energy-dispersive spectrometer has been constructed which has yielded good results. CdZnTe detector has a 3% relative resolution in high-energy field and can detect gamma rays at room temperature. An integrated circuit based on preamplifier and shaping amplifier chips is connected to the detector. Voltage pulses are transformed into digital signals in MCA （multichannel analyzer） and are then transmitted to computer via USB bus. Data process algorithms are improved in this spectrometer. Fast Fourier transform （FFT） and numerical differentiation （ND） are used in energy peak＇s searching program. Sampling-based correction technique is used in X-ray energy calibration. Modified Gaussian-Newton algorithm is a classical method to solve nonlinear curve fitting problems, and it is used to compute absolute intensity of each detected characteristic line.     

CdZnTe像素探测器的制备与表征

本文采用CdZnTe单晶制成像素探测器,并对其能谱响应特性及均匀性进行了系统表征。通过I-V和能谱响应测试,测定了晶体的电阻率和载流子迁移率与寿命的积,并用红外透过显微成像观察了晶体内Te夹杂的分布特性。采用光刻、剥离和真空蒸镀技术,在CdZnTe晶片上制备了8×8的像素电极,用丝网印刷和贴片技术通过导电银胶实现像素电极与读出电路的准确连接,制备出CdZnTe像素探测器。对像素探测器的测试表明,-300V下单像素最大漏电流小于0.7nA,对241 Am 59.5keV的能量分辨率可达5.6%,优于平面探测器。进一步分析了晶体内Te夹杂等缺陷对探测器漏电流和能谱响应特性的影响规律,结果表明,Te夹杂的聚集会显著增加漏电流,并降低探测器的能量分辨率。     

平面型碲锌镉(CZT)室温探测器的噪声和性能

CdZnTe(CZT)探测器是近年来迅速发展的新型半导体探测器,具有体积小、分辨率高、可在室温下工作等优点。论文通过分析探测器的噪声组成,并经过实验数据分析,证明了影响探测器性能的主要因素是探测器晶体内电荷收集不完全,并为探测仪器设计时的成形时间选择提供了参考。     

Characteristics of a prototype CdZnTe detector

Cadmium zinc telluride(CZT)is a preferred material for X-ray and gamma-ray detector.Thanks to the relatively high atomic number,high density and wide band-gap,CZT detector possesses sharp energy resolution and high detection efficiency without cryogenic cooling.We have developed a CdZnTe detector with an energy resolution of 3.45%(FWHM)at 59.54 keV at room temperature,and it is used for X-ray fluorescence analysis.In this paper, leakage current,energy resolution and long term stability of the CZT detector are discussed.     

新型脉冲形状甄别器

介绍利用脉冲波形前、后沿信息所研制的新型(NaI(Tl)/CsI(Na))复合晶体探测器脉冲形状甄别器(PSD)和性能测试结果,实测表明该PSD具有最佳甄别因子>3.5,能很好地区分纯NaI和CsI信号,对康普顿事件也有很好的拒斥能力,已多次用于球载空间观测实验。     

CsI-bowl:an ancillary detector for exit channel selection in y-ray spectroscopy experiments

A particle detector array designed for light-charged particles,known as the CsI-bowl,was built for exit channel selection for in-beam y-ray spectroscopy experiments.This device is composed of 64 CsI(Tl)detectors,organized in a structure reminiscent of a tea-bowl.High quantum efficiency photodiodes,characterized by their minimal mass,were employed to collect scintillation light.Its design,construction,particle identification resolution,and its effectiveness in relation to exit channel selection are described in this paper.In source tests,the optimal figure of merit for the identification of α-particles and y-rays using the charge comparison method was found to be 3.3 and 12.1 for CsI detectors coupled to photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes,respectively.The CsI-bowl demonstrated effectiveness in identifying particles,specifically the emission of protons and α-particles in the 58Ni(19F,xpyn)fusion-evaporation reaction,thereby enabling the selection of the desired exit channels.     

使用Geant4模拟CAPture电极CdZnTe探测器对γ射线的响应

采用CAPture电极CdZnTe探测器获取X射线注量谱,为建立ISO 4037-1：1996标准以外的参考辐射和计算辐射场特殊剂量物理量的约定真值提供基础。CdZnTe探测器的主要缺点是由于空穴迁移率寿命积过小,导致电荷收集不完全,全能峰左侧出现低能尾。CAPture电极CdZnTe探测器采用扩展阴极降低阴极附近区域的电场强度,弱化空穴输运对电荷收集效率的影响,实现对低能尾的抑制。但由于探测器内的电场不再均匀,电荷收集效率无法用Hecht方程计算。本文根据Shockley-Ramo原理建立了CAPture电极CdZnTe探测器电荷收集效率计算公式,用有限元分析软件模拟了探测器内的电场分布。进而用Geant4软件开展了蒙特卡罗仿真计算,确定了载流子迁移率寿命积,并取得了与实测结果基本一致的脉冲幅度谱,为建立探测器的响应矩阵奠定了基础。     

Simulation of the anode structure for capacitive Frisch grid CdZnTe detectors

CdZnTe (CZT) capacitive Frisch grid detectors can achieve a higher detecting resolution.The anode structure might have an important role in improving the weighting potential distribution of the detectors.In this paper,four anode structures of capacitive Frisch grid structures have been analyzed with FE simulation,based on a 3-dimensional weighting potential analysis.The weighting potential distributions in modified anode devices (Model B,C and D) are optimized compared with a square device (Model A).In model C and D,the abrupt weighting potential can be well modified.However,with increased radius of the circular electrode in Model C the weighting potential platform away from the anode becomes higher and higher and in Model D,the weighting potential does not vary too much.     

半球形CdZnTe伽马谱仪在放射性"热点"测量中的应用

核设施退役过程中,对退役场所进行"热点"调查(包括"热点"定位,活度测量等)是非常重要的.为了配合伽马相机在热点调查后对"热点"进行更为精确的测量,建立了一套配有铅屏蔽准直器的CdZnTe伽马能谱系统,用Visual c#语言编写了便于现场操作的谱分析软件MiniAnalysis,对现场用CdZnTe谱仪测得的能谱进行...     

基于Monte-Carlo模拟和峰形拟合的CdZnTe探测器G(E)函数简便计算方法研究

提出了一种简便的CdZnTe探测器能谱-剂量转换函数(G(E)函数)的计算方法。峰形拟合函数被用于表征CdZnTe探测器对γ射线的低能拖尾,峰形拟合函数的参数通过实验测量获取,并通过拟合得到其随能量变化的关系。Monte-Carlo模拟计算得到的探测器理想沉积谱,经峰形拟合函数卷积得到了修正的模拟能谱,修正的模拟能谱与实际测量能谱吻合较好。基于修正的模拟能谱计算得到了CdZnTe探测器的G(E)函数。标准辐射场中的实验结果表明,用G(E)函数加权积分计算的周围剂量当量率与约定真值基本一致。     

Pulse Shape Analysis on Mixed Beta Particle and Gamma-ray Source Measured by CdZnTe Semiconductor Detector by means of Digital-Analog Hybrid Signal Processing Method

We present a study on pulse shapes of a CdZnTe semiconductor detector for beta particles and gamma-rays emitted by a ¹³⁷Cs-⁹⁰Sr mixed source. When beta and gamma radiations enter a semiconductor detector, two kinds of pulses are produced according to the type of radiations. The characteristics of the pulses are determined by their energy and depth of interaction. The energy deposited on the detector basically determines the pulse height and the depth of interaction affects the pulse shape. Because of the different characteristics of beta and gamma radiations, their pulse shapes are also different. The digital-analog hybrid signal processing method was applied to separation of the beta spectrum from the beta-gamma mixed one. The separation of beta spectrum was done based on a neural network algorithm, a leading edge area method, and a falling continuum tail value method. However, the perfect separation could not be obtained. The separation was also done by reconstructing the spectra on the basis of subtraction of gamma-ray component. The spectra of beta particles and gamma-rays from ¹³⁷Cs-⁹⁰Sr mixed source could be separated well by using the reconstruction method.     

New calculational model for self-powered neutron detector based on Monte Carlo simulation

A new calculational model of detector sensitivity, which is defined as the ratio of electric current to neutron flux, for self-powered neutron detector (SPND) is presented in this paper. Since Warren developed a sensitivity calculation model based on a multi-step analytic approach in 1972, there have been a lot of researches aimed at improving the accuracy of his model by partially employing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in some of the calculation steps. However, there still exist assumptions such as mono-energy neutron in those models which could increase the uncertainty of the calculated detector sensitivity. In this paper, a new model which overcomes those limitations is developed by adopting the MC method more thoroughly and thereby reducing the number of calculation steps. The verification of the new method has been performed by comparing the results against the ones from the existing methods and measured data. A detailed analysis of SPND depletion by ORIGEN-S and BETA-S codes has shown that the proposed model can predict accurately the measured depletion data in a commercial pressurized water reactor (PWR) plant.     

The extraction and smoothing algorithms for y-ray spectrum of a CdZnTe detector system

The extraction algorithms for pulse amplitude and smoothing of energy spectrum have a great influence on energy spectrum of y-rays during the digital detection and analysis procedure. For a CdZnTe digital y detector system, different extraction algorithms for pulse amplitude and smoothing of energy spectrum are discussed in this paper. The results show that extraction of pulse amplitude using the first-order derivative method and smoothing of energy spectrum using the wavelet transformation method may obtain energy spectrum with good performance.     

用于CZT探测器信号读出的低噪声电荷灵敏前放A250

本文测量和分析了电荷灵敏前放A250的电子学噪声对CZT探测器能谱展宽的影响.在成形时间下1 μs下A250的零电容噪声为104.8 e,噪声电容斜率为4.18 e/pF.测得241Am 59.5 kev全能峰能量分辨率为4.08%.