送丝方式对步进填丝双脉冲TIG电弧增材成形精度的影响

针对电弧增材制造热质传输强耦合、成形尺寸精度低等共性关键问题,提出一种步进填丝双脉冲钨极氩弧(tungsten inert gas,TIG)电弧增材制造方法. 基于此方法建立增材成形试验系统,开展系列变化参数的直壁墙增材工艺试验. 利用同步采集的熔滴、熔池动态变化图像数据重点研究分析了送丝方式对焊丝熔化、熔滴过渡、熔池行为和成形尺寸精度的影响规律. 结果表明,前、后送丝方式下熔滴均以液桥过渡方式熔入到熔池;相比前送丝增材过程,后送丝方式下焊丝熔化效率和熔滴过渡频率明显增加,熔滴尺寸变小,熔池表面高度和宽度尺寸波动均减小;高频脉冲电弧使熔池体积略微增加,热稳定性明显增强,直壁墙沉积件成形精度明显提高.     

FeCrBSiNb粉芯丝材电弧喷涂的弧区动态行为

电弧喷涂粉芯丝材是由金属外皮包覆金属或非金属的复合粉末组成,喷涂过程中在弧区发生冶金反应并雾化成熔滴,大量熔滴沉积在基体表面最终形成涂层。粉芯丝材的电弧喷涂是一个高度动态的传热传质过程,采用高速摄像技术研究了喷涂过程中两根粉芯丝材交汇处的电弧、丝材熔化与熔滴形成等行为。另外,通过高速摄像试验分析了喷涂电流和电压对电弧形态及丝材熔化的影响规律。结果表明:喷涂时间歇出现燃弧、熄弧、再燃弧的循环变化;不同于实心丝材,粉芯丝材在阴阳极上的电弧都发散,这有利于丝材外皮和粉芯间的冶金反应;阴极丝材主要表现为抽吸作用下以细小熔滴或片状挤出物等形式形成熔滴,阳极丝材主要以片状液带的形式脱离并雾化成小熔滴。     

碳钢高速电弧喷涂的电弧特征及材料过渡行为

高速电弧喷涂过程中两根丝材交汇处电弧的形成、丝材受热熔化与熔滴过渡等过程具有高度动态性,直接影响喷涂涂层的组织与性能.使用Hispec 5高速摄像机观测了高速电弧喷涂碳钢丝材时弧区的动态冶金过程.发现喷涂过程中阴极上的电弧收缩,阳极上的电弧发散;而且电弧的燃烧是不连续的,不断经历引弧、燃弧、熄弧、再引弧的循环过程.电弧的这些特点导致了阴、阳极丝材的非对称加热和熔化,并且熔化金属脱离丝材形成熔滴的雾化形式、大小等特征差异显著.基于高速摄像的试验结果,系统分析了喷涂过程中电弧和熔滴的形成与过渡机理.     

铝合金点阵结构电弧增材制造技术及应用

电弧增材制造技术是制备点阵结构的有效方法。研究了点阵结构电弧增材制造装备、铝基药芯焊丝设计与制备技术、激光约束电弧工艺和点阵杆件直径、角度控制方法，制备了典型点阵结构示范件。点阵结构电弧增材制造装备由增材制造单元、激光单元与监测单元组成。设计自生Al2O3相铝合金药芯丝材Al-Cu-NiO合金体系，制备出直径1.2 mm的药芯丝材，堆积杆件具有较低的热导率。激光激发大量中性粒子电离，使电弧中的带电粒子大幅度增加，对电弧存在约束和稳定作用，提高成形精度。控制电弧增材制造熔滴体积与个数，可制备直径为2.5～7.0 mm的点阵单元杆件。控制电弧增材制造电弧枪纵向与横向运动量，可制备角度为15°～90°的点阵单元杆件。利用点阵结构电弧增材制造技术实现了平面点阵结构、圆柱面点阵结构和曲母线面点阵结构的高精度成形，点阵结构的平均压缩强度为58.53 MPa，具有较高的承载性能。在点阵测试件的上表面施加均匀热源，热源温度为500℃，时间600 s，测试件下表面温度约93℃，具有较高的隔热性能。     

激光介入不锈钢自保护药芯焊丝MAG电弧堆焊熔滴受力分析

以不锈钢自保护药芯焊丝为研究对象,借助高速摄像采集了激光介入MAG电弧堆焊的熔滴和电弧图像,研究了激光介入不锈钢自保护药芯焊丝MAG电弧堆焊的熔滴受力. 结果表明,激光的介入改变了焊丝端头熔化状态,焊丝端头发生局部熔化、半熔熔化、全熔熔化三种状态;增大了电磁收缩力、等离子流力在焊丝轴线上的分力,有利于熔滴过渡;减小了表面张力,有利于细化熔滴;增加了气体动力,在合适的激光参数下促进熔滴过渡;熔滴过渡轨迹出现了右偏轴过渡、左偏轴过渡、沿轴过渡三种模式.     

脉冲频率对三丝间接电弧焊稳定性的影响

三丝间接电弧焊是一种新的焊接方法,焊接过程中工件不连接电源,主丝连接焊接电源正极,两边丝分别连接两焊接电源的负极,电弧建立在主丝与两边丝之间. 焊丝熔化后主丝与边丝导电距离的变化以及焊丝形成的多条熔滴过渡路径均对建立稳定的焊接过程提出了挑战. 文中通过调控脉冲频率,分析了脉冲频率对电弧特性、熔滴过渡路径以及焊接电压和焊接电流分布的影响. 结果表明,脉冲频率对三丝间接电弧焊的稳定性影响较大,当脉冲频率大于100 Hz时,才能建立稳定的间接电弧;随着脉冲频率的增加,熔滴过渡路径的数量减少,更有利于形成均一的焊道;随着脉冲频率的增加,焊接电压和焊接电流变异系数减小,焊接电流和焊接电压的波动程度减小,三丝间接电弧焊的稳定性提高.     

丝材电弧增材制造技术研究现状及展望

丝材电弧增材制造技术因其成形速度快、成形件尺寸灵活等优点受到越来越多的关注,尤其是大尺寸、复杂形状构件的高效快速成形,丝材电弧增材制造有着其独特的优势。介绍了丝材电弧增材制造技术的工艺过程,从丝材电弧增材制造成形件的成形工艺及表面质量研究、成形件组织性能研究以及成形件残余应力研究三个方面综述国内外丝材电弧增材制造技术的研究现状,总结该技术现阶段在航空航天领域的应用情况,指出研究人员对丝材电弧增材制造技术的相关研究工作聚焦于工艺优化和过程控制两个方向,怎样才能通过熔滴的平稳过渡获得高质量的成形件,如何有效控制逐层堆积过程中晶粒及显微组织变化,以抑制零件内部不良组织的产生是需要继续研究的问题。     

CMT电弧特性对5A56铝合金增材制造构件组织与性能的影响

为了研究CMT电弧特性对铝合金增材制造构件组织与性能的影响,采用CMT、CMT-VP及CMT-P三种电弧形式分别对5A56铝合金进行电弧增材制造.通过高速摄像同步采集系统分析增材制造中的电弧形态及熔滴过渡过程进行跟踪,研究电弧特性对铝合金增材制造构件微观组织与力学性能的影响.试验结果表明:电弧特性对电弧行为和熔滴过渡都产生影响,CMT-VP电弧的EN阶段电弧形态发生变化,弧根上爬包裹熔滴,极区热量使焊丝熔化量增加;CMT-P中脉冲阶段电弧电压和电流都处于峰值且电流峰值较高,导致电弧力较大,熔滴过渡呈滴状,熔池振荡;在焊接电流与熔敷速度相同情况下电弧的线能量大小为CMT-P>CMT>CMT-VP,较低的热输入量使得CMT-VP电弧下薄壁试样的晶粒尺寸最小,组织分布较为均匀,且CMT-VP电弧下试样的力学性能更为优异,硬度均值最高,达到86.01 HV,横向与纵向抗拉强度均最大,分别为344.68?MPa和324.61?MPa,其延伸率分别为30.33％和21.04％.而CMT-P电弧的热输入最大,易形成粗晶组织,力学性能较差.     

近两年丝材+电弧增材制造研究进展

丝材+电弧增材制造是金属材料增材制造的一个重要方法,因其材料的利用率高、结构致密度高等特点被广泛关注。通过参考和分析近两年国内外学者在丝材+电弧增材制造方面的研究成果,从熔化极、非熔化极和数值分析三个方面综述了国内外研究情况。总结了丝材+电弧增材制造当前所取得的成果,指出研究过程中存在的问题,对未来研究重点和方向做了展望。     

2219铝合金CMT电弧增材熔滴过渡行为

在冷金属过渡(cold metal transfer,CMT)电弧增材制造过程中,熔池的流动行为极易受到电弧和熔滴的影响,从而严重影响堆积层的稳定性和成形件质量.该文利用高速摄影结果及电信号参数波形图,引入热输入量计算公式,从特征电信号、熔滴过渡特征量、热输入量等方面定量分析了CMT+P模式下送丝速度及脉冲修正系数对熔滴过渡过程及单道成形形貌的影响,同时分析了脉冲变极性冷金属过渡(Advanced CMT,CMT+PA)模式下送丝速度及控制面板上的EP/EN修正系数η对熔滴过渡过程及单道成形形貌的影响,为后续工艺优化提供参考和指导.     

Droplet-targeting laser hybrid indirect arc for additive manufacturing technology-A preliminary study

The contradiction between manufacturing accuracy and manufacturing efficiency is discussed in this paper.In order to solve this problem,a novel droplet-targeting laser hybrid indirect arc for additive manufacturing technology is proposed in which a couple of wires are melted using the alternating current with interwire indirect arc to achieve high deposition rate.On the other hand,droplets actively target the laser beam and detach from wire tip under the recoil pressure subjected to pulsed laser irradiating at desired position and with controlled mass for a precise bead forming.The process of alternative droplet growing at desired position are mathematically analyzed and then preliminary verified by experiment.By precisely controlling the wire feed speed and current frequency,the melting process at desired position and mass of wire is successfully obtained which is the fundamental for next-step for the droplet actively targeting laser.     

Thermal spraying in hardening and reconditioning of machine components

Hybrid welding combining YAG laser or fibre laser with MIG arc was carried out on aluminium alloy, and the effects of set-up conditions of a laser beam and a wire, and the laser beam parameters on wire melting phenomena and gap tolerance in butt joint were investigated. It was found that, in order to obtain a deeper penetration, the laser beam should be separated from the wire with a distance at which there was no direct interaction between a laser beam and a droplet during its transfer. On the contrary, in order to get a wider gap tolerance for a butt joint, for example, it was better for the laser beam to be set to cross with a wire over 2 mm so that the laser beam could directly irradiate on the wire surface to melt it. As a result, the arc current could be decreased so efficiently that the molten pool size formed by MIG is decreased and the gap tolerance increased.

In the case of the utilization of a fibre laser, it was found that the wire melting phenomena were affected by the laser beam parameters such as the beam diameter and the defocused conditions when welding was not done at a focal position. It was clarified that even at the same laser beam diameter on the work surface, the wire melting phenomena could be different under the different defocused conditions. In the defocused conditions where the focal position was over the work surface, the molten droplet on the wire tip evaporated more easily than the case where the focal position was within the work surface.

From the viewpoint of laser absorption by the wire or the molten droplet, according to an arc phenomenon approach, it was found that about 10% of laser energy was absorbed during hybrid welding when the laser beam was directly irradiated on the wire surface.     

焊接电流对双丝间接电弧焊电弧特性的影响

主要研究了焊丝伸出长度对焊接电流、电弧电压以及焊接电流对双丝问接电弧气体保护焊电弧特性的影响。结果表明,随着焊丝伸出长度的增加,焊接电流减小;双丝间接电弧气体保护焊负极焊丝的熔化速度随着焊接电流的增加而明显增大,正极焊丝的熔化速度随焊接电流的增加而缓慢增大,两者均随着电弧电压的增加而减小;随着焊接电流的增大熔滴变细;双丝问接电弧气体保护焊有多种电弧形态。     

压电驱动GMAW短路过渡行为控制

文中提出了一种基于压电致动器的高动态焊丝启停控制技术,压电致动器膨胀锁止焊丝,收缩则释放焊丝.在焊丝锁止-释放过程中,可以主动驱动熔滴与熔池短路,并利用这一动态过程产生的惯性力驱动短路液桥断裂完成一次熔滴过渡.研究结果表明,组合压电致动器的加入对于小电流下GMAW短路过渡有显著的改善,短路开始和结束都稳定可控,避免了随机短路的发生,不再依赖大短路电流强制缩颈液桥,短路过渡频率显著提升,在DCEP 100 A焊接电流下可达130 Hz,DCEN模式下由于阴极斑点爬升导致电弧稳定性较差,但短路过渡频率也可达100 Hz.     

旁路耦合电弧高速焊接工艺

为了实现传热、传质的解耦,提出了旁路耦合电弧焊接工艺(Arcing-wire PAW).介绍了旁路耦合电弧焊接工艺的原理和系统组成,利用数据采集系统和高速摄像机对电信号和熔滴过渡进行同步采集,结合电信号变化和熔滴过渡行为分析不同焊接参数对熔滴过渡的影响.结果表明,送丝速度和MIG电流的变化改变了焊丝熔化的平衡位置,使得熔滴的过渡状态和频率发生了变化,焊丝垂直高度的变化使得焊丝充分利用熔池的热量实现稳定快速过渡.由于传热和传质可以分开控制且电弧形态在焊接方向被拉长,保证了高速焊接时焊接过程的稳定性.     

焊丝伸出长度对三丝间接电弧焊稳定性和焊缝成形的影响

三丝间接电弧焊是一种新型高效焊接方法,为研究焊丝伸出长度对三丝间接电弧焊的影响,使用焊接分析仪及高速成像设备对焊接过程中的电弧、熔滴和电流电压情况进行采集. 结果表明,当主丝与边丝伸出长度不相等时,难以获得稳定的焊接过程. 当主丝与边丝伸出长度相等时,随着焊丝伸出长度的增加,电弧的集中性变差,电流、电压波动程度增大,同时熔滴尺寸增大,主丝与边丝熔滴之间的夹角增大. 当主丝与边丝伸出长度均为10 mm时焊接过程最稳定、焊缝成形最好.     

An analysis of butt joints in a railway viaduct

Summary

Undercut and/or humping are generated when the arc length in high-speed pulsed MAG welding is too high, and spatter is generated if it is too low. Refinement of the droplets from the wire and simultaneous maintenance of one droplet transfer per pulse avoid short-circuiting in a short arc and enable spatter and highspeed/high-efficiency welding to be rendered compatible with each other. The requirements are to maintain a stable droplet shape during one droplet transfer per pulse, to maximise the welding speed limit without spatter generation, and to develop a technology for arc length shortening at the limit of short-circuiting by wire droplet refinement as objectives basically centred on pulsed MAG welding. This paper describes an investigation of the factors controlling droplet transfer through a division being made into the driving force imparted to the droplets and the deformability of the weld metal receiving this force as well as a method of droplet refinement based on resolution of these aspects. Through the simple rectangular wave pulse of a high peak current being set for a short time using an inverter-type pulsed power source at a constant wire diameter to increase the electromagnetic pinch force, one droplet transfer per pulse is possible on condition that the droplet volume is reduced by around 30% as compared with that obtained using a conventional power source with a chopping transistor on the secondary side. To increase the droplet deformability, the wire composition can be changed to achieve one droplet transfer per pulse on condition that the droplet volume is reduced by 20%. These droplets also show the same surface tension as conventional droplets as well as a lower viscosity coefficient. Through a combination of a pulsed current waveform and improved wire properties, the droplet volume can be reduced to around one half that of conventional droplets. The critical speed of spatter- and defect-free welding is then increased as an improvement immediately applicable on an actual automotive mass production line.     

基于多阈值与神经网络的旋转电弧图像飞溅分析

为探究旋转电弧飞溅产生原因及规律,针对高速相机采集的旋转电弧平堆焊的焊接图像,提出了一种基于掩膜的多阈值与BP(back propagation)神经网络组合方法识别焊接飞溅．多阈值法获取飞溅位置及其轮廓,再通过建立5特征值的BP神经网络模型识别飞溅．结果表明,对于具有灰度分布范围大、背景复杂的旋转电弧飞溅图像,该组合方法的识别准确率可达95.76%．同时,通过飞溅与焊丝位置的相位分析,飞溅最大数量相位均值为241.4°,即焊丝末端进入熔池后约0.14周期位置,主要是由焊丝末端熔滴与熔池接触导致电流激增,电流抑制不充分造成,该研究结果为旋转电弧焊接飞溅控制提供了依据．