Study of time-domain digital pulse shaping algorithms for nuclear signals

With the development on high-speed integrated circuit,fast high resolution sampling ADC and digital signal processors are replacing analog shaping amplifier circuit.This paper firstly presents the numerical analysis and simulation on R-C shaping circuit model and C-R shaping circuit model.Mathematic models are established based on 1st order digital differential method and Kirchhoff Current Law in time domain,and a simulation and error evaluation experiment on an ideal digital signal are carried out with Excel VBA.A digital shaping test for a semiconductor X-ray detector in real time is also presented.Then a numerical analysis for Sallen-Key(S-K) low-pass filter circuit model is implemented based on the analysis of digital R-C and digital C-R shaping methods.By applying the 2nd order non-homogeneous differential equation,the authors implement a digital Gaussian filter model for a standard exponential-decaying signal and a nuclear pulse signal.Finally,computer simulations and experimental tests are carried out and the results show the possibility of the digital pulse processing algorithms.     

数字化多道脉冲幅度分析技术研究

多道脉冲幅度分析技术正在朝数字化方向发展,基于数字信号处理技术的数字化多道具有脉冲处理能力强、速度快、稳定性高和灵活性强等特点。文章分析了数字核脉冲处理关键技术,利用MATLAB完成了梯形成形、数字基线估计、数字极零零极补偿、极零点识别等核心算法的模拟。给出了数字化多道初步总体设计方案,探讨了工程没计中的关键技术问题,为研制国产数字化核谱仪打下了基础。     

Optimal choice of trapezoidal shaping parameters in digital nuclear spectrometer system

Trapezoidal shaping method is widely applied to pulse amplitude extraction in digital nuclear spectrometer system, the optimal selection of the shaping parameters can improve the energy resolution and pulse counting rate. From the view of noise characteristics, ballistic deficit compensation characteristics and pulse pile-up characteristics, in this paper the optimal selection of the trapezoidal shaping parameters is studied on. According to the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the optimal choice of trapezoidal shaping parameters is similar to the triangle, the rise time is longer and the fiat-top width is shorter.     

基于DSP的数字化多道脉冲幅度分析器设计

本文介绍了基于DSP的数字化多道系统软硬件设计和研制。硬件设计采用双FIFO结构,获得了包含上升沿及基线信息的数字脉冲信号,节约DSP带宽从而提高了系统的脉冲通过率。软件设计中,完成了基于DSP的核信号的数字处理,并通过USB接口(或串口)通讯实现了系统监控及能谱数据传输。本文还给出该系统在eV公司SPEAR型CdZnTe探测器上测得的137Cs能谱示例。     

An acquisition system of digital nuclear signal processing for the algorithm development

A principle and method of constructing the digital acquisition system is presented in this work, which is convenient for the study on the theories and algorithms of digital nuclear signal processing. The hardware system of the digital acquisition system consists of front-end controller, waveform digitizer and PC workstation, on which the software system has been developed based on Visual C＋＋ under Windows environment. The alterable-frequency sampling （AFS） algorithm and the alterable-frequency trapezoidal filter （AFTF） algorithm have also been studied in the real-time environment, along with a digital nuclear spectrum acquisition system being set up based on the new algorithms and the γ-ray spectra of 241Am being shown. A useful experimental platform could be provided by this work for the successive work such as the development of global digitized nuclear measurement system and the study of digital nuclear signal processing.     

基于FPGA的单光子脉冲信号发生器设计

针对光电倍增管(Photomultiplier Tube,PMT)批量测试实际需求和单光电子谱精确测试光源的要求,通过对光电倍增管性能测试系统进行分析,设计制造了一种多通道输出可调的脉冲信号发生器的控制板,可用于光电倍增管单光电子谱的性能测试。该脉冲信号发生器在上升时间、下降时间等参数性能方面优于目前测试系统采用的商用信号源RIGOO-DG5352 350 MHz。用此脉冲信号发生器对光电倍增管进行单光电子测试,其输出信号能满足单光子测试的基本要求,利用其多路信号输出的特点,通过性能扩展即可用于光电倍增管的批量测试。     

核信号数值仿真方法的研究及应用

提出并建立了一种数值仿真方法,通过计算机模拟,生成各种数字化核信号波形,以此作为工具开展核信号数字处理方法的研究.通过准高斯滤波、梯形滤波和匹配滤波算法对数字核信号处理结果的研究与比较表明,提出的方法是准确而可行的.     

实时反馈控制在离子源放电实验中的应用

本文介绍了一种应用于离子源进气量控制的实时反馈控制系统。系统采用A/D模数转换和D/A数模转换卡完成系统数字信号处理的输入与输出。系统的控制程序采用Linux内核支持的RTLinux实时操作系统作为底层操作系统并进行了适当优化裁剪,获得了适合系统控制要求的实时控制程序开发环境,并应用了灵活控制实验中离子源进气量的控制算法。实验首次获得离子源4.5s稳定放电的实验结果。     

铀矿伽马能谱测井核脉冲信号数字化处理技术

在铀矿勘查中,可采用伽马能谱测井获取钻孔地层的铀、钍含量。相对于传统的模拟构架,基于数字化核脉冲信号处理技术构建的伽马能谱测井仪具有计数率高、信号噪声低和稳定性好等优点。通过采用核脉冲信号数字化处理技术,实现了伽马能谱的数字化采集,在放射性勘查模型井上进行了测试。混合模型的能谱测量铀、钍含量与标称含量的误差均小于5%,符合铀矿伽马能谱测井相关规范要求。     

基于数值微分核脉冲信号数字处理方法

核反应堆核测量系统测量探测器输出的核脉冲信号,该信号后沿拖尾很长,在计数率较高时容易产生信号堆积和基线漂移等问题,导致源区计数率测量上限仅能达到10⁵ Hz左右。文中基于数值微分方法,采用数字处理技术,在时域上分析了核脉冲信号经过前置放大、信号成形、低通滤波和脉冲甄别后的输出,并利用探测器实测信号进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,基于数值微分的数字处理方法可以实现相邻0.4μs脉冲信号的识别和测量,将源区测量计数率上限提升到2×10⁶ Hz以上。     

A digital long pulse integrator for EAST Tokamak

A digital integrator has been developed to be compatible with the long pulse plasma discharges on the Experimental Advanced Superconductor Tokamak (EAST), in which the induced signal is modulated by a chopper, and a field programmable gate array (FPGA) in the 16-bit digitizer is used to realize the digital integration in real time. After rectification and integration, the drift is almost linear and stable in controlled temperature, so a period of 50 s is used to determine the linear drift rate for drift compensation. The integration data can be directly transferred to the reflective memory (RFM) card, which is installed in the same PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) chassis, so the data transmission can be also done in real time. The test results show that the real time data transmission rate is up to 10 kHz, the integration drift is typically less than 0.4 uVs/s and drift performance is a little worse in real long pulse discharge, which can be reduced further by using more precise data acquisition.     

脉冲调制器稳定性监控中的数据采集与处理

设计采用反馈控制的方法改善脉冲调制器输出高压脉冲幅度稳定性,分析了实现稳定性目标对数据采集系统软、硬件的要求,介绍了相关的实验测试和信号处理方法。数据采集系统由Stratix ii FPGA开发板、AD6645、上位PC机组成,借用差分放大器提高测量分辨率。数据处理采用脉冲采样样本均值作为表征幅度的特征量,并采用平均、插值、数字滤波、BP神经网络等方法来提高幅度监测值的分辨率能力和抗干扰能力。     

Distributed digital real-time control system for TCV tokamak

A new digital feedback control system (named the SCD “Système de Contrôle Distribué”) has been developed, integrated and used successfully to control TCV (Tokamak à Configuration Variable) plasmas. The system is designed to be modular, distributed, and scalable, accommodating hundreds of diagnostic inputs and actuator outputs. With many more inputs and outputs available than previously possible, it offers the possibility to design advanced control algorithms with better knowledge of the plasma state and to coherently control all TCV actuators, including poloidal field (PF) coils, gas valves, the gyrotron powers and launcher angles of the electron cyclotron heating and current drive system (ECRH/ECCD) together with diagnostic triggering signals. The system consists of multiple nodes; each is a customised Linux desktop or embedded PC which may have local ADC and DAC cards. Each node is also connected to a memory network (reflective memory) providing a reliable, deterministic method of sharing memory between all nodes. Control algorithms are programmed as block diagrams in Matlab-Simulink providing a powerful environment for modelling and control design. The C code is generated automatically from the Simulink block diagram and compiled, with the Simulink Embedded Coder (SEC, formerly Real-Time Workshop Embedded Coder), into a Linux shared library (“.so” file) and distributed to target nodes in the discharge preparation phase. During the TCV discharge, an application on each node is executed that dynamically loads the shared library at runtime. In order to obtain reliable and reproducible real time execution of the algorithm, all interrupts to the CPU on each node are suspended just before firing the shot and re-enabled afterwards. Since installation, the new digital control system has been used for a multitude of plasma control applications, ranging from basic experiments of coil current and density control to advanced experiments of MHD (magnetohydrodynamics) and plasma profile control, as well as real-time plasma transport simulations. Recently, a real-time version of a plasma equilibrium reconstruction code was developed and implemented, providing the future possibility to control the plasma shape and profiles directly during the discharge evolution. This paper presents the architecture of the new control system, its integration into the TCV plant and a sample of control applications used for TCV plasma discharges.     

A multi-channel real-time digital integrator for magnetic diagnostics in HL-2A tokamak

A novel full-digital integrator has been developed for the magnetic diagnostics in HL-2A. Based on the pipeline processing of the field-programmable gate array and high-speed PCI extensions for instrumentation platform, the digital integrator has realized octal-channel10-k Hz real-time integration and data transmission. In order to reduce the integration drift, a 24-bit analog-todigital converter and simple analog processing circuits are applied for high-precision sampling, while certain correction algorithms are used to minimize the drift. With simple and highly integrated circuits and high-performance digital processor, the digital integrator is of high stability and functional expansibility which greatly simplifies the operation procedure. The digital integrator has been tested in the plasma discharge experiments, and the experimental results have confirmed that the drift performance and accuracy of the digital integrator could fully meet the requirements of HL-2A.     

The ASDEX upgrade digital video processing system for real-time machine protection

This paper describes the design, implementation, and operation of the Video Real-Time (VRT) diagnostic system of the ASDEX Upgrade plasma experiment and its integration with the ASDEX Upgrade Discharge Control System (DCS). Hot spots produced by heating systems erroneously or accidentally hitting the vessel walls, or from objects in the vessel reaching into the plasma outer border, show up as bright areas in the videos during and after the reaction. A system to prevent damage to the machine by allowing for intervention in a running discharge of the experiment was proposed and implemented. The VRT was implemented on a multi-core real-time Linux system. Up to 16 analog video channels (color and b/w) are acquired and multiple regions of interest (ROI) are processed on each video frame. Detected critical states can be used to initiate appropriate reactions – e.g. gracefully terminate the discharge. The system has been in routine operation since 2007.     

Fast data acquisition system based on digital oscilloscopes for fluctuation measurements in a long pulse JT-60U tokamak plasma

We have developed a new data acquisition (DAQ) system with fast sampling rate for fluctuation measurements in a long pulse JT-60U tokamak plasma. This system is based on a powerful digital oscilloscope, which has a large acquisition memory up to 50 Mwords/ch, 1 MHz sampling rate and 16 bits high resolution AD convertors. The system is composed of plural digital oscilloscopes and mass storages. On this system, most of data acquisition processes are executed at each digital oscilloscope. This feature of the system leads to an advantage that the processing loads are distributed among the digital oscilloscopes. This system has been successfully employed for measurements of various fluctuations obtained through magnetic probes, beam emission spectroscopy and so on. The size of the acquired data using this system has reached up to 10 GB/shot so far. It has demonstrated that this system is very powerful for data acquisition of multi-channeled signals with high time resolution in a long pulse plasma.     

ARM在核数据采集系统中的应用与软件设计

介绍了一种新型核信号数据采集系统,其系统采用高速AD芯片,基于ARM对微弱快信号进行采集分析,并讨论了在Visual C 环境下,运用多线程和面向对象方法,开发数据采集领域的串口通讯模块的相关技术.     

核电站仪控系统数字化开发仿真测试技术研究

在核电站应用数字化仪表与控制 (I&C)取代模拟 I&C 系统,已成为必然的发展趋势。本文分析了核电站全范围模拟机的蒸汽发生器数学模型,研制开发独立的核电站蒸汽发生器实时仿真系统,并与控制系统形成能够相互作用的闭环系统,用于数字化仪控系统改造提供仿真对象及进一步控制方案研究。在仿真过程中,除了仿真模型之外,其他的硬件和软件由真实的控制系统构成。不但为核电站仪表与控制 (I&C)系统数字化开发提供理论分析,也为今后现场调试工作创造有利条件。     

核测井信号数字滤波器的性能分析

为了便于选用数字滤波器处理核测井信号,采用定量研究的方法,分析了各种数字滤波器的性能和局限性,针对应用过程中存在的问题,提出了解决数字滤波器时延特性的技术途径和确定滤波器点数的方法。结果表明,合理选用滤波方法及滤波点数,能够明显改善核测井信号的滤波效果。     

Human reliability analysis for operators in the digital main control rooms of nuclear power plants

ABSTRACT

As the main control room of nuclear power plants (NPPs) has been gradually digitized, new human reliability problems may emerge because of a series of new changes in the cognitive processes, behavioral patterns, and error mechanisms of operators. Aiming to address this situation, this paper proposes a method as guidance for human reliability analysis (HRA) of different cognitive Stages. This method first constructs the influencing factors of three cognitive processes, including monitoring, decision-making, and execution of actions, and then evaluates the weights of these influencing factors through an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In this study, the parameters used in the proposed HRA method were determined by analyzing the test data obtained from a simulation model, and the results demonstrated the rationality and feasibility of the proposed method. A case example using this HRA method was given in which the human error probabilities at three stages in a nuclear power plant (NPP) steam generator tube ruptures (SGTR) accident were obtained. In summary, the proposed method is a simple and feasible HRA tool that can be applied in digital NPP main control rooms (MCRs).