基于快堆嬗变的伪裂变产物截面制作

从ENDF/B-VII库提取数据,通过NJOY程序对快堆中生成的裂变产物核素进行模块加工,利用Matlab进行编程对NJOY程序计算得到的数据进行再次加工处理,得到235U核素快堆嬗变的多群伪裂变产物截面数据,然后用MCNP程序对设计的快堆进行计算得到中子能谱图,并用中子能谱对MCNP程序生成的多群截面进行并群。把生成的数据与NJOY程序生成的数据进行对比验证表明,经过处理的截面数据可以用于快堆的燃耗计算。     

裂变产额数据对铅基快堆RBEC-M燃耗计算影响研究

第四代核能系统是一种具有更好安全性、经济竞争力、核废物减少,以及防止核扩散的先进核能系统,代表了先进核能系统的发展趋势和技术前沿。铅基快堆是第四代核能系统中重要堆型之一。目前国际上通用的反应堆程序,比如MCNP+ORIGEN、RMC或者Serpent,很多研究主要针对压水堆,国际上也有研究发现针对铅基快堆基准题RBEC-M,确定论方法和蒙卡方法计算结果有较大偏差。本文深入研究了蒙卡程序使用的裂变产额对计算结果的影响。首先对反应堆蒙特卡罗程序RMC自带和燃耗库中的部分核素的裂变产额数据进行了更新,采用国际上著名RBEC-M基准题和OECD/NEA发布的快堆Pu循环燃耗基准题进行了验证分析,计算得到了裂变份额数据对快堆燃耗计算的影响。计算结果表明:更新后的裂变产额数据对系统的有效增殖因子和主要重核的质量变化影响较小,但对部分裂变产物的质量变化影响较大,部分核素偏差超过86%。对于快堆Pu循环燃耗基准题,长寿命高放废物~(133)Cs和~(129)I的计算结果偏差分别可达22.4%和47.8%,这将对长寿命高放废物的嬗变效率和核燃料循环有重要影响。     

破损燃料组件中裂变产物向冷却剂释放量计算

分析包壳破损情况下裂变产物从燃料芯块向冷却剂的释放机理,建立裂变产物从燃料芯块向冷却剂的释放量的计算模型;采用CPR1000机型的设计参数对燃料包壳破损率、包壳破损尺寸和燃耗开展敏感性分析,计算等效逃脱率系数并与AP1000设计控制文件中给出的逃脱率系数进行比较。结果表明,包壳破损尺寸对裂变产物释放的影响较大,燃耗和包壳破损率对裂变产物释放影响较小。在包壳破口尺寸为34μm时,采用建立的计算模型计算所得部分核素的等效逃脱率系数与AP1000设计控制文件中给出的逃脱率系数极为接近。     

快堆伪裂变产物截面和角分布的计算

为满足我国示范快堆研究的需要并解决以往伪裂变产物截面数据偏小的问题,需重新研制一种制作伪裂变产物数据的方法,为制作多个裂变核的伪裂变产物全套中子数据提供基础。本文用浓度加权求和的方法计算伪裂变产物截面、微分截面和双微分截面。在挑选核素的过程中提出贡献法,即利用裂变率加权产额和吸收截面(反应道MT=27)得到产物核对反应堆的贡献值,从而量化了挑选核素的过程,提高了计算的准确性。最后以CENDL_NP库为主要数据来源,TENDL库数据为补充,制作出了一套~(235) U的伪裂变产物截面数据,通过与以往计算结果比较证明了上述方法的优越性和实用性。     

裂变产额的Zp模型评价方法及燃耗不确定度分析

裂变产额在核科学技术和核工程中有着重要的应用,发展可靠、高效的产额评价方法和相应燃耗计算不确定度分析方法,对于建立高质量的产额数据库具有重要的意义。本文根据裂变产物核衰变模式和衰变分支比,建立独立产额与累积产额的转换矩阵,用于Zp模型的扩展,使之适用于独立产额和累积产额的统一描述,并以此建立了用于产额统一评价的拟合程序ZpFit。把ZpFit程序应用于中子诱发235U裂变产物产额评价,获得了自洽的独立产额、累积产额和相应的协方差数据,并建立ENDF格式的中子诱发235U裂变的产额数据库。在此基础上,计算了UAM燃耗基准题的TMI 1栅元的kinf、重要核素原子核密度的不确定度,比对了本工作评价的产额数据和ENDF/B Ⅷ0评价库中产额数据传递给响应量的相对不确定度,结果基本一致,差异不大。     

基于抽样方法的燃耗计算核素积存量不确定度分析

基于抽样基本原理研究了应用于燃耗计算的不确定度分析方法,并开发了燃耗计算不确定度分析程序。基于评价核数据库ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0的裂变产额标准差和衰变常量标准差计算得到了衰变常量协方差矩阵和带相关性的裂变产额协方差矩阵,并结合SCALE6.2程序包的56群反应截面协方差数据库,对Takahama-3压水堆组件基准题中SF95-4样品进行不确定度分析。计算了反应截面、衰变常量和裂变产额不确定度引起的核素积存量的不确定度。计算结果表明,反应截面的不确定度是锕系核素积存量不确定度的主要来源,裂变产额和衰变常量的不确定度对部分裂变产物的积存量会引入较大的不确定度。但考虑裂变产额相关性后,裂变产额引起的不确定度显著降低。     

铅基快堆RBEC-M燃耗库制作方法研究及验证

      提出了一套新的方法流程，用来处理和生成燃耗计算所需的数据。利用核数据处理程序NJOY处理评价数据库ENDF-B-Ⅶ.1生成33群的MATXS格式库，再根据具体问题中的材料信息，经截面处理程序MGGC处理得到相关核素的微观、宏观截面，经自编写的处理模块Triso对其进行格式转化、合并，最终得到提供给燃耗计算程序使用的ISOTXS库文件，其中一般核素以微观截面的形式表示，裂变产物以类似宏观截面的伪裂变产物形式表示。对铅冷快堆基准题900 MW RBEC-M进行了计算，采用REBUS-3进行燃耗计算，对比了结果中的有效增殖系数k_eff随燃耗的变化趋势、功率分布以及中子能谱，最终结果与参考报告较为符合，初步验证了这一系列燃耗库制作流程的可行性。      

基于cosRMC的新一代PWR栅元和组件燃耗计算

新一代压水堆与现有压水堆的重要区别之一是燃料富集度不同,考虑到燃料制造、燃料燃耗等问题,目前压水堆的UO₂燃料富集度通常小于5%,MOX燃料中易裂变Pu含量通常小于6%。新一代压水堆的燃料富集度有可能超过现有标准,平均燃耗有望达到70 GW•d/tU,这对反应堆计算软件提出了新的要求。本文基于反应堆蒙特卡罗程序cosRMC对新一代压水堆栅元和组件基准进行了中子学分析,包括裂变反应率分布、中子通量密度分布及核子密度随燃耗的变化等,并对含Gd棒的组件燃耗计算进行了细致分析。计算结果表明,cosRMC的计算结果与国际上其他程序的计算结果符合较好。通过程序之间结果对比发现,随着燃耗的增加,不同程序计算的Pu含量差别变大。     

DRAGON程序在压水堆燃料栅元计算中的研究

在压水堆核设计中，不同的输运计算方法、共振自屏计算方法和多群截面库会对最终的反应性精度造成较大的影响，所以需要针对不同的组合方式进行研究，从而得到精度最高的组合。因此，本文以压水堆常见的燃料栅元为研究对象，利用DRAGON程序中自带的不同输运计算方法（界面流/碰撞概率方法）、共振自屏计算方法（等价理论/子群方法）和多群截面库（DRAG-281/WIMS-D281）进行计算，并将结果与蒙卡程序进行对比。通过一系列压水堆算例进行测试，结果发现碰撞概率方法、子群方法和DRAG-281库在压水堆燃料栅元计算中精度较高，而界面流方法、等价理论与WIMS-D 281库匹配性较好，整体精度较高。     

压水堆燃耗数据库的制作与验证

基于评价数据库ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0和EAF-2010研制了一套适用于CINDER90程序的压水堆用燃耗数据库,该数据库包含中子反应截面、衰变数据和裂变产额数据3部分。中子反应截面的加工分为两步,首先采用Inverted Stack算法和CRECTJ6程序将EAF 2010库的截面分支比融入ENDF/B Ⅷ0库全套中子评价数据,然后用NJOY2016程序处理成63群截面。衰变数据和裂变产额数据分别由MF8/MT457和MF8/MT454数据加工得到,裂变产额数据共包含36个裂变核的60组产额数据。以SFCOMPO 20中Takahama 3压水堆燃料组件为基准题,对研制的燃耗数据库进行了验证。结果表明,本文制作的燃耗数据库的方法是正确的,对于某些核素,如242Amm,制作的数据库比自带库的计算结果更接近实验值。     

Lumped pseudo fission products during burnup step in MCNP5-ORIGEN coupling system

Depletion calculation and accurate inventory of fission products in a nuclear system are required for criticality, safety and spent fuel management. Actual trend is to use Monte Carlo methods. It is well known that the fission process produces a large number of nuclides, some of which have a significant impact on the nuclear properties of the core and its behavior. In this study, we propose to determine the influence of fission products on the behavior of the IAEA 10 MW benchmark reactor. Even if nowadays we have powerful computing capability and we can solve the full system of fission products, such calculations are cumbersome and not needed because most of fission products have low absorption rates and therefore their precise concentrations calculation are not required. The practice is to identify and use only the nuclides which can have a significant absorption cross section.From the entire fission products of the available fissionable actinides, 214 nuclides have been considered. Their selection was essentially based on their absorption rates. To carry out the calculation, 81 were treated explicitly and 133 were lumped into pseudo fission products.A computational method has been developed for burnup and criticality calculations using MCNP5-ORIGEN coupling scheme. The MIXE_ACE program was developed and incorporated within this coupling scheme in order to mix and rewrite in ACE format the selected cross sections of the pseudo fission products for each burnup step. The mass weight of the constituent nuclides was used. The initial one group cross sections library for ORIGEN was generated using average flux spectrum in the core.Using the above methodology, an estimation of k_eff and cross sections during depletion calculations has been carried out for the IAEA 10 MW reactor based on UZrH1.6 fuel. The results are compared to those of ANL (Argonne National Laboratory), MCNP6 and other calculations by using selected fission products from WIMS library. Generally, the results are satisfactory but some discrepancies exist. The differences can be explained mainly by the nature of the fission products considered in the calculation and especially their cross sections.     

Burnup Calculation Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Method of Fission Yield and Decay Half-life

The calculation model of sensitivity coefficient for decay half-life and fission product yield in burnup calculation was derived based on generalized perturbation theory, which considered the interaction between nuclear concentration and neutron flux. A code was developed to calculate sensitivity and uncertainty of effective neutron multiplication factors and nuclide concentration caused by nuclear data. Covariance matrix of fission yield for a simplified burnup library was generated based on standard deviation data of independent fission yield in evaluated nuclear data library to improve the accuracy of uncertainty quantification. Uncertainties induced by decay half-life and fission yield on infinite neutron multiplication factors and nuclide concentration for TMI-1 pin-cell in the UAM burnup benchmark were quantified based on ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1. The numerical results show that the uncertainty of infinite neutron multiplication factors induced by decay half-lives and fission yields is low, while the uncertainty of concentration of some fission product nuclide is high.     

针对裂变产额和半衰期的燃耗计算灵敏度和不确定度分析方法

基于广义微扰理论推导了裂变产额和半衰期的燃耗灵敏度系数理论模型,该模型考虑了原子核密度和中子通量的相互影响,并开发了燃耗计算中有效增殖因数和原子核密度等响应参数对核数据的灵敏度和不确定度分析程序。基于评价核数据中裂变产物独立产额的标准差数据,产生了针对压缩燃耗数据库的裂变产额协方差矩阵,以提高不确定度的计算精度。基于ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1数据库量化了UAM基准题TMI-1栅元无限增殖因数及重要裂变产物和重核的原子核密度由裂变产额和半衰期引入的不确定度。数值结果表明,对于栅元无限增殖因数,裂变产额和半衰期引入的不确定度很小;对于部分裂变产物的原子核密度,裂变产额和半衰期会引入较大的不确定度。     

Analysis of measured isotopic compositions of high-burnup PWR MOX and UO2 fuels in the MALIBU program

The measured isotopic compositions of fuel samples taken from high-burnup spent PWR MOX and UO₂ assemblies in the MALIBU program has been analyzed by lattice physics codes. The measured isotopes were U, Np, Pu, Am, and Cm isotopes and about 30 major fission product nuclides. The codes used in the present study were a continuous-energy Monte Carlo burnup calculation code (MVP-BURN) and a deterministic burnup calculation code (SRAC) based on the collision probability method. A two-dimensional multi-assembly geometrical model (2 × 2 model) was mainly adopted in the analysis in order to include the fuel assemblies adjoining the relevant fuel assembly, from which the samples were taken. For the MOX sample, the 2 × 2 model significantly reduces the deviations of the calculated results from the measurements compared with a single assembly model. The calculation results of MVP-BURN in the 2 × 2 model reproduce the measurements of U, Np, and Pu isotopes within 5% for the MOX sample of 67 GWd/t. The deviations of their calculated results of U, Np, and Pu isotopes from the measurements are less than 7% for the UO₂ sample of 72 GWd/t.     

Fission Product Model for BWR Analysis with Improved Accuracy in High Burnup

A new fission product (FP) chain model has been studied to be used in a BWR lattice calculation. In attempting to establish the model, two requirements, i.e. the accuracy in predicting burnup reactivity and the easiness in practical application, are simultaneously considered. The resultant FP model consists of 81 explicit FP nuclides and two lumped pseudo nuclides having the absorption cross sections independent of burnup history and fuel composition. For the verification, extensive numerical tests covering over a wide range of operational conditions and fuel compositions have been carried out. The results indicate that the estimated errors in burnup reactivity are within 0.1Δk for exposures up to 100GWd/t. It is concluded that the present model can offer a high degree of accuracy for FP representation in BWR lattice calculation.     

Analysis of core physics experiments on irradiated BWR MOX fuel in the REBUS program

Critical experiments were performed in the REBUS program on a core loaded with a test bundle including 16 irradiated BWR-type MOX rods of average burnup of 61 GWd/t. The experimental data were analyzed using diffusion, transport, and continuous-energy Monte Carlo calculation codes coupled with nuclear data libraries based on JENDL-3.2 or JENDL-3.3. Biases in effective multiplication factors of the critical cores were ?1.0%Δk for the diffusion calculations (JENDL-3.2), ?0.3%Δk for the transport calculations (JENDL-3.3), and 0.2%Δk for the Monte Carlo calculations (JENDL-3.2). The measured core fission rate and co-activation rate distributions were generally well reproduced using the three types of calculations. The burnup reactivity determined using the measured water level reactivity coefficients was ?2.41 ± 0.08%Δk/kk’, which also agreed with the results of the three type of calculations within the measurement and calculation errors. The most probable isotopic inventories in the irradiated MOX rods was tentatively obtained by using the ratios of the calculation to chemical assay data on a pellet sample, and the burnup reactivity was reanalyzed to split the calculation error into those due to the inventory and reactivity calculations. This approach showed that the inventory calculation error compensated the reactivity calculation error.     

基于精细燃耗历史及精细燃耗链的球床高温气冷堆燃耗不确定性分析

球床高温气冷堆的燃料管理具有燃料球多次通过堆芯的特点,使得燃料元件经历的燃耗历史十分复杂。球床高温气冷堆堆芯物理设计程序VSOP可以提供燃料元件的精细燃耗历史,但仅包含少量燃耗链和核素种类。而清华大学自主开发的燃耗计算程序NUIT可实现精细燃耗计算,且包含完整燃耗链和核素信息,但不具备精细燃耗历史跟踪功能。本文基于NUIT,结合VSOP提供的球床高温气冷堆精细燃耗历史,开发了球床高温气冷堆堆芯的精细燃耗计算功能,搭建了带有精细燃耗历史模拟和精细燃耗链核素的燃耗分析流程,并实现燃耗不确定性分析功能。在此基础上研究了裂变产额不确定性对球床高温气冷堆燃耗计算不确定性的贡献,并与VSOP的计算结果进行对比。计算分析结果显示,基于NUIT的精细燃耗计算结果和VSOP的燃耗计算结果得到了相互验证,且可以得到更多的核素浓度信息,该计算结果是开展球床高温气冷堆衰变热不确定性研究的基础。     

轻水堆燃料组件计算程序包TPFAP

TPFAP是一个同时适用于PWR和BWR的穿透几率法燃料组件燃耗计算程序包。它首先利用碰撞几率方法在库能群结构下完成三区或四区圆环几何的栅元输运计算。载钆燃料棒或硼棒可燃毒物栅元的有效吸收截面由微燃耗程序CMB产生,两维穿透几率法组件计算是在(x,y)几何下进行。基模计算用来考虑中子泄漏修正。根据反应率等效,计算组件等效扩散参数。在每一燃料棒和可燃毒物棒进行燃耗计算,TPFAP给出每一燃耗步的组件和栅元少群截面、功率分布,提供核设计和安全分析所需参数。