焊接电流和药皮厚度对水下湿法焊接熔渣物相及微观组织的影响

文中采用自制的金红石型药皮焊条进行水下湿法焊接,重点分析了焊接电流和药皮厚度对熔渣物相及微观组织的影响.对熔渣的宏观形貌分析发现,当药皮厚度较薄时,焊后熔渣稀薄,覆盖不均匀,此外,焊接电流对焊接飞溅有重要影响,当焊接电流较大时,焊接过程中有大量飞溅产生.通过对熔渣的碱度系数及物相分析得出,熔渣的主要组成相为FeTiO₃和CaTiO₃,还有少量的MnTiO₃,FeF₃和Ca-Si-O相,药皮厚度和焊接电流对熔渣的碱度系数和组成相影响均较小.熔渣的微观组织分析发现,减小药皮厚度和增大焊接电流,熔渣中生成大量的树枝状组织,熔渣微观组织的方向性增强,有利于脱渣.     

湿法水下焊接及水下焊接机器人技术进展

海洋作为能源、食品和原材料的重要来源地,越来越受到世界各国研究人员的重视.大量海洋工程的出现,对水下焊接技术提出了更高的要求.着眼于水下焊接中的湿法焊接技术,介绍了国内外的最新发展,概括了当前研究的两个重要领域,即水下焊接专用焊务的研制和湿法焊接用传感器;指出水下焊接机器人是实现人类从浅水走向深水的必然选择,从水下焊接机器人的机构设计和密封设计、远距离通信及遥控焊接等方面介绍了当前水下焊接机器人的技术进展.     

湿法水下焊接材料研究进展

阐述了湿法水下焊接的技术特点,着重对湿法水下焊接技术的焊接材料研究进展进行了综述,最后探讨了湿法水下焊接的发展趋势.     

TiO2和Al2O3对CaO-SiO2-CaF2基础焊接渣系熔化特性的影响

研究了TiO₂和Al₂O₃对CaO-SiO₂-CaF₂基础焊接渣系黏度、熔化温度、表面张力等熔化特性的影响,并利用XRD和拉曼光谱分析四元焊渣的物相和结构特征.结果表明,TiO₂含量增加会显著降低焊接熔渣黏度、熔化温度及表面张力,提升熔渣流动性;Al₂O₃含量增加会使焊接熔渣黏度、熔化温度及表面张力先略有升高后明显降低.CaO-SiO₂-CaF₂-TiO₂和CaO-SiO₂-CaF₂-Al₂O₃四元焊渣完全熔化后,其黏度均在0.2 Pa·s以下,继续升温对黏度无显著影响,低于熔化温度后,焊渣随温度降低迅速凝固,呈明显的短渣特性.经XRD和拉曼光谱分析可知,四元焊接熔渣中主要含具有硅酸盐网络结构的Ca₄Si₂O_...     

不锈钢水下等离子湿法焊接工艺分析

试验采用5 mm的304不锈钢板材,利用等离子电弧进行水下湿法焊接工艺试验.通过观察焊缝外观形貌和金相显微镜宏观组织,并借助超景深光学显微镜,评价了接头界面微观组织特征,最后通过拉伸试验对焊接接头的力学性能进行了测试.结果表明,水下等离子湿法焊接可以获得稳定电弧和优质焊缝,满足焊接性能要求.焊缝晶粒以均匀但略微粗化的平行树枝状晶为主,其间存在有较为致密、均匀的树枝状等轴晶.焊缝抗拉强度达到母材的77.56%.断口形态为典型的韧性断裂,但其表面存在的气孔,影响了焊缝力学性能.     

湿法水下焊接材料研究进展北大核心

阐述了湿法水下焊接的技术特点,着重对湿法水下焊接技术的焊接材料研究进展进行了综述,最后探讨了湿法水下焊接的发展趋势。     

304不锈钢水下湿法焊接工艺

利用自保护镍带药芯焊丝,对304不锈钢进行水下湿法焊接试验,并分析了焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能. 结果表明,304不锈钢水下湿法焊接过程稳定,飞溅少,成形良好,增加焊接电流会显著增加熔宽,而熔深变化很小,增加焊接电压,熔宽增加,焊缝成形变差且飞溅增多. 焊缝金属由单一的镍基γ-固溶体相组成,焊接接头热影响区存在晶粒粗化现象. 拉伸试验试件均断裂在焊缝处,焊接接头平均抗拉强度值达到450 MPa,呈现为脆性断裂,热影响区硬度因晶粒粗化有所降低.     

添加纳米TiO2对机械镀锌层组织和性能的影响

采用在机械镀锌过程添加纳米TiO2颗粒制备了机械镀锌层,采用SEM、XRD分析了镀层的组织结构,测试了镀层的致密度,采用中性盐雾试验测试了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,添加TiO2纳米颗粒不影响镀层的基本结构,镀层中没有发现含Ti新相产生;SEM分析发现,纳米TiO2颗粒在镀层中呈白色点状分布于锌粉颗粒表面,但镀层中没有发现TiO2明显的XRD特征峰。添加3%和5%纳米TiO2后,镀层的致密度由70.86%分别增至84.26%、88.63%,并延长了镀层耐盐腐蚀出现红锈的时间。     

DH36水下湿法焊接接头组织和力学性能分析

潜水焊工在水深2 m的水池里,使用水下专用焊条进行DH36试板湿法焊接试验。根据AWS D3.6:2010,对所得到的焊接接头进行焊接工艺评定,并分析其组织及潜在缺陷。结果表明:湿法接头的外观检测、X射线检测、拉伸试验、弯曲试验、冲击试验和宏观试验均满足AWS D3.6:2010 B级接头要求,盖面焊缝的过热区最大硬度值微超出标准规定的上限,其组织主要为粗大马氏体,而打底焊缝的热影响区由于后续焊道的再热作用,组织为回火马氏体。在盖面焊缝下方左右热影响区容易出现氢致裂纹,可通过使用step-back运条手法来解决。     

超声振动辅助E40钢水下湿法焊接组织与性能

文中针对常规水下湿法焊接过程中焊缝力学性能低的问题,设计了超声振动辅助水下湿法焊接的方法. 通过超声辐射端将超声振动能量施加在电弧前方的待焊区域,进而通过工件将超声能量传递到熔池中,对比研究了超声振动对焊缝成形、微观组织及力学性能的影响. 结果表明,超声振动能够减小焊缝截面不对称,增加焊缝深宽比,使熔池发生强烈的搅拌作用,具有细化晶粒的作用,并降低熔合区处柱状结晶的倾向. 与常规水下湿法焊接相比,超声振动辅助水下湿法焊接抗拉强度明显提高,达到母材的92.4%;焊缝区显微硬度升高,热影响区硬度值变化较小.     

Effect of Nd2O3 addition on the surface phase of TiO2 and photocatalytic activity studied by UV Raman spectroscopy

TiO₂ modified with Nd₂O₃ (Nd-TiO₂) nanoparticles were prepared by a co-precipitation method and utilized as the photocatalysts for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The influence of Nd₂O₃ on the bulk and surface phase, surface area, particle size, and optical response of TiO₂ was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET, and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra. It is found that the crystalline phase and phase composition in the bulk and surface region of Nd-TiO₂ calcined at high temperatures can be tuned by changing the amount of Nd₂O₃. Based on the results from XPS, EDX, XRD, and UV Raman spectra, it is assumed that Nd³⁺ ions do not enter the TiO₂ lattice, but highly disperse onto the Nd-TiO₂ particle surface in the form of Nd₂O₃ crystallites. These crystallites inhibit the agglomeration, growth in crystal size, and anatase-to-rutile phase transformation of TiO₂. In the photocatalytic degradation of RhB reaction, Nd-TiO₂ nanoparticles with higher surface area and wider optical response are more reactive in case of the same surface anatase phase. When the mixed phases of anatase and rutile exist in the surface region of Nd-TiO₂, the synergetic effect over surface area and optical response is the important parameter which determines optimal photocatalytic activity.     

Fe2O3-CaO-TiO2 体系下铁酸钙的合成过程及TiO2 和CaTiO3 的影响

为了确定高钛型钒钛磁铁矿烧结过程中铁酸钙的生成是受TiO₂还是TiO₂和CaO形成的CaTiO₃影响,首先利用Fe₂O₃和CaO的纯试剂合成了铁酸钙,并研究了TiO₂和CaTiO₃对钛铁酸钙 （FCT） 形成的影响。在Factsage 7.0软件进行热力学计算的基础上,通过在空气气氛下进行烧结,获得了在1023~1423 K温度范围内、不同烧结时间的不同样品。通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜-能谱分析等表征手段,对烧结样品的物相转变和微观结构变化进行了表征。发现FCT的形成过程主要分为2个阶段：前一阶段为1023~1223 K温度范围内Fe₂O₃与CaO之间的反应,合成产物为Ca₂Fe₂O₅,反应方程式为“Fe₂O₃(s)+ 2CaO(s)= Ca₂Fe₂O₅(s)”;后一阶段为1223~1423 K温度范围内Ca₂Fe₂O₅和Fe₂O₃的反应,主要产物为CaFe₂O₄,反应为“Ca₂Fe₂O₅(s)+ Fe₂O₃(s)= 2CaFe₂O₄(s)”,该阶段尤其是温度为1423 K时,反应速率显著加快,随温度的升高CaTiO₃显著增加。然而,Ti元素在铁酸钙中的固溶很难实现,TiO₂与铁酸钙之间的反应不是形成FCT的有效途径。随着保温时间的延长,CaTiO₃和FCT相界中Fe元素含量增加。FCT主要是通过Fe组分在CaTiO₃中固溶形成的,主要反应是“Fe₂O₃+CaTiO₃(s)=FCT(s)”。     

水下湿法手工自蔓延焊接技术

基于自蔓延高温合成技术（SHS技术）和湿法电弧焊原理,研究了一种用于水下金属结构应急维修的新型焊接方法—水下湿法手工自蔓延焊接技术.通过焊条结构设计、焊药设计等,研制了水下燃烧型焊条,进行了焊接试验,对接头组织和性能进行了分析.结果表明,该技术可在无电、无气、无其它设备的条件下实现水下金属构件的湿法焊接,单面焊双面成形,接头抗拉强度达267 MPa,冲击吸收能量13.8 J;SEM和EDS分析表明,焊缝金属为以α-Cu固溶体为基体、有大量块状富铁第二相析出的高铁铜合金,熔合区的成分和组织与焊缝第二相基本相同,焊缝合金与熔融母材交互结晶,形成了梯度熔焊连接;拉伸断裂发生在焊缝或熔合区,断口有大量韧窝,属韧性断裂.     

Photocatalytic performance of nano-photocatalyst from TiO2 and Fe2O3 by mechanochemical synthesis

Nano-particles of homogeneous solid solution between TiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ (up to 10 mol%) have been prepared by mechanochemical milling of TiO₂ and yellow Fe₂O₃/red Fe₂O₃/precipitated Fe (OH)₃ using a planetary ball mill. Such novel solid solution cannot be prepared by conventional co-precipitation technique. A preliminary investigation of photocatalytic activity of mixed oxide (TiO₂/Fe₂O₃) on photo-oxidation of different organic dyes like Rhodamine B (RB), Methyl orange (MO), Thymol blue (TB) and Bromocresol green (BG) under visible light (300-W Xe lamp; λ > 420 nm) showed that TiO₂ having 5 mol% of Fe₂O₃ (YFT1) is 3-5 times higher photoactive than that of P25 TiO₂. The XRD result did not show the peaks assigned to the Fe components (for example Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, FeO₃, and Fe metal) on the external surface of the anatase structure in the Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ attained through mechanochemical treatment. This meant that Fe components were well incorporated into the TiO₂ anatase structure. The average crystallite size and particle size of YFT1 were found to be 12 nm and 30 ± 5 nm respectively measured from XRD and TEM conforming to nanodimensions. Together with the Fe component, they absorbed wavelength of above 387 nm. The band slightly shifted to the right without tail broadness, which was the UV absorption of Fe oxide in the Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ particle attained through mechanochemical method. This meant that Fe components were well inserted into the framework of the TiO₂ anatase structure. EPR and magnetic susceptibility show that Fe³⁺ is in low spin state corresponding to μ_B = 1.8 BM. The temperature variation of μ_B shows that Fe³⁺ is well separated from each other and does not have any antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic interaction. The evidence of Fe³⁺ in TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ alloy is also proved by a new method that is redox titration which is again support by the XPS spectrum.     

微量CO2对MGH956合金超声电弧TIG焊的影响

对MGH956合金进行超声电弧TIG焊接,在纯氩气保护中添加一定比例的CO₂,通过对比在保护气体中添加0.5%的CO₂前后焊缝组织和接头性能的变化,分析了在超声电弧的基础上微量CO₂对焊缝组织及接头性能的作用机制及影响规律.结果表明,施加超声电弧后,焊缝晶粒变小,气孔变少,焊缝的抗拉强度有所提高;在施加超声电弧的基础上,在纯氩气中加入0.5%的CO₂,焊缝中心晶粒呈细小等轴晶,且分布均匀,接头的抗拉强度明显提高,并实现了接头断裂方式由脆性断裂转化为韧性断裂.此外在纯氩气中加入0.5%的CO₂后,焊缝的硬度增加,接头的综合性能得到了提高.     

铝合金三元气体保护焊温度场及接头组织特征

针对铝合金三元气体保护焊力学性能提升原因分析的需求,使用测温系统采集铝合金纯氩气体保护、三元气体保护焊接的热循环曲线,分析焊接温度场特征的差异. 研究发现三元气体保护焊温度场更加集中,峰值温度更高,降温速率更快. 对纯氩气体保护、三元气体保护焊接头进行染色法观察发现,三元气体保护堆焊时晶粒更大,气孔率更低;对接焊时,三元气体保护焊接头的半熔化区存在晶界液化现象,三元气体保护焊的晶界液化现象更加严重,半熔化区宽度更窄. 结果表明,焊接温度场是引起焊接接头力学性能提升的根本原因.     

Modification of TiO2 nanorods by Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles for high performance visible-light photocatalysis

In this work, TiO₂ nanorods were prepared by a hydrothermal process and then Bi₂MoO₆ nanoparticles were deposited onto the TiO₂ nanorods by a solvothermal process. The nanostructured Bi₂MoO₆/TiO₂ composites were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the Bi₂MoO₆/TiO₂ composites was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue. The Bi₂MoO₆/TiO₂ composites exhibit higher catalytic activity than pure Bi₂MoO₆ and TiO₂ for degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm). Further investigation revealed that the ratio of Bi₂MoO₆ to TiO₂ in the composites greatly influenced their photocatalytic activity. The experimental results indicated that the composite with Bi₂MoO₆:TiO₂ = 1:3 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The enhancement mechanism of the composite catalysts was also discussed.     

水热制备TiO2纳米管及其光催化性能

本文利用TiO₂粉体在高浓度NaOH溶液中水热反应制备TiO₂纳米管,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM),透射电镜(TEM),紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)考察了NaOH浓度、水热反应温度、水热反应时间等因素对TiO₂纳米管结构和性能的影响。结果表明：当NaOH浓度为10mol/L,水热反应温度为160℃,水热反应时间20h时,所制备的TiO₂纳米管显示出较高的光催化活性,经紫外光照30min后,对甲基橙(MO)的降解率可达75.48%。