Characteristics of the actual nutrition of Estonian and Finnish children

The initial stage of the joint Soviet-Finnish scientific investigations of the risk factors of obesity in children is presented in the paper. The investigations were conducted by the Nutrition Department of the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, in the Estonian SSR, and the Helsinki University in Finland. The authors have analyzed daily intake of varying food products by children aged from 1 to 15 years, as well as daily average-energy consumption with food ration as a whole and separately at the expense of protein, fatty and carbohydrate components of food rations of these children. Although children in the Estonian SSR and in Finland receive different food products, the energy value of the food ration and percent distribution of energy with respect to separate food ingredients in the children investigated were practically similar.     

Assessment of an analysis of the connections of nutrition with risk factors for ischemic heart disease in a one-time epidemiologic study

Nutrition of 908 males aged 20-54 years, living in Tallinn, was studied in simultaneous population investigation by the method of one-day questioning. It was found that subjects with excessive body mass (EBM) and coronary heart disease (CHD), who did not keep to a diet, reduced their ration calorific value, consumption of saturated fatty acids, sugar, and increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids and food fibres. No relations were detected between nutrition and CHD risk factors in the majority of subjects during the simultaneous population investigation. It has been suggested that subjects with EBM and CHD changed their nutrition habits due to the distribution of information among the population on the important role of nutrition in the development of EBM and atherosclerosis.     

儿童青少年奶制品摄入频次与体格发展关联性研究

目的：通过对北京市儿童期成人慢性病流行病学副食频次调查资料的研究,阐明奶制品摄入与儿童青少年体格发展的关联性。方法：数据来自北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征分层随机整群抽样调查,截取3—18岁儿童青少年20867人,约男女各半。10类副食含于家庭问卷填写;标记体量指标Z值、儿童青少年超重以国际肥胖专家组（IOTF）界值进行界定;腹型肥胖以年龄、性别腹围超过90%位界定,进行频次构成比较、卡方检验、双因素方差分析、斯皮尔曼等级相关分析。结果：奶摄入频次随年龄递减,城乡差异显著,城区＂每日都吃＂与郊区＂几乎不吃＂比率明显高;对体格发展影响显示正常体重和高身高的正效应;边缘估计值显示,对体重和BMI于城乡间正常范畴之上3%—5%处呈翻转效应,即城区高频次者多,与BMI负相关;郊区高频次少,与BMI正相关。作为独立变量与体脂含量微弱负相关,呈显著性。结论：北京儿童青少年奶频次摄入城市高于郊区,身高为正促进,体重为城郊作用于正高端扭转,对BMI于〉25后呈相对负梯度效应。     

一个与净叶黄抗赤星病基因紧密连锁的SSR标记

为了在分子水平上弄清烟草赤星病抗性的遗传规律,并进行遗传定位,以抗赤星病品种净叶黄和感赤星病品种NC82为亲本,构建了F₁、F₂、BC₁ 代群体。通过对该群体进行赤星病接种鉴定和抗性遗传分析,发现净叶黄对赤星病的抗性由显性多基因控制。通过分子标记群体扩增,在第M号连锁群上,筛选到一个与净叶黄的赤星病抗性基因紧密连锁的SSR标记,它与抗性基因间的遗传距离为4 cM。该标记可用于抗赤星病育种的辅助选择。     

A physiologic approach to determining and classifying the energy requirements of the population of the USSR

To develop more accurate recommendations on physiological requirements of the population of the USSR in food substances and energy the author has suggested a new classification of energy expenditure based on the account of the human physical activity with respect to the basal metabolism values. The data are presented on the basal metabolism for different populations depending on the sex, age and body mass. Energy expenditures are classified in the values relative to the basal metabolism. Daily energy expenditures of men have been divided into 5 groups depending on the hardness of their labour: very easy, easy, not very hard, hard and very hard labor. Four groups of physical activity or labor have been suggested for women, these groups correspond to the first four groups developed for men.     

基于回归分析方法的烟丝结构与卷烟物理指标关系研究

为探究烟丝结构及其均匀性对卷烟物理质量稳定性的影响,通过筛分将成品烟丝细化为8个不同的烟丝结构层S1~S8,进而对烟丝结构与物理指标(重量、圆周、吸阻、硬度、端部落丝量、含末率)做相关性分析及回归分析,探讨了影响物理指标及其稳定性的具体烟丝分布。结果表明:烟丝结构对各物理指标影响强弱依次为:圆周>烟支单重>硬度标偏>含末率>吸阻>硬度;与物理指标关系密切的烟丝结构分布层主要是S2、S4、S5、S6、S7。根据烟丝结构与物理指标间的回归方程可针对性的对波动较大的物理指标进行优化调整,从而提高卷烟质量及其稳定性。      

The energy expenditure of children of preschool age

For the first time energy consumption was studied in preschool children at varying activity during 24 hours. It has been established that the main metabolism and energy consumption significantly depend on the physical development of children and do not depend on sex. Basing on the data of the investigations conducted the main food substances and energy requirements of preschool children have been estimated.     

Nitrates and nitrites in vegetables and vegetable-based products and their intakes by the Estonian population

The content of nitrates were determined in 1349 samples of vegetables and ready-made food in 2003-2004 as a part of the Estonian food safety monitoring programme and the Estonian Science Foundation grant research activities. The results of manufacturers' analyses carried out for internal monitoring were included in the study. The highest mean values of nitrates were detected in dill, spinach, lettuce and beetroot. The mean concentrations were 2936, 2508, 2167 and 1446 mg kg^-1, respectively. The content of nitrites in samples was lower than 5 mg kg^-1. In total, the mean intake of nitrates by the Estonian population was 58 mg day^-1. The mean content of nitrates in vegetable-based infant foods of Estonian origin was 88 mg kg^-1. The average daily intake of nitrates by children in the age group of 4-6 years was 30 mg. The infants' average daily intake of nitrates from consumption of vegetable-based foods was 7.8 mg.     

传统发酵白牦牛酸奶重金属风险评估

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）技术测定49份白牦牛酸奶重金属含量,然后利用非参数概率评估模型对23份有检出值的酸奶样品中Pb、As、Cd和Cr的暴露量进行评估,采用国际上公认的可以量化风险的目标风险系数法进行风险描述,通过计算得到不同人群重金属膳食风险商分布状况。评估结果表明,1～3岁儿童的累加目标风险系数（THQ）最高为0.13,其他人群的累加THQ都较小,各元素的THQ大小依次为Cr＞As＞Cd＞Pb,暴露风险在可接受的范围内。通过比较发现,儿童的暴露量普遍高于成人,女性的暴露量较男性的高,且随着年龄的增长,暴露量逐渐降低。     

Nitrites, nitrates and N-nitrosoamines in Estonian cured meat products: Intake by Estonian children and adolescents

The contents of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosoamines in commercial cured meat products on the Estonian market were determined for 2000-01 and 2003-04 as part of the Estonian food safety monitoring programme and the Estonian Science Foundation grant research activities. The maximum permitted levels of residual nitrites and nitrates were not exceeded in the samples analysed. However, a great variation in the content of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosoamines was found for all the products. The concentrations of these compounds in domestic cured meat products showed a decrease from year to year. The mean intake of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosoamines by Estonian children (n = 346) from cured meat products was calculated on the basis of individual intake data. The mean daily intake of nitrates was 1.7 mg, that of nitrites was 0.83 mg and that of N-nitrosoamines was 0.073 µg. In the 2000-01 study, the calculated nitrite intake exceeded the acceptable daily intake by up to 140% for 1-6-year-old children and up to 105% in 2003-04.     

Evaluation of a family education program for overweight children and adolescents

Increased child and youth overweight and obesity, as well as significant health effects associated with obesity, have led to recommendations for multicomponent prevention programs. In 2005 to 2006, the former Calgary Health Region (now Alberta Health Services) had an opportunity to develop, deliver, and evaluate an early intervention service for families with children at risk for overweight and obesity. Using available evidence and with access to key advisors, core team members developed and implemented a curriculum for a family-focused, behaviour-based education program entitled Make It HAPPEN. A health-centred approach based on the physical, mental, and social well-being of the whole child was used. Physical, self-esteem, and quality-of-life measures were included in program evaluation. After the program, statistically significant reductions in body mass index (BMI) percentile and z-score were seen, as were increases in quality of life. Self-esteem improved significantly for children with initial BMI percentiles of at least 98. Evaluation results indicate that an effective program can be developed with limited resources to meet best practice needs. Potentially, such programs could be integrated into other community obesity prevention programs or within primary health services models.     

浓香型白酒窖泥水分含量与水分活度的对比研究

为弥补水分含量指标在窖泥质量评价方面存在的缺陷,该研究引入水分活度指标用于浓香型窖泥质量评价。对比分析二者在不同地区、不同质量等级窖泥间的差异,研究其分布规律,以进一步完善浓香型窖泥质量评价体系。研究结果表明,水分含量与水分活度指标虽均未能完全区分开不同质量等级的窖泥,但与水分含量指标相比,水分活度指标在不同地区、不同酒厂窖泥间的分布趋势是一致的,受外界干扰因素影响更小,更适用于评价窖泥质量,值得进一步深入研究。     

皮革微观结构参数与成革性能参数之间数学模型的探索

应用抽样方法和统计分布参数,对皮革纤维状态进行量化表征。根据皮革样品分析测试结果,利用优化方法筛选出适合于表征组织结构的指标参数,建立其与物理性能指标之间的数学模型以及与皮革感官指标的量化关系。采用综合评价方法,得出影响皮革感官性能和物理性能的纤维状态的综合指标。     

Residence Time Distributions for Wheat Starch in a Single Screw Extruder

Residence time distributions for wheat starch in a single screw extruder were measured for different operating conditions using a manganese dioxide tracer. Two flow models which differed in the definition of dead space were used to represent the flow pattern in the extruder. The parameters for each model were fitted using the experimental residence time distributions. Screw speed and the moisture level of the feed showed the strongest effects on the average residence time. A small fraction of the flow, 5–20%, was held up in the dead space region. The remainder passed directly through the active region with a residence time distribution close to plug flow. An apparent power law index for the starch melt was calculated and over the experimental range of extrusion conditions it varied from 0.2 to 1.0.     

Flitcroft’s model of refractive development in childhood and the possible identification of children at risk of developing significant myopia

PurposeTo better understand juvenile myopia in the context of overall refractive development during childhood and to suggest more informative ways of analysing relevant data, particularly in relation to early identification of those children who are likely to become markedly myopic and would therefore benefit from myopia control.MethodsExamples of the frequency distributions of childhood mean spherical refractive errors (MSEs) at different ages, taken from previously-published longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, are analysed in terms of Flitcroft’s model of a linear combination of two Gaussian distributions with different means and standard deviations. Flitcroft hypothesises that one, relatively-narrow, Gaussian (Mode 1) represents a “regulated” population which maintains normal emmetropisation and the other, broader, Gaussian (Mode 2) a “dysregulated” population.ResultsAnalysis confirms that Flitcroft’s model successfully describes the major features of the frequency distribution of MSEs in randomly-selected populations of children of the same age. The narrow “regulated” Gaussian typically changes only slightly between the ages of about 6 and 15, whereas the mean of the broader “dysregulated” Gaussian changes with age more rapidly in the myopic direction and its standard deviation increases. These effects vary with the ethnicity, environment and other characteristics of the population involved. At all ages there is considerable overlap between the two Gaussians. This limits the utility of simple refractive cut-off values to identify those children likely to show marked myopic progression.ConclusionsAnalysing the frequency distributions for individual MSEs in terms of bi-Gaussian models can provide useful insights into childhood refractive change. A wider exploration of the methodology and its extension to include individual progression rates is warranted, using a range of populations of children exposed to different ethnic, environmental and other factors.     

利用微卫星标记分析核盘菌遗传多样性

利用微卫星（SSR）标记,分析来自欧洲和中国的30个核盘菌菌株的遗传多样性和群体结构。结果表明,3对微卫星引物共扩增出21条清晰的谱带,平均每对引物扩增7条谱带,片段长度为158bp～358bp。根据SSR分析结果,30个核盘菌分离物具有较高的遗传相似性。物种水平的Nei遗传多样性指数为0.139 3,Shannon多样性指数为0.248 8。不同菌株群体的Nei遗传距离都较小,为0.009 6～0.049 6。其中俄罗斯群体和奥地利及英国群体之间的遗传距离最大。从30个菌株的UPGMA聚类分析结果看,核盘菌群体结构与地理来源没有明显的直接关系。许多地理来源相同的菌株分散在不同的组里。仅第三组组内的菌株地理来源一致,均来自于中国,且遗传距离比其他菌株的远。群体遗传分析显示,总群体的基因流比较高（2.111 6）,基因分化系数比较低（0.191 5）。     

欧洲野生甘蓝的核质遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析

为了解欧洲野生甘蓝遗传背景,以栽培甘蓝、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜作对比,对引进的7个生态地理群体共80份野生甘蓝材料进行了核质遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析。利用10对特异性SSR引物分析叶绿体基因组多样性,获得8个差异性标记,将参试94份材料划分为3类,即甘蓝（含栽培和野生甘蓝）、甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜;包括6种单倍型,其中野生甘蓝2个,甘蓝型油菜3个,白菜型油菜1个。利用6对SRAP引物对核基因组多样性进行分析,获得75个多态性标记;聚类及遗传结构分析表明7个野生甘蓝群体中,F、D、G三个群体聚为独立的亚类,E群体大部分单株归于G亚类。其它3个群体A、B、C则相互混杂在一起。野生甘蓝群体Nei＇s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon’s指数（I）分别为0.301 3和0.461 1。分子方差分析（AMOVA）表明野生甘蓝以群体内变异为主,占80%;群体间变异仅占20%。结果显示引进的野生甘蓝群体核质遗传多样性丰富。     

烟台苹果历史发展及其百年古树的文化遗产特征分析

研究不同品种苹果的品质特性,建立苹果品质综合评价模型。以5个品种的苹果（天水花牛、阿克苏糖心、黄元帅、奶油富士、洛川红富士）作为研究对象,对其硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性、内聚性等4项质构特性和含水量、可滴定酸（Titratable acid,TA）、可溶性糖含量（Soluble sugar,SS）、可溶性固体含量（Soluble solid content,SSC）等4项理化指标进行检测,结合低场核磁共振检测技术,探究苹果水分分布与理化及质构特性间的关联性,通过主成分分析法确立可评价苹果品质的主要指标。基于熵权法对各核心指标赋予权重,并建立灰色关联度评价模型。结果表明,不同品种苹果的各指标存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其水分分布与质构特性和理化指标存在高度的相关性,确立了自旋-自旋弛豫时间T₂₂（不易流动水）、T₂₁（结合水）及TA、SS、SSC为核心指标。熵权法计算权重结果得出T₂₂、T₂₁之和为35.31%,占比最大,表明水分分布对苹果品质影响最大,由灰色关联度分析得出天水花牛和阿克苏糖心的品质较好。本研究所采用的方法,能够快速准确地建立苹果的品质评价模型,为包括苹果在内的果蔬品质评价提供新方法。

     

Z比分数-模糊AHP评价模型在卷烟成品实验室检测能力评价中的应用

为解决Z比分数法只能对卷烟成品实验室单个指标进行分析评价问题,将Z比分数、层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process)与模糊综合评价法相结合,建立了Z比分数-模糊AHP评价模型。评价分为8个步骤:构建卷烟成品实验室评价指标体系,利用AHP确定各指标权重,将实验室每个样品的指标检测值转化为Z比分数(Z,ZB,ZW),利用模糊评价方法建立评语集和对应的分数集,把每个指标各样品Z比分数在评语集各等级所占比例作为隶属度,形成模糊判断矩阵,最终得到实验室物测、烟气以及综合检测能力评价得分及排序。以10个实验室为例验证了该模型的综合评价能力。结果表明,该综合评估方法适用于多样品和多指标的实验室比对综合能力评价,可以整体评价实验室物测、烟气和综合检测能力,并可分析查找存在问题的指标,为卷烟成品实验室的优化改进及提升检测能力水平提供了支持。      

The food behavior of schoolchildren in the GDR and the Lithuanian SSR

Food behavior was studied in schoolchildren of the same age in the GDR (1602) and in the Lithuanian SSR (720 schoolchildren). The examinee represented schoolchildren from towns, regional centres and rural areas. Food behavior of schoolchildren, aged 11-13 years, in the GDR and the Lithuanian SSR is practically similar, but it has been noted that more children in the GDR receive a second breakfast, while in the Lithuanian SSR more children receive afternoon snacks. The schoolchildren should be taught the principles of the rational nutrition during their studies. Active sanitary propaganda is necessary for learning the principles of sound way of life including the principles of rational nutrition.