Modeling of Transient Heat Transfer in Zinc Fixed-Point Cell

The current fixed-point calibration practice relies on furnaces that provide best achievable uniform temperature distribution, limiting the temperature gradients to about 10 mK to 20 mK along the ingot length. This paper outlines a numerical study conducted to further reveal the influences of the temperature gradients on the physical process involved and to bring some estimates for their influence on the plateau behavior. The mathematical model of the physical process is presented, along with the numerical models used through the FLUENT software package: the transient conductive heat transfer model, the discrete ordinates radiative heat transfer model, and the solidification model. The final model is reduced to axial symmetry for the sake of feasibility with the available computational resources. The convective heat transfer is neglected as it was considered to be of minor importance for the process itself. The geometrical model covers the entire fixed-point cell assembly and distinguishes each of its elements. The paper presents six cases, varying the temperature gradients in the boundary conditions and the cold-rodding. Their influence on the physical process is explained through the temperature fields presented. The study shows that a gradient of ±1 K · m^?1 influences the plateau solely in its duration by either prolonging or shortening it by approximately 20 min.     

Construction of Microfluidic Chip Structure for Cell Migration Studies in Bioactive Ceramics

Cell migration is an essential bioactive ceramics property and critical for bone induction, clinical application, and mechanism research. Standardized cell migration detection methods have many limitations, including a lack of dynamic fluid circulation and the inability to simulate cell behavior in vivo. Microfluidic chip technology, which mimics the human microenvironment and provides controlled dynamic fluid cycling, has the potential to solve these questions and generate reliable models of cell migration in vitro. In this study, a microfluidic chip is reconstructed to integrate the bioactive ceramic into the microfluidic chip structure to constitute a ceramic microbridge microfluidic chip system. Migration differences in the chip system are measured. By combining conventional detection methods with new biotechnology to analyze the causes of cell migration differences, it is found that the concentration gradients of ions and proteins adsorbed on the microbridge materials are directly related to the occurrence of cell migration behavior, which is consistent with previous reports and demonstrates the effectiveness of the microfluidic chip model. This model provides in vivo environment simulation and controllability of input and output conditions superior to standardized cell migration detection methods. The microfluidic chip system provides a new approach to studying and evaluating bioactive ceramics.     

Modeling of Transient Heat Transfer in Temperature Fixed Points: Indium Cell Design

Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais has recently constructed a new device to realize the indium fixed point adiabatically. In parallel, a numerical heat transfer model has been developed as an aid to understanding its thermal behavior. This transient axially symmetric two-dimensional (2D) model simulates the melting process using the apparent specific heat method; the effects of mixing and convection within the liquid phase of indium are not taken into account. The thermal parameters, the nonuniformity of the furnace, and the thermal control of the surroundings were assessed with the aim of reducing parasitic heat exchanges. The results of the modeling are in good agreement with the measurements and clarify the parasitic heat flux observed during the phase transition. This article describes the model and the first results obtained. The model is a helpful tool in evaluating future technical improvements of the enclosure used to realize the indium fixed point.     

Pulse Transient Method as a Tool for the Study of Thermal Properties of Solar Cell Laminating Films

The paper reports a study on the possible influence of surroundings on thermal properties of various types of laminating films used in the design of photovoltaic (PV) modules based on crystalline silicon. The main purpose of cell encapsulation is to provide protection of PV panels against environmental damage (especially humidity). However, the laminating film can influence also the electrical behavior of the whole panel because of differences in the working temperature. It is well known that with increasing solar cell temperature the PV conversion efficiency is decreasing. Therefore, it is important to study the thermophysical properties of laminating foils which are used for PV cells encapsulation. These materials must possess low specific heat and high thermal conductivity. Therefore, by using a laminating film with low absorption, high thermal conductivity, and high emissive ability of the rear (not illuminated) side, the PV module working temperature can be lowered and thus the generated power is increased and the investment recovery time shortened. The method of measurement is relative. The goal is not to determine the thermophysical parameters of laminating foils, but only to compare the influence of selected types of laminating foils on heat flow from the PV panel. A planar heat source placed between two PMMA blocks with defined thermal properties was adopted as the model of a real PV panel. A measurement on real PV panels was carried out by thermal imaging with a thermocamera. The correlation between both measurements was found.     

A Transient Heating Technique for Measuring the Thermal Diffusivity of Metals

A transient heating technique, improving the constant-rate-heating technique for the measurements of thermal diffusivities of metals, is proposed. For a physical model of a specimen to be measured, the transient heat-conduction equation was solved with some boundary conditions, and the solution obtained was used as the principle of the present transient heating technique for determining the thermal diffusivity of the specimen. Additionally, a thermal analysis was made to satisfy a boundary condition involved in the principle, that is, the condition of radiative thermal insulation at the two end surfaces of the specimen. To verify the validity of the present technique, the thermal diffusivity of iron, whose thermophysical properties are well-known, was measured with the same apparatus as used in our previous work, and the experimental results are discussed. Moreover, thermal diffusivities of thermocouple materials, namely, constantan, chromel, and alumel, were measured by the technique in the temperature range of 360 to 680 K.     

A Model for the Hybridization Exothermic Effect in Label-Free Biodetections by a Nanomechanical Cantilever-DNA Chip

The influence of the hybridization exothermic effect on nanomechanical deflections of DNA chips in label-free biodetections is investigated. First, from the related experimental curves, the thermal variation of the biolayer during the linkage of DNA base pairs is estimated by Breslauer’s method and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Second, the temperature field of the chip is obtained by the lumped parameter model and the classical Fourier’s method. Third, the nanomechanical deflection of the chip is predicted by an alternative model for thermoelastic problems of laminated cantilever beams. The effect of a DNA base sequence on thermal deflection of chips is also investigated. In the case of adiabatic conditions, numerical results show that the theoretical predicted value of 1.5 nm to 2 nm deflection is within the scope of the optical-beam-deflection readout system’s accuracy.     

寻求平面上线段集凸壳的扫描算法

首先证明寻求平面上线段集凸壳问题的下界是O(nlogn)，其方法是将平面上线段集凸壳问题与排序问题联系起来，由排序问题的下界推得平面上线段集凸壳问题的下界。然后提出一个算法，计算平面上线段集凸壳问题，其基本思想是将不交线段集中的线段按其端点的x，y坐标排序，并重排线段序。然后用平面扫描方法分段完成凸壳的构造。该算法的时间复杂性是O(nlogn)。     

高效整合转基因兔研究

用含有核基质附着区的鸡珠蛋白基因与含有鼠金属硫蛋白基因启动子的人－类胰岛素促生长因子基因构建表达了载体。研究了ＭＡＲ对转基因兔整率的影响。结果表明，带有ＭＡＲ的表达载体转基因兔整合率达到２６．３％，为一般不含ＭＡＲ构件转基因兔整合率的两倍，对提高转基因动物生产效率，将起到重要作用。     

塞块式瞬态量热计测量结果修正方法的研究

塞块式瞬态量热计是气动加热地面模拟试验模型中表面冷壁热流主要测量手段之一,对塞块式瞬态量热计测试结果进行了误差分析,并采用有限差分原理,建立了数学分析模型,编制了瞬态量热计测量结果修正计算程序,并对一些典型的测试结果进行了修正和分析.     

Exploring the Cutting-Edge Frontiers of Electrochemical Random Access Memories (ECRAMs) for Neuromorphic Computing: Revolutionary Advances in Material-to-Device Engineering

Advanced materials and device engineering has played a crucial role in improving the performance of electrochemical random access memory (ECRAM) devices. ECRAM technology has been identified as a promising candidate for implementing artificial synapses in neuromorphic computing systems due to its ability to store analog values and its ease of programmability. ECRAM devices consist of an electrolyte and a channel material sandwiched between two electrodes, and the performance of these devices depends on the properties of the materials used. This review provides a comprehensive overview of material engineering strategies to optimize the electrolyte and channel materials' ionic conductivity, stability, and ionic diffusivity to improve the performance and reliability of ECRAM devices. Device engineering and scaling strategies are further discussed to enhance ECRAM performance. Last, perspectives on the current challenges and future directions in developing ECRAM-based artificial synapses in neuromorphic computing systems are provided.     

精密测量系统气浮工作台瞬态控制方法

气浮工作台是精密仪器中常用的位移机构.为了消除气体微振动对精密测量的影响,提出了气浮工作台区分两种工作模式:运动模式和测量模式.在掌握气体止推轴承上气和排气的瞬态过程规律的基础上,提出了一种模式切换过程中气浮工作台的瞬态控制方法,实现其运动模式和测量模式的平稳过渡.气浮工作台在上气过程中的偏移不大于250 nm,排气过程中的偏移不大于200 nm,且经历时间在0.3 S左右.该方法的提出提高了气浮工作台的性能,使之成为测量系统中优良的大范围位移系统.     

精子干细胞转染法制备转基因兔的研究

采用直接注射的方法 ,将脂质体包裹的含人乳铁蛋白基因重组质粒 pLNCXHLF注入兔睾丸组织中 ,一个月后与正常雌兔交配。所产仔兔经PCR、Southern检测证明获得了转基因兔 ,转基因阳性率平均为 35 %。实验结果表明 ,通过注射可将外源基因导入到曲细精管中 ,进而完成对精子干细胞的转染 ,获得携带外源基因的成熟精子 ,受精后可得到转基因动物。该方法是一种简捷、有效的新途径 ,既节省时间又降低了成本 ,为利用精子载体制备转基因动物的研究提供了很有价值的参考。     

A Phase-Locked Loop for the Synchronization of Power Quality Instruments in the Presence of Stationary and Transient Disturbances

Power quality instrumentation requires accurate fundamental frequency estimation and signal synchronization, even in the presence of both stationary and transient disturbances. In this paper, the authors present a synchronization technique for power quality instruments based on a single-phase software phase-locked loop (PLL), which is able to perform the synchronization, even in the presence of such disturbances. Moreover, PLL is able to detect the occurrence of a transient disturbance. To evaluate if and how the synchronization technique is adversely affected by the application of stationary and transient disturbing influences, appropriate testing conditions have been developed, taking into account the requirements of the in-force standards and the presence of the voltage transducer.     

A Test Set for the Accurate Measurement of Phase Noise on High-Quality Signal Sources

The test set described here is capable of measuring the spectral density of phase noise on carrier frequencies from 1 to 500 MHz, for offset frequencies from 20 Hz to 50 kHz. Measurements to 50 MHz are described. The test set has a residual single-sideband phase-noise-power-to-signal-power ratio of -142 dB/Hz at 20 Hz offset from the carrier, which decreases to a floor of -172 dB/Hz at offset frequencies greater than 5 kHz. The estimated calibration accuracy achievable is ±0.8 dB, exclusive of random reading errors due to the Gaussian distribution of the phase fluctuations being observed. The estimated 1 ? repeatability of a measurement is 0.7 dB (70 percent of the observations on a given test will fall within ±0.7 dB of the average value). This test set is capable of characterizing the phase-noise performance of existing atomic frequency standards, crystal oscillators, frequency synthesizers, and other high-quality sources more accurately than has previously been possible. The increased accuracy has been achieved by a system design that minimizes readout fluctuations, allows for the accurate measurement of correction factors used to reduce systematic errors, and minimizes the possibility of operator error and bias.     

Effects of the Administration of Ketoprofen gel on the Percutaneous Absorption of Ketoprofen in Rabbits

The effects of the administration for a commercial keto-profen gel on the percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen (through rabbit abdominal skin) were investigated. The AUC (area under the curve) value of absorbed ketoprofen for single topical administration of 6 g of ketoprofen gel applied with ODT (occlusive dressing technique) was found to be about 6 -fold greater than that of repeated administration of 1.5 g of ketoprofen gel applied with ODT at 6 h interval in a day. It was about 14-fold greater than that of repeated administration of 1.5 g of ketoprofen gel applied without ODT at 6 h interval in a day. The experiment of volatilation of ketoprofen gels and the in vitro release test of ketoprofen gel applied with ODT and without ODT had been, in addition, respectively approached. The volatilation of solvent in the gel, as a result of this, may clearly be the primary factor for inducing a sharp descending of the plasma ketoprofen level following the Cmax (maximun concentration) in the in vivo percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen gel: this factor also results in a lower plasma ketoprofen level for the gel applied without ODT than that with ODT.     

Transient regime in the thermal and erosional destruction of materials

It is shown that at the moment a quasisteady disintegration regime is established, the thickness of the layer of material carried off from the surface is roughly equal to the depth of heating.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 357–362, March, 1987.     

Transient stages in the chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide

Transient CVD experiments were simulated by varying continuously the deposition temperature or the initial gas flow rates (Q(MTS) or Q(H2)). Their consequences on the physicochemical properties of the coatings have been first examined. The adhesion of SiC/SiC bilayers containing these "transient interphases" (phi(Tr)) was investigated by scratch testing. For transient stages resulting from a decrease of Q(MTS) or T, free silicon can be co-deposited in proportions depending on alpha = Q(H2)/Q(MTS), T and P. This phenomenon is related to the high reactivity of the Si bearing species and is activated by high T and P and low a values. In this case, the continuous covalent bonding through the Si-rich interphases preserves the adhesion between the two SiC layers. Transient stages resulting from a decrease of Q(H2) lead first to larger and columnar SiC grains and finally to the deposition of anisotropic carbon, due to the formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the gas phase. The interphases with the highest carbon concentrations and thicknesses lead to delamination and local chipping of the outer SiC layer. The poor shear strength of these continuous and anisotropic layers is detrimental to the adherence of the bilayers.