Optimal VAR control for improvements in voltage profiles and for real power loss minimization using Biogeography Based Optimization

In this paper, a Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) technique is introduced to solve multi-constrained optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem in power system. ORPF is a multi-objective nonlinear optimization problem that minimizes the bus voltage deviation and real power loss. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated for IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system. A comparison of simulation results reveals optimization efficacy of the proposed scheme over other well established population based optimization techniques like conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO), general passive congregation PSO (GPAC), local passive congregation PSO (LPAC), coordinated aggregation (CA) and interior point based OPF (IP-OPF).     

阻塞管理和电压安全

电力市场下的阻塞管理与系统电压安全密切相关。采用将最优潮流与连续潮流相结合的方法解决阻塞问题,并使系统运行在电压安全裕度之内。提出两种算法结合迭代求解流程．并用步长函数描述连续潮流法CPF(Continuation Power Flow)中的步长选择过程。IEEE-30节点和IEEE-57节点系统的结果表明,所提方法可避免或减轻网络阻塞,且不危及系统的电压安全裕度。     

基于混沌免疫混合算法的多目标无功优化

针对目前评价多目标函数解的不足,提出了将多目标函数各个解映射成多维空间中不同的点,利用这些点与理想点之间的欧氏距离来衡量各个解的优劣;同时针对无功优化、混沌优化算法和免疫算法的特点,提出了在采用免疫算法进行无功优化的记忆抗体群中,运用混沌优化方法和免疫算法的交叉和变异等操作对无功优化的连续变量和离散变量进行交替优化求解,并将它们运用于以降低有功损耗,提高电压稳定裕度及减小电压偏移为目标的无功优化中;通过 IEEE-30和IEEE-118节点算例系统验证了混合算法及最优解评价方法的正确性和可行性。     

Contingency constrained optimal reactive power flow procedures forvoltage control in planning and operation

The paper presents a preventive secure contingency constrained approach to power system voltage profile optimization suitable both for VAr planning and for short term reactive scheduling. The solution of the problems is based upon the implementation of two optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) programs: the first relevant to determining a workable state (security aspect); and the second relevant to attaining the optimal and secure point (global target). The first ORPF is solved by recursively employing a linear programming algorithm, whilst the second is based on the Han-Powell algorithm. In the paper, emphasis is given to the introduction of the contingency constraints in the ORPF models. The N-1 security constraints are explicitly introduced in the programs in order to obtain an operating point preventive-secure with respect to a selected contingency set. The performances of the procedures are shown by presenting the numerical results obtained from their applications to a small test network and to the large ENEL transmission system     

基于改进Chord法的电力系统连续潮流计算新方法

连续潮流计算是电力系统研究静态电压稳定和传输能力应用的重要工具,但临界点处的奇异性制约了连续潮流计算的应用和发展。因此,解决好临界点病态问题是更好应用连续潮流的关键。应用改进Chord法处理连续潮流问题中临界点处的计算,能够快速计算该点处的解,收敛速度快,达到二阶收敛。不用扩展原雅可比矩阵,因此不需要担心原系统中的非奇异点变为系统扩展雅可比矩阵的奇异点问题,使计算过程更为简单。应用线性化方法预测连续潮流计算方向,整个计算过程简洁方便。在计算及分析中与扩展潮流计算方法进行比较,体现了所提Chord法简洁、高效的优点。不同工况下,IEEE39和IEEE57节点系统仿真算例结果表明,所提模型和方法能够快速有效地计算连续潮流和临界点处的奇异解,有着很好的精确性和鲁棒性。     

一种多分区互联电网分布式无功优化算法

电网互联进程不断加快和系统规模的不断扩大对互联电网无功优化计算提出了更高的要求。提出了一种基于子网边界节点等值注入功率的多分区互联电网无功优化分布式协调优化算法。基于电网监控分层分区的特点,通过建立保留分区间联络线的简化外网模型,将子网间边界向量相等的耦合约束转化为边界节点注入功率修正方程的等式约束。构造边界节点电压加权修正的外层协调环节,依靠等值注入功率和对应边界节点电压向量的数值更新与传递实现全网无功优化问题的分布式求解。该方法有效地降低了协调层的参与度,进一步提高了子网无功优化的独立性,符合无功优化和控制的本地性要求。对多个IEEE试验系统进行了数值仿真测试与分析,结果表明方法具有良好的有效性和适用性。     

电力市场环境下的无功潮流优化

为了满足电力市场环境下的无功潮流优化运行,详细分析了电力市场环境下无功成本的发生;由于系统发生故障或系统负荷增长而造成系统的无功短缺是电压失稳的主要原因,提出了一个简单实用的故障筛选和排序方法,并以严重事故下电压稳定作为约束条件建立了电力市场环境下无功潮流优化的数学模型,再用免疫算法求解此模型。IEEE-30系统算例结果表明该模型的正确性和算法的可行性。详细比较不同电压稳定标准下及不同体制环境下无功潮流优化的结果得出,在电力市场环境下必须将减少无功成本纳入无功潮流优化目标函数中。     

A hybrid genetic algorithm-interior point method for optimal reactive power flow

By integrating a genetic algorithm (GA) with a nonlinear interior point method (IPM), a novel hybrid method for the optimal reactive power flow (ORPF) problem is proposed in this paper. The proposed method can be mainly divided into two parts. The first part is to solve the ORPF with the IPM by relaxing the discrete variables. The second part is to decompose the original ORPF into two sub-problems: continuous optimization and discrete optimization. The GA is used to solve the discrete optimization with the continuous variables being fixed, whereas the IPM solves the continuous optimization with the discrete variables being constant. The optimal solution can be obtained by solving the two sub-problems alternately. A dynamic adjustment strategy is also proposed to make the GA and the IPM to complement each other and to enhance the efficiency of the hybrid proposed method. Numerical simulations on the IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and Chongqing 161-bus test systems illustrate that the proposed hybrid method is efficient for the ORPF problem.     

计及详细源荷模型的三相独立微电网连续潮流计算方法

连续潮流是电力系统静态电压稳定分析的基本工具,为更准确计及独立微电网中分布式电源和感应电动机模型对电压稳定的影响,文章建立了包含详细分布式电源和感应电动机模型的三相独立微电网模型。在分布式电源模型中考虑了下垂控制特性和非光滑约束,并对非光滑约束进行了光滑处理。针对上述模型,提出一种三相独立微电网连续潮流计算方法,预测环节采用切线预估法,校正环节利用投影牛顿法处理变量边界约束,避免了校正方向造成的数值问题。对13和15节点三相独立微电网系统采用所提方法进行连续潮流计算,分析了下垂控制特性、非光滑约束和详细感应电动机模型对独立微电网电压稳定的影响,验证了考虑详细模型的连续潮流计算方法的正确性和必要性。     

Reactive power market development considering power system security

In the new open access environment, in pursuit of profit, power producers tend to operate closer to the security boundaries and consequently, the voltage instability, which is caused by insufficient reactive power support, threats system security and reliability. This paper presents a day-ahead reactive power market based on uniform auction price scheme considering voltage security. First, expected payment function (EPF), identified earlier in the literature to construct a bidding framework for synchronous generators, is modified. Then, the modified EPF is used as the objective function of optimal power flow problem to clear reactive power market. Finally, the OPF, including overload, voltage drop and voltage stability margin in its constraints, is solved by binary coded genetic algorithm. The validity of the proposed reactive power market is studied based on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system.     

Cost-based reactive power pricing with voltage security consideration in restructured power systems

In the restructuring power industry, voltage security has become a challenging problem since power systems tend to operate closer to security boundaries and as a consequence, the voltage instability, which is caused by insufficient reactive power supply, poses a serious threat to system security and reliability. Establishing an equitable and effective reactive power market with consideration of the voltage security problem is very important to provide a reliable restructured power system. Therefore, this paper proposes a cost-based reactive power pricing, which can integrate the reactive power cost minimization and the voltage security problem into the optimal power flow (OPF) problem, and the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) is employed to solve the optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using a modified IEEE 14-bus system. A study on the effects of the voltage stability margin (VSM) requirement under normal condition and contingencies on the reactive power cost is also presented.     

Total transfer capability computation for multi-area power systems

This paper presents a method for multi-area power system total transfer capability (TTC) computation. This computation takes into account the limits on the line flows, bus voltage magnitude, generator reactive power, voltage stability, as well as the loss of line contingencies. The multi-area TTC problem is solved by using a network decomposition approach based on REI-type network equivalents. Each area uses REI equivalents of external areas to compute its TTC via the continuation power flow (CPF). The choice and updating procedure for the continuation parameter employed by the CPF is implemented in a distributed but coordinated manner. The proposed method leads to potential gains in the computational efficiency with limited data exchanges between areas. The developed procedure is successfully applied to the three-area IEEE 118-bus test system. Numerical comparisons between the integrated and the proposed multi-area solutions are presented for validation.     

A new approach for estimating voltage collapse point based on quadratic approximation of PV-curves

The MW-distance to voltage collapse is a good indicator of voltage stability at a given operating condition in power systems. This indicator is determined using PV-curves obtained through continuation power flow (CPF) program. The CPF method performs several power flow runs requiring a large amount of computing time. This method is reliable for off-line voltage stability studies, but not very much suitable for real-time operation of today's stressed power systems. Given that, it is essential for system operators to have quick information about voltage stability, a new method is needed for a fast estimation of voltage collapse point. This is the main thrust of the presented paper. It is well known that PV-curves are approximately quadratic functions and become exactly quadratic in close neighborhood of the collapse point. Some authors used this fact and suggested methods that use two to three power flow solutions for a relatively quick, but approximate, calculation of the collapse point. The present paper, also based on quadratic approach, proposes a new method for the determination of voltage collapse that uses only one power flow solution and gives more accurate estimate of the collapse point when compared with other existing methods. Another advantage of the presented method is that the estimation becomes more accurate for stressed power systems. In addition, application of the presented method for performing the top/stable portion of the PV-curves provides an effective step-size that reduces the number of power flow runs. The method is tested using the New England 39-bus and the IEEE 300-bus test systems. The results confirm the effectiveness of the presented method.     

A GA approach to compare ORPF objective functions including Secondary Voltage Regulation

In the past, with vertically integrate utilities, Optimal Reactive Power Flow (ORPF) procedures were designed to minimize power system losses, keeping the voltage profile in an acceptable range. Nowadays, in the market environment, a new formulation of the ORPF, aimed at the system security maximization, is necessary. In particular, as congestions and overloads are usually taken into account by the energy market rules, voltage security could become the main goal of ORPFs. Voltage problems are caused by the increase in power transfer among areas of interconnected systems, by the lack of reactive power support and by the increasing limitations of transmission networks. In this paper, an analysis of several ORPF Objective Functions (OFs) is reported, where the goal considered is the network security maximization. To solve the optimization problem for the considered OFs, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach has been adopted, together with a particular formulation of the Power Flow (PF) taking into account the Secondary Voltage Regulation (SVR). Tests are performed on a detailed model of the Italian power system, comparing the results in terms of system losses, reactive power required, loadability limits and voltage collapse indices. Furthermore, the improvements achievable with the adoption of the SVR in the new market environment have been investigated.     

一种识别静态电压稳定分岔点的混合方法

基于连续潮流法和崩溃点法,提出了识别和计算极限诱导分岔点和鞍结分岔点的2阶段混合算法。该方法结合了连续潮流法和崩溃点法各自的优点,并能考虑到所有发电机（包括平衡发电机）的功率限制。在第1阶段中应用常规的连续潮流法,加大步长快速穿越崩溃点;第2阶段通过分析比较,选用不同的算法精确识别和计算崩溃点。对IEEE 118节点和IEEE 300节点试验系统的计算结果表明,该算法能准确地识别静态电压稳定崩溃点,并有效地解决连续潮流计算中平衡发电机功率越限问题。     

Network loss minimization with voltage security using differential evolution

This paper presents a differential evolution (DE) based optimal power flow (OPF) for reactive power dispatch in power system planning studies. DE is a simple population-based search algorithm for global optimization and has a minimum number of control parameters. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear optimization problem taking into account both continuous and discrete control variables. The proposed method determines control variable settings such as generator voltages (continuous), tap positions (discrete) and the number of shunt reactive compensation devices to be switched (discrete) for real power loss minimization in the transmission system using DE algorithm. Most of the evolutionary algorithm applications to optimization problems apply penalty function approach to handle the inequality constraints, involving penalty coefficients. The correct combination of these coefficients can be determined only by a trial and error basis. In the proposed approach, the inequality constraints are handled by penalty parameterless scheme. Voltage security margin was evaluated using continuation power flow (CPF), to ensure the feasibility of the optimal control variable setting. The suitability of the method was tested on IEEE 14 and IEEE RTS 24-bus systems and results compared with sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method. The DE provides near global solutions comparable to that obtained using SQP.     

计及电压与无功功率的直流潮流算法

直流潮流算法在电力系统中应用广泛,但目前的直流潮流算法大多无法准确计算节点电压幅值和支路无功潮流。因此,文中基于经典直流潮流算法,考虑无功功率方程,提出了一种计及电压与无功功率的直流潮流算法,可在保留直流潮流算法线性与快速性的前提下,实现节点电压幅值与无功潮流的近似求解。对IEEE 118节点系统、Polish 3012节点系统和国内实际大系统的仿真验证表明,所提出的改进直流潮算法能够精确、快速地求解系统中的节点电压幅值与无功潮流。     

并网大容量调相机对交直流电力系统无功电压灵敏度的影响

交直流电力系统的无功电压灵敏度是衡量交流子系统与直流子系统交互作用,指导无功优化控制的重要指标,新一代大容量调相机在我国特高压直流送受端的逐步推广,给现有的无功电压灵敏度计算方法带来了挑战。为此,基于交直流电力系统线性化潮流方程,提出不同类型节点间的无功电压灵敏度计算方法,分析PV节点无功电压灵敏度的物理意义。以EPRI 36节点系统为例,仿真结果验证了所提方法的正确性。     

基于合作博弈的多目标无功电压优化模型及其解法

为了在在线无功电压控制中协调考虑系统的安全性和经济性,提出了一种基于多目标优化的无功电压优化模型。除传统的经济目标外,该模型将系统的静态安全性加入到寻优目标中,以同时寻求系统经济性和安全性的最优化。基于合作博弈理论,提出了该模型的求解方法。在博弈过程中,经济目标和安全目标作为博弈参与方轮流给出决策策略,直至博弈达到均衡。基于2节点原理系统和IEEE 9节点系统的若干算例分析,证明了所提出的模型及求解方法的可行性和优越性。