骨架发热多孔介质方腔内非达西自然对流的数值研究

本文利用局部非热平衡模型,对骨架发热多孔介质方腔内的非达西自然对流进行了数值研究.方腔上下壁面绝热、左右壁面维持恒温T0.采用Brinkman-Darcy-Forchheimer模型来描述多孔介质内的流动,当有效导热系数比(0.001≤γ≤1.0)和无量纲容积换热系数(1.0≤H≤1000)在较宽的范围内变化时,计算研究了不同的有效导热系数比和无量纲容积换热系数对方腔内流动换热的影响.数值模拟结果表明:在有效导热系数比γ=1.0和无量纲容积换热系数H=1000时,局部热平衡模型是成立的;而对其他情形,必须采用局部非热平衡模型才能准确地预测出方腔内的流动换热特性.     

环形通道内液态金属钠流动换热特性实验研究

对液态金属钠在环形通道内的单相流动换热特性进行了实验研究。结合实验数据,将液态金属钠单相流动分为层流区(Re≤2 000)、过渡区(2 000Re≤4 000)及湍流区(Re4 000),分别拟合得到不同流态下摩擦系数的计算关系式,并拟合得到液态金属钠环形通道内换热特性的相应关系式。结果表明:液态金属钠单相流动特性与常规流体(如水)类似,其层流区摩擦系数略大于水,湍流区与水的很接近。液态金属钠对流换热过程中,导热项占较大份额,同时Nu随Pe的增大而略有增大。     

环形通道内液态铅铋合金流动换热特性实验研究

通过对环形通道内液态铅铋合金的流动换热特性进行实验研究,得到了气泡泵注气对液态金属流动的影响,并拟合出环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数关系式和换热特性关系式。结果表明：采用气泡泵注气能有效提升铅铋合金的质量流速;相同Reynolds数下环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数大于由布拉休斯公式计算得到的摩擦系数;液态铅铋合金对流换热过程中,导热项占主导地位,并且Nusselt数随Peclet数的增大而增大。     

环形通道内液态铅铋合金流动换热特性实验研究

通过对环形通道内液态铅铋合金的流动换热特性进行实验研究,得到了气泡泵注气对液态金属流动的影响,并拟合出环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数关系式和换热特性关系式。结果表明:采用气泡泵注气能有效提升铅铋合金的质量流速;相同Reynolds数下环形通道内液态铅铋合金的摩擦系数大于由布拉休斯公式计算得到的摩擦系数;液态铅铋合金对流换热过程中,导热项占主导地位,并且Nusselt数随Peclet数的增大而增大。     

具有导热的竖环形封闭腔内自然对流数值研究

以中国实验快堆堆坑为计算原型,采用有限容积法对具有导热的竖环形封闭腔内自然对流进行了二维层流稳态数值研究。数值计算结果表明：在相同Ra条件下,平均Nu随曲率的增加而增加,随纵横比的增加而降低,但在低Ra区,平均Nu几乎不随纵横比变化;在低Ra区,竖环形封闭腔内换热方式主要是导热,当Ra大于某一临界值后,腔内对流换热的作用显著增强,并随Ra的增大逐渐占据主导。     

局部非热平衡条件下含内热源多孔介质方腔内自然对流数值研究

在流体与固体骨架有效导热系数比一定的条件下,采用局部非热平衡模型与非达西流动模型,研究Ra和Da对含内热源多孔介质的方腔内自然对流流动换热特性的影响。计算结果表明:当Ra取定值,流体平均Nu随Da的增大而增大;当Da取定值,流体平均Nu随Ra的增大而增大。在文中参数的变化范围内,固体相与方腔4个壁面的换热强度相当,且变化较小。方腔左右两壁面流体相换热强度相同,但均弱于上壁面换热强度,下壁面流体相换热强度最低。无量纲容积换热系数较小时,非热平衡效应影响较大。     

非能动余热排出换热器运行初始阶段换热特性研究

以非能动余热排出换热器运行初始阶段二次侧水箱水的升温过程为原型,通过实验研究了高位水箱内竖直换热管束在主流水温达到饱和前的换热特性。结果表明,换热管束运行初期热量依靠水的单相自然对流带走,水箱竖直方向上出现温度分层,换热量随主流的升温而下降。随着主流欠热度的减小,从管束上端开始换热机理逐渐向欠热沸腾转变;之后,主流水温逐渐达到饱和,沸腾成为换热的主要手段。在实验研究基础上,利用Churchill&Chu公式从管外平均换热系数中分离出自然对流换热系数,分析了不同阶段自然对流和欠热沸腾在管外换热系数中所占的比例。本文的研究对非能动余热排出换热器的设计有一定的指导意义。     

超临界压力下CO_2在螺旋管中沿程传热的实验研究

在热流密度q=0~25 kW/m2、质量流速G=10~262 kg/(m2·s)及入口压力Pin=8~9 MPa的实验参数范围内,研究超临界压力CO2在螺旋管中上升流动的传热特性,分析质量流速、热流密度及入口压力对换热系数的影响规律。结果表明,沿程换热系数总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,极大值发生在主流平均温度小于准临界温度而壁温大于准临界温度条件下;在换热系数上升段,沿程近壁区流体比热容增加引起的单位体积流体换热能力增强以及粘度减小引起的热边界层减薄是传热强化的主要因素;当近壁区CO2发生类液态到类气态的转变时,其比热容和导热系数减小是换热系数下降的主导因素。对于物性变化剧烈的超临界流体传热,Nu数仅作为对流与导热相对大小的度量,其数值大小不能客观反映实际换热能力的强弱。     

超临界压力下CO_2在螺旋管中沿程传热的实验研究

在热流密度q=0~25 kW/m2、质量流速G=10~262 kg/(m2·s)及入口压力Pin=8~9 MPa的实验参数范围内,研究超临界压力CO2在螺旋管中上升流动的传热特性,分析质量流速、热流密度及入口压力对换热系数的影响规律。结果表明,沿程换热系数总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,极大值发生在主流平均温度小于准临界温度而壁温大于准临界温度条件下;在换热系数上升段,沿程近壁区流体比热容增加引起的单位体积流体换热能力增强以及粘度减小引起的热边界层减薄是传热强化的主要因素;当近壁区CO2发生类液态到类气态的转变时,其比热容和导热系数减小是换热系数下降的主导因素。对于物性变化剧烈的超临界流体传热,Nu数仅作为对流与导热相对大小的度量,其数值大小不能客观反映实际换热能力的强弱。     

大空间内底部弧形加热段自然对流传热特性研究

为准确预测安全壳上封头的自然对流换热特性以保证堆芯余热安全排出,设计了采用底部弧形加热段的矩形封腔自然对流装置,研究导热率对底部弧形加热段和封腔内流体温度分布的影响,并基于开源软件OpenFOAM,采用数值模拟方法对比分析2种湍流模型和3种湍流热通量模型的适用性。结果表明,流体沿弧形面的流动受边界层和绕流脱体强化现象的影响,局部自然对流换热强度从顶部向两端先减小后增大;材料热导率对弧形面的温度分布影响比较大,但对于加热段外的流体温度分布影响极小;经过对AFM模型进行修正,得到了更适用于实验条件的模型参数值,修正后的模型对流体速度场的模拟更为准确且在更高功率工况下也得到验证。本研究可为后续方案设计的有效性评价提供参考。      

Natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in liquid sodium: Part 2: generalized correlation for laminar natural convection heat transfer

Rigorous numerical solution of natural convection heat transfer, from a horizontal cylinder with uniform surface heat flux or with uniform surface temperature, to liquid sodium was derived by solving the fundamental equations for laminar natural convection heat transfer without the boundary layer approximation. It was made clear that the local and average Nusselt numbers experimentally obtained and reported in part 1 of this paper were described well by the numerical solutions for uniform surface heat fluxes, but that those for uniform surface temperatures could not describe the angular distribution of the local Nusselt numbers and about 10% underpredicted the average Nusselt numbers. Generalized correlation for natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder with a uniform surface heat flux in liquid metals was presented based on the rigorous theoretical values for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers. It was confirmed that the correlation can describe the authors’ and other workers’ experimental data on horizontal cylinders in various kinds of liquid metals for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers. Another correlation for a horizontal cylinder with a uniform surface temperature in liquid metals, which may be applicable for special cases such as natural convection heat transfer in a sodium-to-sodium heat exchanger etc. was also presented based on the rigorous theoretical values for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers. These correlations can also describe the rigorous numerical solutions for non-metallic liquids and gases for the Prandtl numbers up to 10.     

Interaction of natural convection flow in multiple open cavities formed due to horizontal fins

Natural convection heat transfer from a stack of horizontal open cavities formed due to fins attached to equipment has been investigated for a wide range of Rayleigh number, cavity spacing and number of cavities in the stack. The interaction between natural convection from one cavity with other cavities in the stack is the focus of the study. Conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy have been solved using a finite volume solver. Ideal gas assumption is invoked to account for density variation of air. Numerical results have been validated with published solutions for a single isolated cavity. It is seen that the heat transfer from a stack of cavities is less than that predicted for isolated cavities. Due to pre-heating effect of fluid reaching the entrance of the upper cavities from the bottom ones, the heat transfer from upper cavities deteriorates. This deterioration is found to exhibit strong dependence on Rayleigh number and fin spacing. The dimensionless optimum fin spacing which yields the maximum heat transfer is found to be 2.5 for Ra ? 10⁴ and it is 0.5 for Ra ? 10⁵. The reduction in Nusselt number from the top cavity compared to that in the bottom cavity is in the range of 65% at the highest Rayleigh number studied.     

Experimental research on heat transfer to liquid sodium and its incipient boiling wall superheat in an annulus

Liquid sodium is mainly used as a cooling fluid in the liquid metal fast breeder reactor （LMFBR）, whose heat transfer, whether convective heat transfer or boiling heat transfer, is different from that of water. So it is important for both normal and accidental operations of LMFBR to perform experimental research on heat transfer to liquid sodium and its boiling heat transfer. This study deals with heat transfer with high temperature （300-700℃） and low Pe number （20-70） and heat transfer with low temperature （250-270℃） and high Pe number （125-860）, and its incipient boiling wall superheat in an annulus. Research on heat transfer involves theoretical research and experiments on heat transfer to liquid sodium. It also focuses on the theoretical analysis and experimental research on its incipient boiling wall superheat at positive pressure in an annulus. Semiempirical correlations were obtained and they were well coincident with the experimental data.     

Effect of fluid Prandtl number on heat transfer characteristics in internally heated liquid pools with Rayleigh numbers up to 10

This paper presents an analysis of effects of the fluid Prandtl number (Pr) on natural convection heat transfer in volumetrically heated liquid pools. Experimental and computational studies performed in the past are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the analysis of Pr number effects. As a practical exercise, numerical analysis is performed for two-dimensional square, semicircular and elliptical enclosures, and for three-dimensional semicircular and hemispherical cavities, to investigate the physics of the effect of the Pr number on heat transfer in internally heated liquid pools with Rayleigh numbers up to 10¹². It was found that the fluid Prandtl number has a small effect on heat transfer in the convection-dominated regions (near the top surface and side walls) of the enclosures. The decrease of the Pr number leads to the decrease of the top and side wall Nusselt (Nu) numbers. The effects of the Pr number on the Nu number at the bottom surface of the enclosures are found to be significant and they become larger with increasing Rayleigh numbers. Two physical mechanisms, i.e. thermal diffusivity and kinematic viscosity phenomena, have been proposed to explain the fluid Prandtl number effects. Calculational results have been used to quantify the significance and the area of influence for each mechanism. Also, strong dependence on the geometry (curvilinearity) of the downward cooled pool surface has been found.     

Computational fluid dynamic investigations and experimental validation of frozen seal sodium valve assembly of a fast reactor

Frozen seal sodium valves are used in fast reactors. To achieve sodium freezing, horizontal fins are attached to the outer surface of valve sheath. Adjacent fins form open-ended cavities and natural convection of air in these cavities is investigated using the PHOENICS code for various values of fin length, spacing and root temperature. It is seen that convective air does not penetrate deep into shallow cavities leading to poor heat transfer coefficient, offsetting the enhancement in surface area. Penetration depth of air is a function of aspect ratio and Rayleigh number based on fin spacing and is independent of fin length. Generalized correlations are derived for Nusselt number in terms of Rayleigh number and aspect ratio. Using these correlations, temperature distribution in entire valve assembly is predicted using the HEATING5 code, to select an optimum design. Experiments have been conducted on a model valve of selected design in the SILVERINA facility available at this centre. Measured stem temperature distribution is found to compare satisfactorily with HEATING5 predictions, validating the correlations derived from computational fluid dynamic studies and integrated thermal analysis methodology.     

球床模块堆停堆后自然对流传热特性数值研究

对冷却流体在球床模块堆内燃料颗粒填充区域中的流动和传热过程进行了研究.数值模拟突然停堆后燃料颗粒区在温差作用下的自然对流过程,分析了瑞利数Ra对燃料填充区域内流场、温度场和局部努塞尔数Nu以及壁面摩擦阻力系数的影响.计算结果表明:当球床模块堆突然停堆时燃料填充区域可形成加热壁面流体上升流动、冷却壁面下降流动的自然循环流动;随着Ra数增大,回流中心向上移动;沿轴向壁面局部Nusselt数和摩擦阻力系数存在极值,并且极值点随Ra数增大而向上移动;与氮气相比,氦气作为冷却介质停堆后具有更均匀的堆芯轴向温度分布.     

Natural convection heat transfer of water on a horizontal downward facing stainless steel disk in a gap under atmospheric pressure conditions

An experimental study on natural convection heat transfer on a horizontal downward facing heated surface in a water gap has been carried out under atmospheric pressure conditions. A total of 7204 experimental data points are correlated using Rayleigh versus Nusselt number correlations in various forms, based on different independent variables. The effects of different characteristic lengths and film temperatures are discussed. The buoyancy force acts as a resistance force for natural convection heat transfer on a downward facing horizontal heated surface in a confined space. For the estimation of the natural convection heat transfer under the present conditions, empirical correlations in which Nusselt number is expressed as a function of Rayleigh number, or Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers both, may be used. However, the best accuracy is provided by an empirical correlation which expresses the Nusselt number as a function of the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, as well as the gap width-to-heated surface diameter ratio; and uses the temperature difference between the heated surface and the ambient fluid in the definition of Rayleigh number. The characteristic length is the gap size and the film temperature is the average fluid temperature.     

大功率先进压水堆IVR有效性评价中熔池换热研究

熔融物堆内滞留-压力容器外部冷却（IVR-ERVC）是一种重要的核电厂严重事故缓解措施。当前针对IVR有效性评价的方法主要是基于集总参数模型对下封头熔池换热进行分析。在大功率先进压水堆熔池集总参数法计算中,堆芯重量变大、压力容器尺寸增加会导致熔池自然对流换热中的瑞利数Ra ′增大。通过使用集总参数分析程序,对比研究熔池氧化层各换热模型的适用范围,计算大功率先进压水堆高瑞利数条件下稳态熔池的自然对流换热,模拟两层稳态熔池模型中压力容器外壁面的热流密度分布,对其进行选定严重事故序列下的IVR-ERVC有效性评价,并对堆内构件设计提出建议。     

Experimental study on convective heat transfer of water flow in a heated tube under natural circulation

This paper reports on an experimental study on transitional heat transfer of water flow in a heated vertical tube under natural circulation conditions. In the experiments the local and average heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The experimental data were compared with the predictions by a forced flow correlation available in the literature. The comparisons show that the Nusselt number value in the fully developed region is about 30% lower than the predictions by the forced flow correlation due to flow laminarization in the layer induced by co-current bulk natural circulation and free convection. By using the Rayleigh number Ra to represent the influence of free convection on heat transfer, the empirical correlations for the calculation of local and average heat transfer behavior in the tube at natural circulation have been developed. The empirical correlations are in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on the experimental results, the effect of the thermal entry-length behavior on heat transfer design in the tube under natural circulation was evaluated.     

单侧部分开口方腔自然对流数值模拟

为研究开口度对自然对流和传热的影响,采用有限容积法对单侧部分开口（2个开口）方腔自然对流进行了二维层流稳态数值模拟。计算结果表明：Ra和开口度的改变对方腔内的温度场分布和涡流结构有显著影响。相同开口度下,平均Nu和无量纲流量随Ra的增加而增加;相同Ra下,无量纲流量随开口度的增加而增加。当Ra>10⁴,可能存在最佳开口度,此时平均Nu取得最大值。