矩形断面巷道冲击地压机理研究

基于顶板剪切梁模型研究矩形巷道冲击地压发生问题,得到矩形断面巷道发生冲击地压的临界塑性软化区深度和临界载荷,分析巷道宽度、巷道高度或煤层厚度、顶板厚度等几何因素,以及煤层与顶板刚度比、煤的模量比、煤的强度参数、侧压力系数和水平应力分布指数等煤岩力学性质因素对临界条件的影响规律。结果表明:巷道顶板岩层以剪切变形破坏为主,当临界塑性区深度与临界载荷较小时,易于发生冲击地压,其发生频度较高,强度较小,破坏性较小;反之,冲击地压不易发生,其发生频度较低,一旦发生其强度会较大,破坏性较大。临界塑性区深度与巷道宽高比、初始黏聚力的大小无关,随顶板厚度、刚度比、模量比、水平应力分布指数的增加而增大,随煤层塑性软化刚度、内摩擦角、侧压力系数的增加而减小。临界载荷随巷道宽高比、煤层塑性软化刚度、水平应力分布指数的增加而降低,随顶板厚度、刚度比、模量比、初始黏聚力、内摩擦角、侧压力系数的增加而增大。     

迎采动工作面沿空掘巷预拉力支护及工程应用

迎采动工作面留小煤柱沿空掘巷受邻近工作面侧向顶板破断、转动及稳定的全过程动压影响后，顶板煤体离层，小煤柱破裂，围岩稳定性急剧恶化。为了保持巷道形状，防止大变形状态下的支护结构失效成为支护的关键。常规锚杆支护、锚杆与锚索联合支护等不能维持其稳定；而预拉力钢绞线桁架系统是控制顶板离层的有效支护方式，结合高性能预拉力锚杆、M型钢带、小孔径预拉力短锚索等，形成预拉力组合支护技术，可以较好地解决该类问题。针对三河尖矿的典型试验对此作了详细说明。     

流变岩体中椭圆洞室断面开挖过程的力学分析

给出了黏弹性流变岩体中深埋椭圆隧洞断面开挖过程中力学响应的解析解答。通过设定长短半轴随时间变化的函数可模拟施工过程。首先,结合变边界黏弹性问题对应关系和平面弹性复变方法,求得岩体应力及开挖引起位移的统一表达。在推导中,通过建立逆映射函数,分离出参与Laplace变换的时间。然后,对模拟为Boltzmann黏弹模型的岩石材料,给出了积分形式的位移表达式。最后,针对不同类型岩石进行不同开挖方式和速度下无量纲位移及应力的参数分析。分析表明,施工方式对位移与应力有明显影响。给出的解析解答可用于地下椭圆孔型隧道在开挖过程中的力学分析,并可作为实际工程初步设计的手段。     

Estimation of Hydraulic Property of Jointed Rock Mass Considering Excavation-induced Change in Permeability of Each Joints

Underground excavation can induce significant deformation of pre-existing joints in rock mass. Due to the sliding and opening of the joints, consequent changes in the flow characteristics of a jointed rock mass would be anticipated. In the present work, the finite element excavation analysis for a jointed rock mass and the finite element flow and transport analysis using the discrete joint network model are employed and combined so as to make it possible to evaluate excavation induced changes in flow properties of a jointed rock mass. A separate computational module connecting these two codes is incorporated to modify initially imposed transmissivities into the excavation induced ones considering the deformation of joints during an excavation. The effect of excavation on the flow properties is evaluated by including these excavation induced transmissivity changes of individual joints. The excavation induced transmissivities are calculated using the analytical approximation solution developed for flow through a single rock joint. The calculation of the excavation induced transmissivity involves the distributions of shear displacements and normal stresses around the excavation, and explicitly takes into account of the effect of surface geometric roughness. A test simulation for a deep underground repository is performed to demonstrate the typical results predicted in the proposed approach.     

近距巷道平行开挖合理错距研究

矿井下运输巷道是矿业生产的重要通道。文中针对极松软地层近距双水平巷道掘进问题,以内蒙古上海庙矿区为工程背景,依据工程区地应力场的实测结果及岩石力学实验参数,运用FLAC^3D三维数值分析计算软件对开拓巷道的合理错距进行了数值模拟研究。通过分析巷道周边应力分布、塑性区变化、位移速率矢量场方向变化以及监测位移数据变化,研究了巷道在分步开挖过程中,不同的开挖错距对已开拓巷道监测端面的影响。结果表明在极松软地质条件下,巷道围岩周边高应力区分布范围较大,新开拓的巷道会对相邻已开拓巷道周边的应力、塑性破坏区及位移速率矢量场产生影响,双近距水平巷道合理开拓错距宜保持在50 m以上。     

Flow analysis of jointed rock masses based on excavation-induced transmissivity change of rough joints

Underground excavation can induce significant deformation of pre-existing joints in rock mass. Due to the sliding and opening of the joints, consequent changes in the flow characteristics of a jointed rock mass would be anticipated. In the present work, a number of numerical techniques are employed and combined in order to evaluate the excavation-induced changes in the flow properties of a jointed rock mass. These are represented by the Micromechanics-Based Continuum (MBC) model analysis (FE excavation analysis in a jointed rock mass), and FracMan/Mafic package (FE flow and transport analysis in the discrete network of joints). A separate computational module connecting these two codes is incorporated to modify initially imposed transmissivities into the excavation-induced ones. The effect of excavation on the flow properties is evaluated by including these excavation-induced transmissivity changes of individual joints in the FE flow analysis. The excavation-induced transmissivities are calculated by the numerical and analytical techniques developed for flow through a single rock joint. The calculation of the excavation-induced transmissivity involves the distributions of shear displacements and normal stresses around the excavation, and implicitly takes into account the effect of surface geometric roughness. A test simulation for a deep underground repository is performed to illustrate the typical results predicted in the proposed approach.     

直墙拱形巷道围岩应力场分析

为得出直墙拱形巷道围岩应力分布规律,应用复变函数弹性理论推导了直墙拱形巷道围岩应力分布的解析表达式。对直墙拱形巷道边界的围岩应力和巷道水平线方向的围岩应力分布规律进行分析,并考虑直墙拱形巷道断面高宽比和侧压系数对其影响规律。研究表明：在不同巷道断面高宽比、侧压系数下,直墙拱形巷道围岩应力集中区域主要集中在直墙底部底角处、拱形顶板中点附近和底板中部3个位置。不同巷道断面高宽比下,直墙拱形巷道沿水平线的应力分布规律基本相同。侧压系数大于1时,采用巷道断面高宽比小于1较有利于巷道稳定;侧压系数小于等于1时,采用巷道断面高宽比大于1较有利于巷道稳定。     

巨厚煤层三软回采巷道恒阻让压互补支护研究

 针对沈阳清水煤矿第三系巨厚大地压软围岩煤层回采巷道开掘后支护失效严重、围岩大变形及4次返修无法稳定的现象,分析围岩塑性流变、非对称变形破坏、支护体与围岩大变形不协调等变形力学机制。提出采用恒阻大变形锚杆初次支护,在恒阻力作用下保护锚固体的承载力,通过恒阻锚杆的延伸多次释放变形能,将集中应力转移到深部,调动深部围岩承载能力,形成稳定的塑性承载圈;然后针对回采巷道变形特点采用顶板加强、两帮让压、底角加固的二次互补加强支护,形成适应三软巷道变形特征的围岩–支护协同承载体,将围岩变形速率控制在合理范围。基于该方法下提出的锚索+恒阻大变形锚杆+钢带+底角锚注联合支护设计,在该矿南二采区205工作面运输顺槽中使用后,顶板下沉降低75%,两帮收缩减小60%,底臌减小42%,巷道支护状况得到明显改善。实践证明,恒阻让压互补支护系统可有效控制三软巷道围岩稳定。     

岩浆岩侵入区巨厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压机制研究

针对岩浆岩侵入区采掘期间冲击地压频繁发生的实际问题,运用理论分析、数值模拟以及工程实践等研究方法,研究岩浆岩侵入区巨厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压机制。主要结论如下:基于弹塑性理论推导出巨厚煤层巷道围岩应力分布计算公式,由此绘制应力分布等值线图,结果表明最大主应力方向、最大剪应力集中区位置均与煤层倾向相垂直,煤层倾角不能改变最大主应力和剪应力的集中程度,而侧压系数对最大主应力集中程度的影响较大。坚硬岩浆岩顶板在采空区上大面积悬顶导致其附近大面积煤体应力的整体升高,为冲击地压发生提供了静载荷;掘进施工诱发岩浆岩局部侵入带能量的瞬时释放,为冲击地压发生提供了动载荷;综上分析,建立岩浆岩侵入区巨厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压的力学模型,得出冲击发生判据,进而获得冲击地压发生机制。应用研究成果,较好地分析了矿井实际掘进巷道冲击地压的发生机制,并有效地指导了冲击地压防治实践。     

龙滩水电站左岸地下厂房区三维地应力场反演分析

在龙滩地下厂房区工程地质和试验洞变形监测结果综合分析的基础上，建立地质概化和试验洞施工开挖模型；采用地应力场随埋深变化呈线性分布的假设，并根据地应力测试成果，确定地应力场的分布区间。在此基础上，采用均匀设计方法和三维显式有限差分法，通过模拟试验洞的开挖变形，对龙滩水电站厂房区岩体地应力场进行了三维变形反演分析。对比计算位移和监测位移，计算各方案的位移目标函数，获得了岩体地应力场沿深度的分布规律。比较监测与计算位移，两者在量值上相当，在变形趋势上也基本相同，而且实测与计算所得的地应力值较吻合，表明所获得的岩体地应力场是基本合理的，同时说明此反演方法简便、有效。     

考虑空间效应的深基坑双排桩支护结构计算模型

建立一个考虑空间效应的深基坑双排桩支护结构计算模型。该模型具有如下特点：可计算基坑某一长度范围内每根桩顶处的冠梁刚度系数,给出冠梁的弯矩、位移分布;通过杆系有限元法计算任意开挖深度情况下桩身的内力和位移;可考虑任意排距（包括排距为零,即退化为一排桩）以及前排桩、后排桩长度不相同等情况下桩身的内力和位移。基于这一模型,编制了设计计算软件。计算结果表明：在基坑边壁中点处冠梁水平位移大于其它位置的位移,且随开挖深度的增大位移逐渐增大;在支护结构桩顶部,冠梁的作用限制了水平位移的发展,而支护结构桩的中部则有较大的位移;此外,随冠梁刚度系数的增大,桩体的水平位移明显减小,而弯矩则增大。计算结果与现场实测资料对比表明,两者变化规律具有较好的一致性。     

迎上下采空孤岛面沿空掘巷围岩变形破坏特征

为了研究分析上下煤层两侧都采空而形成的孤岛面沿空掘巷和煤层开采时围岩应力分布及变形破坏特征,应用理论分析、计算机数值模拟与具体工程实践相结合的研究方法,分析了上下煤层两侧采空情况下,下孤岛工作面迎上孤岛面沿空掘巷期间及煤层开采过程中,采场围岩应力分布、变形破坏规律。结果表明:该情况下孤岛工作面围岩结构特征因受多次开采影响,其整体性和联动性都有所降低,采场围岩应力分布特征有所不同,且煤柱宽度尺寸对巷道受力变形有较大影响。掘巷期间轨道巷煤柱帮的变形量大于实体煤帮变形量,顶板下沉量大于底鼓量;回采期间顶板运移特点决定了两巷围岩主要呈现拉剪破坏,随着工作面的推进,采动影响阶段和影响剧烈阶段范围逐渐增大,巷道断面收缩率随着距工作面距离的减小而增大。对于孤岛面开采沿空巷道的特殊围岩条件,应遵循“强顶、固帮、控底的全断面围岩控制技术思路,对上下隅角附近巷道加强支护,提高围岩自身强度,为类似条件孤岛面巷道维护及安全开采提供理论技术保障。     

急倾斜三软厚煤层留小煤柱沿空护巷技术

在急倾斜三软厚煤层走向长壁俯伪斜采煤条件下实施留小煤柱沿空护巷十分困难,煤柱稳定性和巷道围岩变形极难控制。针对这一难题,提出了包含煤柱小角度锚固法和十字护顶方法的留小煤柱沿空护巷技术,有效解决了煤柱易沿顶底板剪切破坏并向巷内搓动的问题,降低了巷道软弱围岩的破碎程度和变形量。现场试验结果显示,留设小煤柱的完整性保持较好,其中相较于原支护方式顶底板移近量减少了40%,两帮收敛量则减少了42%,巷道围岩变形得到了有效控制。与此同时,还得到工作面前后方回采巷道的矿压显现呈现明显的6个分区,分别为工作面前方无影响区、工作面前方矿压显现影响区、工作面前方矿压显现强烈区、工作面后方顶板激烈活动区、工作面后方顶板活动减缓区和工作面后方基本稳定区。其中,工作面前方矿压显现强烈区和工作面后方顶板活动激烈区的范围明显大于缓斜近水平煤层,这为分区制定围岩控制措施提供了有利依据。所得研究成果可为我国急倾斜走向长壁俯伪斜工作面沿空护巷技术研究提供一定的补充。     

Optimized mesh generation for two-dimensional finite element analysis of underground excavations in rocks masses traversed by joints

Deformation and distribution of stresses around underground excavations in jointed rock masses are influenced by yield and slip along joints. Since stresses are often computed using non-linear finite element analysis, and considering the excavation sequence, a number of what-if scenarios are performed, requiring considerable time. Often an accurate solution is only required in a limited part of a larger model. While mesh optimization can reduce the number of elements and analysis effort, the previously published optimization method by the author only considered the effect of excavations at a region of interest. The method was based on a cost function to prioritize the automatic removal of geometric detail from the boundary representation of the domain and the ensuing mesh. The inclusion of the effects of joints and excavation interaction in a stress analysis model, as part of the mesh optimization process, is developed in this paper with an application to a representative stress analysis case. The resulting optimized meshes can represent the displacement and stresses at the region of interest with considerable accuracy while capturing the yield along joints in the rock mass.     

大型金属矿体开采地应力场变化及其对采区岩体移动范围的影响分析

根据金属矿地下开采引起的地应力场变化对岩体移动变形范围影响的工程实际，采用现场实测和数值分析方法，对深埋破碎金属矿体开采引起的地应力场变化及其对地质环境影响并导致岩体移动变形范围不断扩大这一客观现象进行了具体计算分析。结果表明，矿体开采后，随着采深的增加地应力明显增大，岩体移动变形的影响范围也随之而增大。另一方面，地应力场变化，尤其是水平方向的构造应力场变化和影响是不可忽视的。     

流变岩体中既有隧道与新建平行隧道相互影响的理论解

在流变岩体中进行隧道施工时,既有隧道与新建隧道的相互作用将使围岩应力、位移分布与单隧道问题有明显不同,且与时间相关。针对黏弹性岩体中深埋双圆形隧洞考虑施工顺序问题,用复变函数方法、Laplace变换、黏弹性叠加关系导出两隧道周边开挖增量位移和应力场的求解方法和理论解答,并与有限元解进行了比对。根据解答分析了既有和新建隧道孔边增量位移与全应力分布特点;隧道周边增量位移随时间的变化;周边位移随隧道间距的变化规律。可用于黏弹性岩体中双圆形隧道顺序开挖的施工分析。相比数值方法,理论解可更方便地进行参数分析和初步设计。     

高应力区分层开采冲击地压事故发生机理研究

以某矿厚硬顶板条件下特厚煤层上分层开采发生的巷道与工作面同时冲击的事故为背景,研究事故发生的机理与治理方法。研究表明:引起事故的主要力源来自上层煤煤柱、不等宽区段煤柱、巨厚坚硬顶板和大断层等形成的集中应力;主要冲击灾害体是巷道和工作面内的底煤;底煤发生冲击的主要力学机理是底煤在水平应力突变条件下发生屈曲破坏,并在垂直应力作用下发生冲击性滑移。提出了上层煤柱对下层煤采动影响范围与冲击危险范围的评估方法,为制定恢复生产方案提供了科学依据。根据发生事故的机理,制定并实施了恢复生产的方案,通过实施危险区卸压措施和建立冲击危险实时监测预警体系,工作面恢复了生产,保障了安全开采。     

银洞沟矿110103工作面沿空掘巷数值模拟研究

以银洞沟矿110103工作面回风巷掘进工程为背景,运用有限差分法(FLAC)模拟对现有支护方案设计分析.模拟结果表明,采用本设计方案对巷道围岩的控制具有一定的稳定效果,降低了围岩变形,提高了完整性.     

Innovation and future of mining rock mechanics

The 121 mining method of longwall mining first proposed in England has been widely used around the world.This method requires excavation of two mining roadways and reservation of one coal pillar to mine one working face.Due to considerable excavation of roadway,the mining roadway is generally destroyed during coal mining.The stress concentration in the coal pillar can cause large deformation of surrounding rocks,rockbursts and other disasters,and subsequently a large volume of coal pillar resources will be wasted.To improve the coal recovery rate and reduce excavation of the mining roadway,the 111 mining method of longwall mining was proposed in the former Soviet Union based on the 121 mining method.The 111 mining method requires excavation of one mining roadway and setting one filling body to replace the coal pillar while maintaining another mining roadway to mine one working face.However,because the stress transfer structure of roadway and working face roof has not changed,the problem of stress concentration in the surrounding rocks of roadway has not been well solved.To solve the above problems,the conventional concept utilizing high-strength support to resist the mining pressure for the 121 and 111 mining methods should be updated.The idea is to utilize mining pressure and expansion characteristics of the collapsed rock mass in the goaf to automatically form roadways,avoiding roadway excavation and waste of coal pillar.Based on the basic principles of mining rock mechanics,the“equilibrium mining”theory and the“short cantilever beam”mechanical model are proposed.Key technologies,such as roof directional presplitting technology,negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)high-prestress constant-resistance support technology,and gangue blocking support technology,are developed following the“equilibrium mining”theory.Accordingly,the 110 and N00 mining methods of an automatically formed roadway(AFR)by roof cutting and pressure releasing without pillars are proposed.The mining methods have been applied to a large number of coal mines with different overburdens,coal seam thicknesses,roof types and gases in China,realizing the integrated mode of coal mining and roadway retaining.On this basis,in view of the complex geological conditions and intelligent mining demand of coal mines,an intelligent and unmanned development direction of the“equilibrium mining”method is prospected.     

裂隙对四分量钻孔应力–应变观测影响的数值模拟分析

钻孔围岩中存在裂隙是导致钻孔应力–应变观测中测试值不满足自洽关系的原因之一,但缺乏理论依据。建立若干个二维有限元模型,通过模拟计算相邻45°的各元件位移,定性地研究裂隙与最大水平应力的角度、最大水平应力与最小水平应力比值、裂隙与孔壁距离、长度、宽度和材料属性几种典型要素对四分量钻孔应力–应变观测的影响。结果显示,几种因素对钻孔应力–应变观测都有比较明显的影响,当裂隙延展方向与最小水平应力方向一致或最大水平应力与最小水平应力比值越大、裂隙与孔壁距离越近、裂隙尺寸越大、裂隙的材料属性与围岩的差距越大时,裂隙的存在对观测的影响越明显。