柴油机压缩空气补气系统的车载实验研究

柴油公交车在起步和急加速时,由于发动机转速上升缓慢以及增压器的响应滞后使得进气量跟不上供油量的变化,造成烟度排放增加。为了解决这一问题,本文研究了一种用于车载的压缩空气补气系统。在发动机怠速及减速过程中,辅助空气压缩机向高压储气罐充气;当发动机加速时,由电控单元控制的电磁阀将低压气罐中的压缩空气直接喷入进气管,增加气缸充量。车载实验结果表明,该系统可满足实际应用的要求,显著减少了柴油机加速时的烟度排放。     

Assessment of combustion and exhaust emissions in a common-rail diesel engine fueled with methane and hydrogen/methane mixtures under different compression ratio

This study investigates the potential usage of the methane and hydrogen enriched methane in a turbocharged common-rail direct injection diesel engine. Methane and hydrogen/methane mixtures are sent through the air intake manifold of the engine. The engine is operated at four different loads and three different compression ratios. Results are compared amongst single diesel and dual-fuel operations at different compression ratios and load conditions. Compared to diesel, dual-fuel operations mostly generate higher and advanced peak in-cylinder gas pressure, more combustion noise, late pilot injection and start of combustion, advanced combustion center, substantial variations at ignition delay and combustion duration, a significant increase in cyclic variations at low and medium loads, and earlier heat release. Hydrogen enrichment decreases evidently specific fuel consumption. Concerning emissions, compared to diesel operation, dual-fuel operations produce higher total hydrocarbon (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) but lower carbon dioxide (CO₂). Hydrogen substitutions decrease THC and CO₂ emissions of methane dual-fuel operations approximately between 9-29% and 1–32%, respectively. Smoke emission of dual-fuel operations is less than that of diesel at low and medium loads, whereas it sharply increases at high load. Knocking occurs at high compression ratio and load conditions with dual-fuel operations and dramatically increases with increasing hydrogen ratio. Decreasing the compression ratio notably reduces the combustion noise as well as some emissions, such as NO_x, CO₂ and smoke, for entire load ranges of dual-fuel and diesel operations.     

可调二级增压柴油机旁通阀特性和调节规律的试验

对柴油机应用可调二级增压系统进行了全工况的试验研究.结果表明,涡轮旁通阀可以对增压压力进行调节进而影响柴油机的性能.可调二级增压系统可以增大柴油机中低转速的增压压力,改善碳烟排放;当循环供油量增加后还可以提高中低速时的外特性转矩.中低转速中高负荷时,两级增压会提高进气量改善燃烧,明显地提高了燃油经济性.中高速时,进气量的提高没有明显地改善燃烧的效果,反而造成泵气损失增大,基于经济性考虑应开启涡轮旁通阀,与此同时为避免节流效应压气机旁通阀也应开启将高压级增压器完全旁通,旁通后由于复杂的进排气管增加了流动损失使得油耗略有升高.     

Investigation on performance of a compression-ignition engine with pressure-wave supercharger

Pressure-wave supercharger (PWS) is a technical way to raise engine intake pressure. In this research, a compression-ignition (CI) engine is boosted by COMPREX PWS and the performance of the engine was tested. In order to improve the power of the PWS diesel engine, the Grey Relational Analysis was completed. The analysis results show that two factors, the intake air flow and the exhaust gas temperature, have the most important influences on the PWS engine power. Thus the volume of the intake manifold is enlarged to increase intake air flow while the exhaust manifold is wrapped by asbestos with an iron cover to preserve the high exhaust gas temperature. Consequently, the final experimental results show that both the power and the torque have been built up as well as excellent fast response to various load. Together with experimental test, the Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation was completed based on a three-dimensional (3D) model of the PWS rotor channel. The CFD simulation shows that the inner exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) phenomenon happens especially at middle PWS rotational speed with 30% of full load. The test results demonstrate that the PWS diesel engine performs better with less NOx and soot emissions.     

柴油机注汽涡轮增压系统

针对涡轮增压柴油机在低工况运行时 ,出现增压压力不足、燃烧过量空气系数小和废气排温较高等固有特性 ,提出了一种利用增压器废气余热产生水蒸气 ,并注入涡轮来提高增压器的压比和空气量新方法 ,以改善涡轮增压器与柴油机的匹配 ,提高柴油机性能     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

在一台直喷式增压柴油机上进行了生物柴油、柴油及其掺混油B20、B50的性能试验,通过测量喷油器针阀升程、喷油压力和气缸压力曲线,对放热率、滞燃期等燃烧特性参数进行了分析,以研究生物柴油对发动机燃烧性能的影响。试验结果表明,在相同工况下,随着掺混油中生物柴油比例的增加,喷油始点逐渐提前,喷油延迟角逐渐变大,喷油压力和喷油持续期有所增加;滞燃期逐渐缩短,在大负荷尤为明显;预混合放热峰值逐渐降低,而扩散燃烧放热峰值逐渐增大;缸内最高燃烧压力提高,其对应的曲轴转角也逐渐提前。燃用生物柴油后发动机的热效率有所提高,在中等负荷时尤为明显。     

某四缸乘用车柴油机燃烧系统的设计优化

介绍了长城汽车研发的一款高性能"2.0VGT"柴油发动机燃烧系统的设计优化过程,通过模拟计算发动机整个工作过程,对进排气系统和进气道形状、气流运动形式、喷油器喷雾特性、燃烧室形状进行多方案优化选型。研究不同工况下,喷油规律(次数、喷油间隔、每次喷油量、喷油时刻)、喷油器特性(喷孔数量、喷孔直径、喷油压力、喷油锥角)的喷雾特性(油滴细化程度、贯穿度)对发动机性能、排放和油耗的影响规律。并对发动机实现国Ⅴ排放要求,对所需要的喷油系统特性及燃烧室形状进行研究。     

Numerical investigation on the effects of load conditions and hydrogen-air ratio on the combustion processes of a HSDI engine

Owing to high specific energy and low emissions production, hydrogen is a desirable alternative fuel. The combustion and emission performance can be improved by hydrogen addition injected in-cylinder, intake manifold and aspirated with air. However, engine loads and hydrogen-air ration have a significant effect on the performance, combustion and emission of the diesel-hydrogen (high speed direct injection) HSDI engine. In this paper, the CFD method is used to calculate the combustion process of a diesel-hydrogen dual HSDI engine working at constant speed of 4000 rpm, at different hydrogen added from intake port (hydrogen volume fraction of 0%–10%) and five engine loads (equivalent to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of its maximum output power), respectively. The modelling results showed that the in-cylinder pressure and temperature under low engine load were more affected by hydrogen addition. With increasing hydrogen volume fraction, the indicated expansion work and in-cylinder peak pressure increased, and combustion duration decreased due to faster fuel-air mixing and spray flame speed.     

柴油引燃乙醇均质混合气的二元燃料燃烧特性

在一台单缸增压中冷试验柴油发动机上,研究了不同转速和负荷下乙醇在进气道形成均质混合气,然后在气缸内由柴油引燃的二元燃料燃烧特性.结果发现:采用柴油引燃乙醇混合气的二元燃料燃烧方式,在高负荷时预混燃烧量明显增加,扩散燃烧大幅度减少;在低负荷以及整个低速工况下都实现了单峰快速放热.另外,采用这种燃烧模式能够降低绝大部分工况的最高燃烧温度,并缩短高温持续时间.研究还发现,这种二元燃料燃烧大部分工况的最高爆发压力和压力升高率都比原机高,燃烧持续期短于原机,在中高负荷时能大幅度地减少柴油消耗并提高发动机热效率.与原柴油机相比,采用二元燃料燃烧的指示热效率最高提高了11.09%.     

Research of performance and emission indicators of the compression-ignition engine powered by hydrogen - Diesel mixtures

The purpose of this study is to use the hydrogen – diesel mixture in Audi/VW 1.9 TDI turbocharged CI engine equipped with dynamometer and examine the performance and emission indicators by comparing it with sole diesel mode. The recent diesel emission scandals because of manufacturers cheating the laboratory tests, have initiated the discussions about the sustainable and environmentally friendly diesel engines. The CI engine without major engine modifications was set to operate at two speeds of 1900 rpm and 2500 rpm. At each of speed, the experiment was conducted at three BMEP: 0.4 MPa, 0.6 MPa, and 0.8 MPa. The test engine was operated using diesel fuel with amounts of 10 l/min, 20 l/min, and 30 l/min of hydrogen gas, supplied with air into intake manifold before the turbocharger. Relatively low hydrogen fraction (max. 15.74%) has effect on diesel combustion process and performance indicators at the all range of BMEP. The in-cylinder peak pressure at both speeds of 1900 rpm and 2500 rpm was lower than that with pure diesel fuel, as the small amount of hydrogen shortens the CI engine ignition delay period and decreases the rate of pressure rise. The decrease of BTE noticed, and increase of BSFC was registered with low hydrogen fraction (hydrogen amounts of 10 l/min, 20 l/min). However, with increase of hydrogen amount to 30 l/min, the BTE increased and BSFC decreased to the level, which was lower than that at the pure diesel test. The supply of hydrogen positively effects on engine emissions: the smokiness, NO_x, CO₂, CO decreased, the only hydrocarbon increased. The effect of hydrogen fraction on the combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel - hydrogen mixture was validated by AVL (Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List) BOOST and analysed with presentations of the main limitations and perspectives.     

基于MATLAB的增压柴油机高工况放气研究

为了控制某船用增压柴油机最高燃烧压力,采用了高工况放增压空气的措施。在MATLAB/SIMULINK中建立了带有放气的基于充满与排空法的增压柴油机瞬态模型,通过模拟计算,分析了放气对柴油机最高燃烧压力的影响;模型中采用了积分分离PI控制器来调节放气阀,并整定了PI参数。控制结果表明:所建模型的超调量小,响应速度快,控制精度高,达到了比较好的控制效果,实现了最高燃烧压力的控制。     

直喷柴油机燃烧的现象学快速预测模型

为了快速且准确地预测直喷柴油机的放热及排放情况,提出了直喷柴油机燃烧的现象学快速预测模型。该模型基于气相射流喷雾模型,将柴油机的燃烧过程分为预混燃烧、喷射中的扩散燃烧及喷射后的扩散燃烧三个阶段进行燃烧计算,并将喷雾区域分为已燃区和未燃区进行排放计算。该模型相较于多区模型,简化了分区,考虑了喷油产生湍动能的影响。在额定转速下,基于90%负荷标定的模型预测结果和潍柴WP7柴油机其它负荷的试验结果相比,最高燃烧压力和平均压力误差均小于5%;中高负荷的放热率趋势基本相同,10%累计放热对应的曲轴转角误差小于0.6℃A,90%累计放热时对应的曲轴转角误差小于5℃A;高负荷的排放预测误差在5%左右;且各工况计算可在数秒内完成。表明:所提出的模型能快速且较准确地预测直喷柴油机中高负荷工况下的燃烧情况。     

高压中冷EGR对直喷增压发动机油耗影响的试验研究

基于某一直喷增压发动机,研究了EGR对发动机小负荷油耗的影响。结果表明：在改善油耗方面,原发动机使用进气门晚关策略优于使用内部EGR策略;在低转速小负荷工作区域,外部中冷EGR对油耗的贡献主要来自于降低了泵气功,但是过多的EGR气体引入容易导致燃烧不稳;使用高压EGR时,最佳的进排气VVT角度与无EGR时相同。     

高海拔可调两级增压柴油机油气协同控制研究

以某Ⅴ型6缸柴油机为研究对象,采用GT-Power软件开展高海拔可调两级涡轮增压柴油机油气协同控制研究。仿真模型的进气模块选用可调两级涡轮增压系统,燃烧模块的标定采用柴油机在低过量空气系数下的试验数据进行。采用该标定后的仿真模型开展了不同过量空气系数和喷油量工况下柴油机高原性能仿真计算。结果表明:在海拔4 500 m,且满足最高燃烧压力和排温限制的条件下,采用可调两级增压并结合油气协同控制,柴油机扭矩和功率可达到100%恢复;研究同时获得了最大扭矩和最大功率恢复的油气协同控制方法。     

柴油机变海拔燃烧特性研究

基于SC7H涡轮增压柴油机试验台架,开展了变海拔典型工况下的稳态试验,研究了最大扭矩点(1 400 r/min)和标定转速点(2 300 r/min)分别在循环喷油量25 mg和75 mg工况下,缸内压力、燃烧放热率和燃烧特征参数随海拔的变化规律。研究结果显示:随着海拔的升高,各工况下的最高燃烧压力均呈现下降趋势,最高燃烧压力相位、燃烧始点和燃烧重心推迟,燃烧持续期延长,且低负荷工况受海拔的影响更明显;当海拔升高时,最大压力升高率和最大瞬时放热率在低负荷工况下随之上升,而在高负荷工况下呈下降趋势。     

不同喷醇方式对柴油机实行柴油/醇组合燃烧时性能的影响

提出了柴油／甲醇的组合燃烧方式。在一台高速非增压直喷柴油机上采用组合燃烧方式进行了柴油机燃用甲醇的试验，对比了不同喷醇方式(单点喷醇和多点喷醇)对柴油机实行组合燃烧时性能的影响。试验结果表明，采用组合燃烧方式的柴油机燃用甲醇时，多点喷醇方式获得的动力性、经济性以及排放品质等综合性能要优于单点喷醇方式。     

不同口径比和径深比燃烧室工作过程分析

不改变燃烧室体积,通过改变燃烧室的口径比和径深比,对柴油机工作过程进行了模拟计算。燃烧模型取4步简化动力学模型,湍流模型取修正k-ε模型。计算区域除气缸和燃烧室外,还包括进、排气支管。计算结果表明,随着口径比的减小,缸内挤流强度增加。对于空间雾化燃烧的直喷式柴油机,将燃烧室结构设计成油注形状,可以利用燃烧波在燃烧室内产生较大尺度的垂直涡流,有利于增强燃油喷射效应,从而提高油气与空气的均匀混合质量,提高柴油机的经济性,同时也有利于降低NO排放。     

6100ZQ车用增压柴油机性能的试验研究

作者通过分析认为由于涡轮机械的固有特性,用一台几何尺寸固定的涡轮增压器很难在整个宽广的柴油机转速范围内获得合乎要求的增压特性。因此,从增压系统、燃油系统和燃烧室的良好匹配着手,在扭矩储备、最大功率、燃油消耗率、排气温度及气缸内压力极限与烟度等因素之间取得协调的折衷匹配方案,可以满足车用涡轮增压柴油机性能要求。这一方案已成功地应用于6100ZQ车用增压柴油机。     

高/低压EGR对汽油机和增压器影响的试验研究

在一款涡轮增压汽油缸内直喷(gasoline direct injection,GDI)汽油机上进行了高压(HP)废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)和低压(LP)EGR对发动机和增压器性能影响的试验研究。分别对比了HP EGR和LP EGR系统在外特性和部分负荷工况对发动机燃烧、油耗、进排气的影响及增压器相应的工况变化,并分析了出现这些变化的原因。结果表明,汽油机EGR系统能够优化缸内燃烧,减少泵气损失,从而降低油耗。低压EGR系统在部分负荷工况热效率比高压EGR更高,主要原因为低压EGR系统的涡轮增压器可利用的尾气能量更多,且进入发动机的废气温度较低,能进一步优化缸内燃烧。     

Investigation of the effects of hydrogen on cylinder pressure in a split-injection diesel engine at heavy EGR

The distinctive properties of hydrogen have initiated considerable applied research related to the internal combustion engine. Recently, it has been reported that NO_x emissions were reduced by using hydrogen in a diesel engine at low temperature and heavy EGR conditions. As the continuing study, cylinder pressure was also investigated to determine the combustion characteristics and their relationship to NO_x emissions. The test engine was operated at constant speed and fixed diesel fuel injection rate (1500 rpm, 2.5 kg/h). Diesel fuel was injected in a split pattern into a 2-L diesel engine. The cylinder pressure was measured for different hydrogen flow rates and EGR ratios. The intake manifold temperature was controlled to be the same to avoid the gas intake temperature variations under the widely differing levels (2%-31%) of EGR. The measured cylinder pressure was analyzed for characteristic combustion values, such as mass burn fraction and combustion duration.The rising crank angle of the heat release rate was unaffected by the presence of hydrogen. However, supplying hydrogen extended the main combustion duration. This longer main combustion duration was particularly noticeable at the heavy EGR condition. It correlated well with the reduced NO_x emissions.