基于灰色GM（1，1）模型埋地金属管道腐蚀速率预测

本文针对历年来某条埋地管道腐蚀速率变化较大的特点,运用具有适用性广,预测准确率高等优点的灰色系统预测模型及灰色GM（1,1）模型对其腐蚀速率进行预测,并对模型精度进行了分析和检验。建立的GM（1,1）模型经拟合精度检验（C=0．1340,P=1．00）,模型判为优,预测精度高,能达到预测要求。最后,验证了灰色GM（1,1）模型用于埋地管道腐蚀趋势的可行性及有效性。     

基于预测算法消除光电编码器抖动误差的研究

以减少数控机床等实时性要求高的机电系统内光电编码器因抖动引起的计数误差为研究目标,采用一种基于灰色理论新息GM(1,1)动态预测模型的数列预测算法.以错误计数发生的原因为基础阐述了该预测模型的建模过程和模型精度的检验方法.结合实例进行了仿真研究,并对普通GM(1,1)模型进行了改进.目前阶段的研究结果表明该方法能有效地消除光电编码器的抖动误差从而提高测量精度,并具有己知样本需求量小、计算简便、能动态地反映系统的时变性等优点,而且改进后的GM(1,1)模型具有更好的抗抖动效果.     

Forecasting method of fatigue life test data for metal materials

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基于粒子群优化算法的腐蚀预测灰色动态模型

针对海底管道腐蚀预测提出一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)算法的新型灰色预测模型。在传统灰色GM(1,1)模型的基础上引入PSO算法优化背景权值和等维灰数递补方法对模型进行动态更新,建立了RGM(1,1)和RPGM(1,1)模型并应用在海底管道腐蚀预测中。对比三种模型的预测结果后发现,灰色预测理论适用于海底管道腐蚀预测;RGM(1,1)模型比传统GM(1,1)模型的预测效果稍好;RPGM(1,1)模型预的测精度与另外两种模型相比,有大幅提升。PSO算法对传统模型的改进效果显著,RPGM(1,1)模型具有较高的工程应用价值。     

Leaching of complex sulphide concentrate in acidic cupric chloride solutions

The chemical analysis of a complex sulphide concentrate by emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction shows that it contains essentially copper, lead, zinc and iron in the form of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. A small amount of pyrite is also present in the ore but does not be detected with X-ray diffraction. The cupric chloride leaching of the sulphide concentrate at various durations and solid/liquid ratios at 100 ℃ shows that the rate of dissolution of the ore is the fastest in the first several hours, and after 12 h it does not evolve significantly. If oxygen is excluded from the aqueous cupric chloride solution during the leaching experiment at 100 ℃, the pyrite in the ore will not be leached. The determination of principal dissolved metals in the leaching liquor by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and the chemical analysis of solid residues by emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction allow to conclude that the rate of dissolution of the minerals contained in the complex sulphide concentrate are in the order of galena 〉 sphalerite 〉 chalcopyrite.     

基于灰色理论的Bi-2212/Ag带材鼓泡

为了简化实验,达到节能、节材及节时的目的,利用灰色理论系统地研究了Bi-2212带材鼓泡的影响因素.根据灰色预测理论对原始实验数据处理,以熔化温度为基本量建立了Bi-2212带材鼓泡率的灰色预测模型(GM(1,1)),用残差模型修正后预测了不同熔化温度下带材的鼓泡率.同时定性分析了影响带材鼓泡的因素,发现带材鼓泡率随着碳含量、升温速率和熔化温度增加而增加,而随带厚增加而减少,并给出了鼓泡的控制方法.进一步利用灰色关联分析,定量分析了各因素对带材鼓泡的影响程度,得到了各因素影响鼓泡率的大小顺序为碳含量、带厚、升温速率、熔化温度.本文得到的定量分析结果与定性分析结果基本一致.     

基于改进递减数列灰色模型的油液黏度预测

提出单调递减数列光滑度比较原则,给出单调递减数列光滑度的提高方法,并从理论上给以证明,分析GM(1,1)灰色模型建模机制,利用反向累加算法和提高单调递减数列光滑度相结合的方法来提高单调递减数列灰色模型精度,并通过实例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Sustainable copper extraction from mixed chalcopyrite–chalcocite using biomass

This paper elaborated on the sustainability of the copper extraction process. In fact, an alternative copper extraction route from mixed sulphide ores, chalcopyrite and chalcocite using mesophilic biomass consortium at 33.3 °C and ferric leaching process were attempted. Bioleaching experiments were settled with a fraction size of −75+53 µm. Bacteria were used as the catalyst. A copper yield of 65.50% was obtained. On the other hand, in ferric leaching process, with a fraction size of −53+38 µm, when the temperature was increased to 70 °C, the copper leaching rate increased to 78.52%. Thus, comparatively, the mesophilic bioleaching process showed a more obvious advantage in copper extraction than leaching process with a high temperature. However, it has been resolved from the characterization performed using SEM−EDS, FTIR and XRD observations coupled with different thermodynamic approaches that, the indirect mechanism is the main leaching mechanism, with three transitory mechanisms (polysulphide, thiosulphate and elemental sulphur mechanisms) for the mixed chalcopyrite−chalcocite ore. Meanwhile, the speciation turns into Cu₂S−CuS−Cu₅FeS₄−Cu₂S before turning into CuSO₄. While ferrous oxidation and the formation of ferric sulphate occur, and there is a formation of strong acid as bacteria digest sulphide minerals into copper sulphate at low temperature, which is why this copper production scenario requires a redox potential more than 550 mV at room temperature for high copper leaching rate.     

管道土壤腐蚀泄漏频率预测模型研究

通过统计概率分布预测模型和灰色理论GM(1,1)模型的建立、分析和比较,说明埋地钢质管道穿孔前使用时间的统计分布随管道的保护状况和外界环境的变化而呈现阶段性.采用灰色模型可以获得规律性强、随机性弱的生成数列,得到接近实际的预测结果     

基于灰色系统理论的7075铝合金板材疲劳寿命研究

在航空用飞机蒙皮制造过程中,7075铝合金是十分理想的材料。为了更精确地研究并预测7075铝合金的疲劳寿命,对7075-T-651铝合金板材进行了疲劳试验,在应力比R=0.1条件下,测得120~320 MPa不同应力下7075-T-651铝合金板材的疲劳寿命。以试验数据为基础,将灰色系统理论运用到7075-T-651铝合金板材的疲劳寿命预测中,生成GM(1,1)模型,在与试验相同的条件下进行疲劳寿命预测,并将得到的疲劳寿命预测模型S-N曲线与试验数据S-N曲线进行对比。研究表明,所建立的灰色系统理论GM(1,1)模型S-N曲线与试验所得S-N曲线基本吻合,因此,可以通过GM(1,1)模型来预测7075铝合金板材的疲劳寿命。     

输气管道腐蚀的最优灰色组合预测模型

    在不等时距序列灰色预测的基础上,提出了适用于输气管道腐蚀的不等时距最优组合灰色预测模型.首先,选用两种模型精度较高的不等时距灰色预测方法建立了输气管道腐蚀预测的单项模型,然后,利用最小二乘意义下的模型误差最小化方法确定出各单项灰色预测模型的权重,建立了最优组合预测模型.此预测模型综合利用了参与组合的各单一模型的有效信息,因而可以更加客观地反映输气管道腐蚀变化趋势.通过实例对比分析结果表明,此模型预测精度较高,可以作为输气管道腐蚀预测的有效工具.     

Study on bioleaching of primary chalcopyrite ore with thermoacidophilic archae

A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae （TA） was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province, China, and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore. The TA grow at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80℃, with 65℃ being the optimum temperature, and at pH values of l.5 to 4.0, with an optimum pH value of 2.0. The bioleaching experiments of the chalcvpyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns. The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the TA bioleaching rate of copper reached 97% for a 12-day leaching period, while the bioleaching rate was 32.43% for thiobacillus ferrooxidans （Tf） leaching for the same leaching time. In the case of column leaching, tests of a two-phase leaching （196 days）, that is, a two-month （56 days） Tf leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day TA leaching in the second phase were performed. The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day TA leaching was 195mg/（L.d）, while for the control experiments, it was as low as 78mg/（L .d） for the Tf leaching, indicating that the TA possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than Tf Therefore, it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to .for the heap leaching operations, whereas, the TA can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased, and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with Tf beforehand in the first phase.     

Relationship between solids flux and froth features in batch flotation of sulphide ore

The froth features in the batch flotation of a sulphide ore were investigated by using the digital image parameters of the froth, the small number emphasis（Nsne）, the average grey level（Dagl） and the instability number （Nins）, under different conditions of impeller speeds and aeration rates. It is found that the value of Nsne is strongly dependent on the average bubble size of the froth and Dagl on the volume fraction of solid in the froth, and the froth features during the batch flotation are influenced by impeller speed and aeration rate. A kinetic model of the concen- trate solid flux was developed which relates the flotation process to the image parameters, Nsne and Dagl of the froth and predictions are well consistent with the experimental data.     

STUDY ON BIOLEACHING OF PRIMARY CHALCOPYRITE ORE WITH THERMOACIDOPHLIC ARCHAE

A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae (TA) was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province, China, and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore. The TA grow at temperatures ranging from 40 to 80℃, with 65℃ being the optimum temperature, and at pH values of 1.5 to 4.0, with an optimum pH value of 2.0. The bioleaching experiments of the chalcopyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns. The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the TA bioleaching rate of copper reached 97% for a 12-day leaching period, while the bioleaching rate was 32.43% for thiobacillus ferrooxidans (Tf) leaching for the same leaching time. In the case of column leaching, tests of a two-phase leaching (196 days), that is,a two-month (56 days) Tf leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day TA leaching in the second phase were performed. The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day TA leaching was 195mg/(L· d), while for the control experiments, it was as low as 78mg/(L· d) for the Tf leaching, indicating that the TA possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than Tf. Therefore, it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to for the heap leaching operations, whereas, the TA can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased, and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with Tf beforehand in the first phase.     

液压油箱卸压活门三参数威布尔寿命分布灰色建模

针对三参数威布尔分布参数估计的难题,提出一种三参数威布尔分布参数的灰色估计方法。基于某型液压油箱卸压活门使用阶段的随机截尾型可靠性数据,采用 GM(1,1) 估计三参数威布尔分布模型的参数。结果表明：应用灰色模型 GM(1,1) 能够估计出三参数威布尔分布的3个参数,避免了迭代过程,具有求解速度快、所需子样少、精度高、计算机编程方便等优点,同时也验证了三参数威布尔分布模型比两参数威布尔分布模型更为精确,可为武器装备在使用阶段提供一种更为精确的可靠性分析方法。     

灰色动态模型应用于土壤腐蚀的研究

针对土壤是一个非常复杂的三相混合体系这一特点,特灰色系统理论理论引入土壤腐蚀的研究中,建立了土壤腐蚀体系腐蚀速度的灰色动态ＧＭ（１,１）,取得了较好的实验结果。另外,提出以非时间了序列腐蚀系统的ＧＭ（１,１）模型,研究了证明这种方法同样也是可行的。     

铸铝转子导条断裂数灰色判定模型的建立

根据灰色理论模型GM(1,1),建立了异步电机鼠笼式铸铝转子导条断裂数的判定模型,并通过计算实例说明该灰色判定模型精度较高、计算方法简单.     

低品位氧化铜矿氨-硫酸铵体系过硫酸铵氧化浸出

以过硫酸铵为氧化剂,研究低品位氧化铜矿在氨-硫酸铵体系氧化浸出工艺。讨论氨/铵离子摩尔比、总氨浓度,氨、硫酸铵和过硫酸铵的浓度,反应温度,液固比,反应时间和搅拌速度等操作条件对铜浸出的影响。结果表明:在92.8%的矿样粒径小于0.045 mm,氨、硫酸铵和过硫酸铵浓度分别为2.4、1.8和0.100 mol/L,浸出时间为90 min,温度为30℃,液固比(mL/g)为5:1,搅拌速度为500 r/min时的优化条件下,低品位铜矿的铜浸出率达87.7%。     

复杂铜精矿除锑的建模与工艺优化(英文)

对一种含1.69%Sb和0.14%Sn的铜精矿进行碱性硫化物浸出以除去Sb和Sn,对浸出条件建立数学模型,并对工艺条件进行优化。采用响应面方法并结合面心立方中央复合设计来优化工艺参数。选取浸出温度、硫化物浓度和固体含量作为变量参数,而将Sb和Sn的浸出率和达到浸出90%Sb所需时间作为响应参数。结果表明:温度和硫化物浓度对Sb和Sn的浸出影响显著,而固体含量的影响不显著。建立了一个数学模型来描述浸出条件,实验验证了该模型是可靠与准确的。     

Copper and elemental sulphur from chalcopyrite by pressure leaching

Processes employing direct oxidation under an over-pressure of air or oxygen in an aqueous sulphuric acid medium have been developed in the Sherritt Gordon Laboratories for iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc and lead sulphide concentrates. This study has recently also been extended to chalcocite, Cu₂S, concentrates. The rising interest in processes employing direct aqueous oxidation is stimulated by the fact that elemental sulphur can be produced as a by-product rather than sulphur dioxide or sulphuric acid.The present paper outlines a process which features the direct pressure oxidation of the most abundant copper sulphide mineral, chalcopyrite, CuFeS₂. The optimum conditions for a practical pressure leaching step have now been developed in the laboratory which results in the production of copper sulphate solution suitable for copper winninq by electrolysis, hydrogen reduction, solvent extraction combined with electrolysis, or other means. The leach residue yields pure elemental sulphur by-product. Copper and elemental sulphur recoveries of 98 and 85% respectively have been recorded. The fastest oxidation rate, corresponding to a leach retention time of 2.5 hr, was obtained when the copper concentrate was ground to 99.5% — 325 mesh, when a 50% stoichiometric excess of concentrate over the amount of available sulphuric acid for copper was used and when the oxygen partial pressure and temperature were maintained at 500 psi and 240°F, respectively. In an idealized form, the pressure leaching reaction can be expressed as follows:—CuFeS₂ + H₂SO₄ + 1 1/40₂ + 1/2H₂O → CuSO₄ + Fe(OH)₃ + 2S°After separation of the copper sulphate solution by filtration, elemental sulphur and excess concentrate ore recovered from the iron oxide tailing by flotation. The tailing, containing iron oxide and insolubles, is rejected. The elemental sulphur is separated from the concentrate by hot filtration, solvent extraction, distillation, or other means, and the unleached chalcopyrite is recycled to the leaching step.