大坝工作性态安全评估模糊云模型及其应用

针对大坝安全评价问题,提出了一种基于组合赋权和正态云耦合的安全评价模型。选取变形、渗流、环境因素作为大坝安全评价指标体系,根据既定体系确定大坝安全评价指标标准,在此基础上确定云模型的特征参数和各评价指标的综合权重,由云模型正向发生器给出评价指标的在各评价等级下的隶属度,最后由各评价指标的综合权重矩阵和对应评价等级下的隶属度矩阵给出大坝安全评价结果。最后结合工程实例,运用该模型对某大坝进行了安全评价,结果表明,该方法可以得出准确的结果。     

基于组合赋权-正态云的大坝安全评价模型

针对大坝安全评价问题,提出了一种基于组合赋权和正态云耦合的安全评价模型。选取变形、渗流、环境因素为大坝安全评价指标体系,根据既定评价指标体系确定大坝安全评价标准,在此基础上确定云模型的特征参数和各评价指标的综合权重,由云模型正向发生器给出评价指标在各评价等级下的隶属度,最后由各评价指标的综合权重矩阵和对应评价等级下的隶属度矩阵得出大坝安全评价结果。运用该模型对某大坝进行了安全评价,结果表明,该方法可以得出准确的结果。     

基于单位约束组合赋权的混凝土坝性态安全评价云模型

针对大坝性态安全评价中梯阶逐层指标权重的不确定性、主客观组合赋权中合理配权及隶属区间模糊性等问题,提出基于单位约束组合赋权的混凝土坝性态安全评价云模型。以运行期混凝土坝为对象,在其已建性态评价体系的基础上,综合运用基于G1法和熵权法的组合赋权理论,构建了单位约束条件下性态指标组合权重寻优新方法;引入云模型概念,量化了大坝性态安全评价中评价指标的随机性与隶属区间的模糊性。将该模型应用到某实际混凝土坝工程中,其安全评价结果与其他评价模型的结果基本一致,且与大坝实际情况相符,从而验证了该模型的有效性与可行性。     

熵权-云模型在土石坝安全综合评价中的应用

提出了一种基于熵权-云模型的方法,借鉴云模型的特点,在构建评价层次结构模型时,采用改进层次分析法结合信息熵确定各评价指标权重,以克服运用模糊层次综合分析法时权重受人为主观判断影响较大和模糊概念会丢失部分不确定性等问题,改进隶属函数对土石坝进行综合评价,并以某均质土石坝为例评价了大坝安全状态,分析表明该方法具有可行性。     

基于AHP-熵权法与物元可拓理论的大中型水库工程社会稳定风险评估方法研究

为保障大中型水库工程实施过程中的社会稳定,针对以往评估中评价指标的不确定性和一般模糊评估方法确定权重的不合理性,建立了AHP-熵权法综合评价模型,对指标间的相关性分析以及对评估指标的基础数据质量高低进行评判确定综合权重;引入物元可拓理论得出评价指标可靠性的综合关联度,根据最大隶属度选择原则评估大中型水库工程社会稳定风险等级;提出了基于AHP-熵权法与物元可拓理论的大中型水库工程社会稳定风险评估方法,并基于QJ水电站建设工作实例论证所构造方法的可行性与有效性,结果表明：评估结果与实际情况一致,该风险评估方法准确、可靠,可为大中型水库工程社会稳定风险评估提供科学依据。     

基于赋权法比较的改进云模型应用研究——以汾河二库为例

针对传统模糊综合评价法具有评价指标权重矢量的确定主观性强、相对隶属度权系数易偏小、不能全面反映水库健康状态等缺陷,本文旨在优化水库健康评价方法,围绕水库健康评价指标体系,应用AHP、EWM、AHP-EWM、AHP-Cloud、AHP-EWM-Cloud共五种赋权方法进行权重分析比较。通过闵式距离确定最佳赋权方法,并以云模型确定隶属度函数,建立基于改进云模型的模糊综合评价模型对汾河二库进行健康评价。AHP-EWM-Cloud法被确定为用于汾河二库工程案例分析的最佳赋权法,水库整体评价等级为健康,但岸坡稳定与水质情况仍需改进。该结果与水库实际情况相符,验证了该方法的合理性与可行性。研究表明:基于AHP-EWM-Cloud法的改进云模型兼顾了数据的客观存在、决策者的主观意识以及模糊性与随机性,为水库健康评价提供了一种可行的新思路。     

基于赋权法比较的改进云模型应用研究——以汾河二库为例

针对传统模糊综合评价法具有评价指标权重矢量的确定主观性强、相对隶属度权系数易偏小、不能全面反映水库健康状态等缺陷,本文旨在优化水库健康评价方法,围绕水库健康评价指标体系,应用AHP、EWM、AHP-EWM、AHP-Cloud、AHP-EWM-Cloud共五种赋权方法进行权重分析比较。通过闵式距离确定最佳赋权方法,并以云模型确定隶属度函数,建立基于改进云模型的模糊综合评价模型对汾河二库进行健康评价。AHP-EWM-Cloud法被确定为用于汾河二库工程案例分析的最佳赋权法,水库整体评价等级为健康,但岸坡稳定与水质情况仍需改进。该结果与水库实际情况相符,验证了该方法的合理性与可行性。研究表明:基于AHP-EWM-Cloud法的改进云模型兼顾了数据的客观存在、决策者的主观意识以及模糊性与随机性,为水库健康评价提供了一种可行的新思路。     

某输水倒虹吸工程运行期稳定性监测分析

倒虹吸工程是现代水利工程经常采用的一种建筑物,其特点是受地形影响较大,不利于建成后运行期的安全监测。针对某输水倒虹吸工程,结合其运行期的安全监测数据及降雨、地下水等变化情况对该工程的稳定性进行分析和评价。结果表明,工程监测资料能够准确反映该输水工程建筑物的运行状态,且倒虹吸结构受力情况及变形量均在设计指标范围内,除此之外,工程运行期间存在6#管节钢筋应力持续增大的现象,有待进一步的监测及研究。     

基于模糊层次分析法的农村水库大坝安全二级模糊综合评价

基于《水库大坝安全评价导则》构建了农村地区水库大坝安全二级模糊综合评价体系,选取17个一级影响因素、5个二级影响因素作为评价指标。采用模糊层次分析法计算各指标一级权重和二级权重。该方法充分地体现了因素相对重要性比较的模糊性,有效地解决了传统的层次分析法的不足,明确了隶属函数的意义,对正态分布隶属函数进行修正,使隶属函数更加符合实际情况。采用多位专家评分的办法给出定性指标的量化值,以便得出单因素的隶属度使得因素隶属度更加合理和可信。最后,分别进行一级模糊综合评价和二级模糊综合评价。运用该方法对某农村地区水库大坝安全性进行评价,其结果合理,可供工程实践参考和借鉴。     

基于层次分析法和熵权法的堤防安全评价

文章结合大连市普兰店区境内碧流河堤防的实际情况,从护坡加固、堤防特性、荷载受力等方面选择影响堤防安全的代表性因素,然后建立了多因素、多层次评价体系;对各指标权重采用主客观相耦合的AHP-熵权法进行计算,结合普兰店区碧流河堤防工程的实际情况,对不同评价等级的隶属函数和评价集进行定义,综合评价了该河段堤防工程的安全程度。研究表明,该方法在堤防安全评价中具有良好的可行性和科学性,可为堤防工程的安全控制和河道整治提供一定决策依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。