基于自洽模型的置氢Ti6Al4V合金流动应力预测

对不同置氢量Ti6Al4V合金在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上进行了等温压缩实验,实验温度为750、800、850、900、950和1000℃,应变速率为1 s^-1。结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金的流动应力随置氢量增加先减小后增大,变形温度为750、800和850℃时,置氢量0.31%(质量分数,下同)合金流动应力最低;变形温度为900、950、1000℃时,流动应力最小值对应的置氢量分别为0.17%、0.1%和未置氢。基于自洽模型建立了置氢Ti6Al4V合金高温变形本构模型,该模型通过调整氢对β相的强化作用和氢对β相转变温度的降低反映置氢对Ti6Al4V合金流动应力的影响。与实验结果对比表明,所建立的本构模型可以准确预测流动应力随置氢量和变形温度的变化。     

Ti6Al4V合金吸氢行为研究

研究了Ti6Al4V合金在不同置氢温度、保温时间和氢压下的吸氢行为,利用光学显微镜研究了氢在钛合金中的分布规律。研究结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金的氢含量是由置氢温度、保温时间和氢压来控制的。随着置氢温度的升高,氢含量先增加后降低。随着氢压的增加,氢含量直线增加。钛合金的吸氢过程实质上是氢的扩散过程,随着保温时间的增加,合金中的氢分布逐渐趋于一致。     

Temperature dependent flow softening of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V: An investigation using finite element simulation of machining

Titanium alloy Ti6Al4V is the most commonly used titanium alloy in the aerospace and medical device industries due to its superior properties. There has been a considerable amount of research to better understand the serrated chip formation mechanism of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V by using finite element simulation of machining. An accurate representation of the behavior of the material is important in order to obtain reliable results from the finite element simulation. Flow softening behavior has been integrated into the material constitutive models to simulate adiabatic shear bands and serrated chips. Flow softening is usually related to the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon which initiates after a critical temperature. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of various flow softening conditions on the finite element simulation outputs for machining titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. For this purpose, a new flow softening expression, which allows defining temperature-dependent flow softening behavior, is proposed and integrated into the material constitutive model. The influence of flow softening below the critical temperature, as adopted in recent studies, is also investigated. Various temperature-dependent flow softening scenarios are tested using finite element simulations, and the results are compared with experimental data from the literature. The results showed that the flow softening initiating around 350-500 °C combined with appropriate softening parameters yields simulation outputs that agree well with the experimental measurements.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金的变形组织及织构

在温度850~930°C、应变速率0.01~1 s-1的条件下,对初始组织为等轴组织的Ti6Al4V钛合金进行变形程度为70%的热压缩变形实验,研究合金的变形组织及织构。结果表明,当温度低于900°C、应变速率高于0.1 s-1时,合金的组织主要是拉长的α晶粒;而在高于900°C以及低应变速率下,则会发生动态再结晶。电子背散射衍射（EBSD）结果显示,合金在再结晶过程中亚晶界吸收位错,最终形成大角晶界。在930°C时动态再结晶已基本完成,水冷至室温时形成针状α相。与原始组织相比,合金在930°C变形时织构得到增强,低于930°C变形时织构变弱。     

纳米压痕法测量Ti6Al4V钛合金室温蠕变应力指数

主要通过恒加载速率纳米压痕法的保载阶段测量了Ti6Al4V钛合金在室温下的蠕变应力指数n。通过给金刚石Berkovich压头施加不同的加载速率使其达到不同的最大载荷,观察加载速率和最大载荷对实验结果的影响。在最大载荷下,给压头保载5 min,通过保载过程中材料的压痕应变率和硬度之间的关系得到了该材料在常温下的蠕变应力指数n。结果表明,在特定范围内加载速率和最大载荷的变化对实验结果的影响微乎其微,可以忽略不计。最终测得Ti6Al4V钛合金在室温下蠕变应力指数的分布范围为7.0513~7.216。     

Plasma nitriding behavior of Ti6Al4V orthopedic alloy

The influence of plasma nitriding on mechanical, corrosion and tribological properties of Ti6Al4V has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, microhardness tester, scanning electron microscopy, pin-on-disc tribotester, electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy. Plasma nitriding treatment of Ti6Al4V has been performed in 25%Ar-75%N₂ gas mixture, for treatment times of 1-4 h at the temperatures of 650-750 °C. The corrosion tests were carried out in Ringer solution at 37 °C, and the wear tests were performed in dry sliding conditions. XRD analyses confirm the formation of δ-TiN and tetragonal ?-Ti₂N phases in the modified layer. It was observed that the surface hardness and wear resistance increase as the treatment time and temperature increase. The electrochemical impedance measurements indicate a decrease in double layer capacitance value and increase in charge transfer resistance for the nitrided specimens compared to the untreated ones.     

Characteristics and wear performance of borided Ti6Al4V alloy

In this study, a 10 µm thick uniform boride layer, composed of TiB₂ and TiB phases, was formed on the surface of a Ti6Al4V alloy using a pack boriding technique. The hardness of the boride layer was over 2000 HV. Beneath the boride layer, a boron diffusion zone (BDZ) appeared with a thickness of about 50 µm. The microstructure of the BDZ was composed of randomly oriented TiB whiskers mixed with the structure of the base metal. In the BDZ, hardness decreased gradually towards the base metal owing to the reduction of the TiB volume fraction. The borided alloy exhibited excellent wear resistance along with a lower coefficient of friction against sapphire ball under both dry and smear lubricated sliding conditions when compared to the as-received state.     

Formation of adherent polypyrrole coatings on Ti and Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Highly adherent polypyrrole coatings were electrodeposited at etched Ti and Ti–6Al–4V from 0.2 M oxalic acid and 0.2 M pyrrole at a constant applied potential of 0.8 V versus SCE. The substrates were etched in an alkaline peroxide solution at ambient temperature for a 10 min period prior to the electropolymerization reactions. Chemical etching of the substrate gave rise to an increase in the hydrophilicity of the surface, the formation of a micro-etched surface and the formation of a semiconducting titanium oxide film. There was a considerable increase in the density of nucleation sites for polypyrrole growth at the micro-etched surface. Growth of the polypyrrole proceeded slowly from a high number of nucleation sites at the etched surface to give rise to a highly adherent polypyrrole coating. Adhesion of the polypyrrole coating was attributed to micro-etching of the substrate and the conductivity of the oxide film generated during the chemical etching process.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面热浸镀Ti-Al镀层相组成

采用热浸镀方法在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备Ti-Al镀层,并在1100 ℃高温下进行热扩散处理。结果表明,TC4合金热浸镀铝后在1100 ℃保温,形成了表面氧化层、过渡层及基体,表面氧化层和过渡层厚度随扩散时间延长而增加,表面氧化层主要由Al₂O₃和TiO₂构成,过渡层主要相为TiAl₃、Ti₂Al₅和Ti₁₉Al₆金属间化合物。     

Diffusional transformation in Ti6Al4V alloy during isothermal compression

Thermodynamic calculation of the two-phase Ti alloy was completed using CompuTherm Pandat™ and Ti data base, followed by isothermal compression of Ti6Al4V (Grade 5), with an initial colony lamellar structure that was performed in the (α+β) and β-phase field. Microstructural evolution and phase transformation were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of the Ti₃Al or α₂ (hcp), the phase stability and transition temperatures were predicted by the Gibbs free energy−temperature and phase fraction−temperature diagrams. The isothermal compression in the (α+β)-phase field is characterized by reorientation and localized kinking of α/β lamellae, and cracking at α/β interphase regions. While in the α→β-phase transformation area, deformation in β-phase and at α/β interphase boundaries, extensive transformation of α into β-phase, martensitic transformation and spheroidization of α-laths mainly characterize this isothermal compression. A complete transformation of α into β single phase occurs in the β-phase field. Ti₃Al or α₂ (hcp), β (bcc) and α (hcp)-phase, and additional hcp α' and orthorhombic α” phases in a deformed Ti6Al4V are revealed. The flow stress level, the dynamic recovery and dynamic globularization are affected by deformation temperature.     

Ti6Al4V合金等离子体基氧离子注入层的层状结构

采用等离子体基氧离子注入技术对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性。注入负脉冲电压分别为10、20、30、40、50kV，注入剂量为0．6×10^17ions／cm^2。用XPS分析了注氧层中元素的分布和化学态。结果显示，注入电压增加，氧的浓度深度分布增加。注入氧元素的浓度深度分布曲线不同于束线式注入氧元素的类高斯分布，表面氧浓度最大，随着深度的增加出现一个略倾斜的氧浓度平台，该平台的宽度随注入电压增加而增加。氧离子注入引起基体元素Ti、Al、V的浓深分布发生变化，近表面区域Ti的原子百分含量减少，Al的含量增高，而V未检测到。并且随着注入电压的增加，近表面区域富集Al的浓度明显增加，富Al贫V的区域也明显加大。注入样品的改性层具有相似的层状结构，由表及里依次为表面污染层、TiO2和Al2O3组成薄的外层、内层在改性层中占的比例最大，由TiO2、Ti2O3、TiO、Ti、Al、Al2O3．V和VO组成。     

Ti6Al4V合金显微组织对超声声速的影响

通过对Ti6Al4V合金棒材在β相区、α+β两相区热处理后的显微组织观察和纵向超声声速值测量、分析,研究了合金显微组织对超声声速的影响。结果表明,Ti6Al4V合金在相变点以上加热,随着冷速的降低,次生α析出长大为粗大片层状,声速值也随之提高;在相变点以下加热,组织中的初生α相含量对超声声速值的影响不明显,次生相的形貌对超声波声速起决定作用,其中规则片层次生α 相的析出有利于超声声速值的提高。     

Quantitative analysis of work hardening and dynamic softening behaviors of Cu-6 wt pct Ag binary alloy based on true stress vs strain curves

The work hardening and dynamic softening behaviors of Cu-6 wt pct Ag binary alloy were studied by hot compression tests under temperature range of 700-850℃ at strain rates of 0.01-10s-1.The critical conditions for the onset of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) were determined based on the conventional strain hardening rate curves (dσ/dε versus σ).The progress of DRX was analyzed by constructing a model of volume fraction of DRX based on flow curves.The strain rate sensitivity (SRS) and activation volume V were calculated.The results show that the DRX almost can happen under all deformation conditions even at high Z deformations where dynamic recovery (DRV) is the main softening mechanism.The DRX fraction curves can well predict the DRX behavior.The strain has significant effects on SRS at the strain rates of 0.01s-1 and 10s-1 which are mainly due to off-equilibrium saturation of dislocation storage and annihilation while the effects of the temperature on the SRS are based on the uniformity of microstructure distribution.The formation of "forest" of dislocation is contributed to the low activation volume V*(about 168b3) which is independent of Z values at the initial deformation.The cross-slip due to dislocation piled up beyond the grain boundaries or obstacles is related to the low activation volume under the high Z deformation conditions at high strain (ε=0.6) while the fine DRX grains coarsed is the main reason for the high activation volume at low Z under the same strain conditions.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面激光熔覆钛基复合涂层的显微组织研究

在Ti6Al4V合金表面预置Ti和Cr3C2混合粉末,采用横流CO2激光进行熔覆试验,制备出了原位自生的TiC颗粒增强的钛基复合涂层.利用SEM、XRD等手段对激光熔覆层的组织、成分、物相进行了分析,测试了激光熔覆层的显微硬度.结果表明,熔覆层不同位置,组织形态不同,TiC在熔覆层表层以树枝晶形态存在,而在熔覆层底部为近球状颗粒.熔覆层与基材之间形成良好的冶金结合.熔覆层显微硬度在600～800 HV0.5之间,约为基材硬度的2～3倍.     

Fretting wear of micro-arc oxidation coating prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy

Micro-arc oxidation(MAO)coating was prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy surface and its characterizations were detected by Vickers hardness tester,profilometer,scanning electric microscope(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDX)and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).Fretting wear behaviors of the coating and its substrate were comparatively tested without lubrication under varied displacement amplitudes(D)in a range of 3-40μm,constant normal load(Fn)of 300 N and frequency of 5 Hz.The results showed that the MAO coating,presenting rough and porous surface and high hardness,mainly consisted of rutile and anatase TiO2 phases.Compared with the substrate,the MAO coating could shift the mixed fretting regime(MFR)and slip regime(SR)to a direction of smaller displacement amplitude.In the partial slip regime(PSR),lower friction coefficients and slight damage appeared due to the coordination of elastic deformation of contact zones.In the MFR,the friction coefficient of the coating was lower than that of the substrate as a result of the prevention of plastic deformation by the hard ceramic surface.With the increase of the displacement amplitude,the degradation of the MAO coating and the substrate increased extremely.The fretting wear mechanisms of the coating were abrasive wear and delamination with some material transfer of specimen.In addition,the coating presented a better property for alleviating fretting wear.     

氟化物ATIG焊接Ti6Al4V的焊缝成形和组织

试验选用MF型氟盐(LiF,NaF,KF)、MF2型氟盐(MgF2,CaF2,BaF2)和KN型钾盐(KF,KCl,KBr)对Ti6Al4V进行ATIG焊接,焊后研究了焊缝的成形、熔深和组织.结果表明,除MgF2焊道成形稍有曲折外,其它活性剂ATIG焊接接头均成形良好、无缺陷;氟化物能起到阻止熔池金属氧化的作用;KF和MF2型氟盐可显著减小焊缝熔宽;同阳离子的氟化物相比其氯化物和溴化物可显著增加Ti6Al4V焊缝熔深;MF型氟盐中KF活性剂获得的焊缝熔深最大,MF2型氟盐中MgF2活性剂获得的焊缝熔深最大,且熔深MgF2>KF;TIG和ATIG的焊缝组织均为粗大的柱状晶,活性剂ATIG焊可细化焊缝晶粒尺寸,但不会对焊缝的相结构组成造成影响.     

The effect of deep-case oxygen hardening on the tribological behaviour of a-C:H DLC coatings on Ti6Al4V alloy

A new duplex surface treatment combining the boost diffusion oxidation (BDO) treatment with amorphous hydrogenated diamond-like carbon hard coatings (BDO/a-C:H DLC) has been developed. Experiments results demonstrated that the BDO pre-treatment can effectively improve the scratch resistance and load bearing capacity of a-C:H DLC on Ti6Al4V. This is mainly because the hardened case in Ti6Al4V conferred by the BDO treatment can provide adequate mechanical support for the thin hard top carbon coating.     

Ti6Al4V合金表面离子铌合金化及其耐磨性能研究

采用双辉离子渗技术对Ti6Al4V钛合金表面渗Nb,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、磨损试验机、电化学测试系统研究钛合金表面离子渗Nb合金化层的形态、结构、力学性能、摩擦学性能和电化学腐蚀性能,并探讨渗Nb改性处理对钛合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀磨损行为的影响.结果表明,渗Nb工艺参数对合金化层的形态、结构和性能影响显著,高浓度渗Nb合金化改性层表现出良好的强化效果,显著地改善了Ti6Al4V合金的抗大气环境和抗NaCl溶液腐蚀磨损性能.Ti6Al4V合金基材和渗Nb层的耐磨性能在NaCl溶液中优于大气环境,其原因归于溶液的润滑作用和试样的良好耐腐蚀性能.     

模拟体液中纯钛及Ti6A14V合金的腐蚀行为

采用电化学测试技术研究了人体医用金属材料工业纯钛和Ti6A14V合金在人工模拟体液中的腐蚀行为,结果表明,阳极极化后两种合金均未发现点蚀,工业纯钛的维钝电流密度小于于Ti6A14V合金,前者的阳极极化性能优于后者,Ti6A14V合金缝隙试样在阳极电位超过＋2000mV(vsSCE)后,电流开始急剧增大,发生了缝隙腐蚀;通过电子探针分析发现,在缝隙内Al和V两种元素发生活性溶解。工业纯钛在电位达到＋4000mV/(vsSCE）时仍没有发生缝隙腐蚀。