基于PCA-Elman神经网络的短期PV/T组件温度预测

为了进一步提高光伏/光热一体化(PV/T)系统中PV/T组件温度的预测精度,使得PV/T系统能够根据PV/T组件温度的波动情况提前准确地做出控制决策,以优化控制效果,文章在分析PV/T组件温度与气象因素的相关性以及相邻时间序列温度自相关性的基础上,采用主成分分析法对原始输入样本数据进行预处理,并提取该样本数据的主成分,然后结合反馈型Elman神经网络理论,建立动态预测模型。研究结果表明,相对于未提取主成分的神经网络模型,提取主成分的神经网络模型的预测精度更高,泛化性能更强。     

热管式太阳能PV/T热泵系统的性能研究

文章搭建了热管式太阳能PV/T热泵系统的实验装置,并根据实验装置建立了系统的数学模型,通过实验测试对数学模型进行了验证。研究了系统的热效率、电效率和COP等主要性能参数在全天的变化规律,分析了系统COP偏低的原因和改进措施。结果表明,在测试工况下,日平均热效率为35.4%,日平均电效率为11.0%,日平均COP为2.77,实验值与模拟值的误差均在±15%以内。该研究为热管式太阳能PV/T热泵系统的设计优化与性能研究提供了参考。     

不同结构PV/T系统的热电性能研究

设计并搭建了两种不同集热结构的PV/T系统,试验采集了环境、温度、功率等参数,获得了两个系统的温度特性、热效率、发电效率。试验结果表明,PV/T系统效率主要受环境因素影响,集热结构对其性能也产生不同程度的影响。无空腔PV/T系统的冷却效果好于有空腔系统,发电效率较高;有空腔PV/T系统的热效率较高,一次能源节约率略高于无空腔系统。     

太阳能PV/T系统电热输出性能及其Matlab仿真研究

建立了太阳能PV/T(Photovoltaic/Thermal)系统的热电模型,编制了Matlab程序,采用迭代法对电热参数进行耦合求解。研究了PV/T系统在呼和浩特不同季节下的热电效率,电池温度和性能曲线的变化,通过与实验数据对比,验证了该模型具有较高的精度。实验结果显示了环境温度、风速、入射辐射量对太阳能PV/T系统热、电以及综合性能的影响:PV/T系统夏季的日平均电效率、热效率及正午组件最大功率分别为14.1%、34.5%和180.8 W,冬季的日平均电效率、热效率及正午组件最大功率分别为16.1%、24.8%和190.3 W。     

应用石蜡/GO复合相变材料的太阳能PV/T系统性能

为了提高太阳能PV/T系统能效,采用超声搅拌法制备了GO(氧化石墨烯)质量分数为0.01%、0.02%和0.03%的石蜡/GO复合相变材料,并对其潜热、导热性和流动性进行测试分析。其中,GO质量分数为0.02%的复合相变材料相比于制备的其他复合相变材料具有最佳的综合性能,其相变温度为35℃,相变潜热为42.93 J/g,热导率最高为0.505 W/(m·K),黏温拟合程度为0.91。为了分析石蜡/GO复合相变材料对太阳能PV/T系统热电性能的影响,搭建了两套完全相同的平板热管式太阳能PV/T系统,并将GO质量分数为0.02%的石蜡/GO复合相变材料和水作为两系统的传热介质运行。采用热效率和电效率对太阳能PV/T系统的热电性能进行表征。研究结果表明,在相同工况下,运行(石蜡质量分数为30%以及GO质量分数为0.02%)石蜡/GO复合相变材料的平板热管式太阳能PV/T系统的热电性能均比运行水的系统性能有所提升,其中系统热效率提高92.28%,电效率提高8.87%,换热水箱集热量提高15.80%。该研究为复合相变材料(流体)在太阳能储存领域的应用提供了借鉴。     

遗传算法优化BP神经网络在大坝扬压力预测中的应用

针对BP神经网络的局部极小和收敛慢等问题,提出了利用遗传算法的选择、交叉和变异操作优化BP神经网络的权值和阈值,将优化后的BP神经网络用于预测大坝扬压力。通过实例应用,将遗传算法优化的BP神经网络与逐步回归、BP神经网络预测相对比,结果表明遗传算法优化的BP神经网络收敛快且预测结果精度高。     

新型平板热管式太阳能PV/T集热系统的性能研究

文章搭建了新型平板热管式太阳能PV/T集热系统实验台,测试了该集热系统的热电性能。此外,建立了该集热系统的数学模型,并将该集热系统的测量结果和模拟结果进行对比分析,以验证该数学模型的准确性。最后,在相近的测试条件下,对新型平板热管式太阳能PV/T集热系统和传统圆形热管式太阳能PV/T集热系统的热电性能进行对比分析。分析结果表明,在相近的测试条件下,与传统圆形热管式太阳能PV/T集热系统相比,新型平板热管式太阳能PV/T集热系统的日平均热效率和日平均电效率分别提升了16.8%和3.5%,总集热量和总发电量分别提升了78.4%和35.5%。     

PV/T组件动态传热建模及温度预测

为进一步提高光伏光热一体化(PV/T)组件温度预测精度,基于集总参数法对PV/T组件传热机理进行动态建模。选取典型晴天及多云天气条件日进行实验,验证了该动态模型的准确性。实验结果显示,晴天及多云天气条件下数学模型预测值的最大相对误差分别为7.8%,7.6%;平均相对误差分别为4.31%,4.37%;绝对误差平均值为2.04℃,1.94℃。相比于已有的神经网络预测方法,数学模型的预测精度更高,预测周期更短。该模型可用于PV/T系统根据温度变化情况提前制定精确的控制策略,以优化系统运行期间的节能,也可用于建立PV/T系统整体的能量传递模型,实现热能、电能的协调控制及太阳能的梯级利用。     

供热与集热模式下热管式太阳能PV/T热泵系统实验研究

文章搭建了热管式太阳能PV/T热泵系统,设计了供热和集热两种运行模式,并选取了日均太阳辐射强度和室外温度基本接近的两个工作日,对两种运行模式下,该系统的各项性能进行了实验研究。分析结果表明,供热模式下,热管式PV/T热泵系统日均热效率为33.9%,日均电效率为12.2%,比单一光伏发电系统的日均电效率提高了25.7%,日均COPth、日均COPpv/t分别为2.52,3.26;集热模式下,热管式PV/T热泵系统日均热效率为25.3%,日均电效率为12.9%,比单一光伏发电系统的日均电效率提高了14.2%,日均COPth、日均COPpv/t分别为1.82,2.33。因此,供热模式下热管式太阳能PV/T热泵系统的绝大部分性能优于集热模式。     

太阳能光伏光热一体化PV/T组件的实验研究

为提高太阳能的综合利用效率及光伏组件的可靠性,设计并搭建了空气型太阳能光伏光热PV/T组件的实验测试平台,并对常规PV组件和空气型PV/T组件的转化效率进行了实验测试,测试结果表明:以空气为传热介质的PV/T组件在被动循环情况下,组件的板温下降约8℃,比普通PV组件的电效率提高约0.1%,PV/T组件通风后的热效率在25%左右,综合效率最高可达72%。分析结果可为空气型PV/T组件的结构优化和建筑供暖提供参考。     

Mathematical and neural network models for predicting the electrical performance of a PV/T system

There are many photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems' designs that are used mainly to reduce the temperature of the PV cell by using a thermal medium to cool the photovoltaic module. In this study, a PV/T system uses nano‐phase change material (PCM) and nanofluid cooling system was adopted. Three cooling models were compared using nanofluid (SiC‐water) and nano‐PCM to improve the performance and productivity of the PV/T system. Three mathematical models were developed for linear prediction, and their results were compared with the predicted artificial neural network results, results were verified, and experimental results were appropriate. Three common evaluation criteria were adopted to compare that the results of proposed forecasting models with other models developed in many research studies are done, including the R², mean square error (MSE), and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE). Besides, different experiments were implemented using varying number of hidden layers to ensure that the proposed neural network models achieved the best results. The best neural prediction models deployed in this study resulted in good R² score of 0.81 and MSE of 0.0361 and RMSE and RMSE rate is 0.371. Mathematical models have proven their high potential to easily determine the future outcomes with the preferable circumstances for any PV/T system in a precise way to reduce the error rate to the lowest level.     

Performance of a multifunctional PV/T hybrid solar window

A building-integrated multifunctional PV/T solar window has been developed and evaluated. It is constructed of PV cells laminated on solar absorbers placed in a window behind the glazing. To reduce the cost of the solar electricity, tiltable reflectors have been introduced in the construction to focus radiation onto the solar cells. The reflectors render the possibility of controlling the amount of radiation transmitted into the building. The insulated reflectors also reduce the thermal losses through the window. A model for simulation of the electric and hot water production was developed. The model can perform yearly energy simulations where different features such as shading of the cells or effects of the glazing can be included or excluded. The simulation can be run with the reflectors in an active, up right, position or in a passive, horizontal, position. The simulation program was calibrated against measurements on a prototype solar window placed in Lund in the south of Sweden and against a solar window built into a single family house, Solgården, in Älvkarleö in the central part of Sweden. The results from the simulation shows that the solar window annually produces about 35% more electric energy per unit cell area compared to a vertical flat PV module.     

Modelling and optimisation the efficiency of crystalline silicon PV/T solar panel

In this research, a modelling of photovoltaic/thermal panel is carried out by using COMSOL. Compared to the literature, an ANOVA analysis is developed to find significant factors and interactions on the temperature of cells, electrical and thermal efficiency. From ANOVA analysis, it is found that significant factors are: convective heat coefficient, water velocity and solar power. Their second and third order interactions are also significant. From the test of two levels, it is found that in order to have a better performance of the system, solar power and convective heat coefficient should be at lower level. Optimal operating conditions are found by response surface methodology: the thickness of cells, convective coefficient, fluid velocity and solar power should be, respectively, of 0.04 m, 6.5 W/m²K, 0.5 m/s and 150 W/m². Thermal, electrical and overall efficiency are, respectively, of 69.54%, 12.54% and 82.08%. A mathematical model for the analysed responses is obtained.     

Research on the influence of PV cell to thermal characteristics of photovoltaic/thermal solar system

In the paper, we analyzed internal thermal transmission characteristics of water‐heating photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector covered by photovoltaic (PV) cell, established photothermal conversion model of PV/T solar system, and analyzed the influence of PV cell coverage to photothermal characteristics of PV/T solar system. Results show that the thermal efficiency of PV/T solar system by optimizing PV cells coverage can reach 68%. In addition, by designing four water‐heating PV/T solar system prototypes with PV cell coverage of 0.4, 0.56, 0.7, and 0.82, respectively, we conducted experimental researches for the four prototypes and found that the four prototypes can achieve thermal efficiencies of 58%, 51%, 64%, and 67%, respectively, in heating 250 L of water to 50°C. The experiment results are consistent with theoretical analysis results, indicating that it is feasible to improve thermal characteristics of PV/T solar system by optimizing PV cell coverage. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of turbine cold-end system based on BP neural network and genetic algorithm

The operation condition of the cold-end system of a steam turbine has a direct impact on the economy and security of the unit as it is an indispensible auxiliary system of the thermal power unit. Many factors influence the cold-end operation of a steam turbine; therefore, the operation mode needs to be optimized. The optimization analysis of a 1000 MW ultra-supercritical (USC) unit, the turbine cold-end system, was performed utilizing the back propagation (BP) neural network method with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization analysis. The optimized condenser pressure under different conditions was obtained, and it turned out that the optimized parameters were of significance to the performance and economic operation of the system.     

Experimental investigation and CFD analysis of a solar hybrid PV/T system for the sustainable development of the rural northern part of Bangladesh

An attempt has been made to utilise solar energy more efficiently by developing the single pass hybrid photovoltaic thermal system at the climatic condition of Bangladesh. As the electric energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic module falls with the surrounding temperature and air or water used as a suitable solution to make it cool. In this study, air was used as the cooling medium for the solar panel and circular copper tube was placed on the glazed collector for water heating to ensure maximum exploitation of solar energy. Moreover, the photovoltaic panel power was used to circulate the air and make the system self-powered. Maximum collector efficiency was 24.64% for water and 11.20% for air is observed at a mass flow rate 0.00158 and 0.00221 kg/s for water and air respectively at a solar radiation of 1050 W/m². In addition, the combined efficiency of the hybrid system was about 39.68%. By adding glycerin with water at a ratio of 50:1 (% of weight) the combined efficiency reached up to 45.76%. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and economic analysis of the designed system strongly support the feasibility of the solar hybrid photovoltaic thermal system as the future sustainable energy source.     

Air-cooled PV/T solar collectors with low cost performance improvements

Excess temperatures on installed photovoltaic (PV) modules lead to efficiency loss and PV cooling protects them from this undesirable efficiency drop. Both water and air have been used for PV cooling through a thermal unit attached to the back of the module yielding photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collector, but air is preferred due to minimal use of material and low operating cost despite its poor thermo-physical properties. This study investigates the performance of two low cost heat extraction improvement modifications in the channel of a PV/T air system to achieve higher thermal output and PV cooling so as to keep the electrical efficiency at acceptable level. The use of thin flat metal sheet suspended at the middle or finned back wall of an air channel in the PV/T air configuration are the suggested methods. A theoretical model is developed and validated against experimental data, where good agreement between the predicted results and measured data were achieved. The validated model was then used to study the effect of the channel depth, channel length and mass flow rate on electrical and thermal efficiency, PV cooling and pressure drop for both improved and typical PV/T air systems and their results were compared. Both experimental and theoretical results show that the suggested modifications improve the performance of the PV/T air system.     

An improved thermal and electrical model for a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector

In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the thermal and electrical performance of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. A detailed thermal and electrical model is developed to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a typical PV/T air collector. The thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector include solar cell temperature, back surface temperature, outlet air temperature, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, maximum power point current, etc. Some corrections are done on heat loss coefficients in order to improve the thermal model of a PV/T air collector. A better electrical model is used to increase the calculations precision of PV/T air collector electrical parameters. Unlike the conventional electrical models used in the previous literature, the electrical model presented in this paper can estimate the electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power point voltage, and maximum power point current. Further, an analytical expression for the overall energy efficiency of a PV/T air collector is derived in terms of thermal, electrical, design and climatic parameters. A computer simulation program is developed in order to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Finally, parametric studies have been carried out. Since some corrections have been down on thermal and electrical models, it is observed that the thermal and electrical simulation results obtained in this paper is more precise than the one given by the previous literature. It is also found that the thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency and overall energy efficiency of PV/T air collector is about 17.18%, 10.01% and 45%, respectively, for a sample climatic, operating and design parameters.     

Optimization of number of collectors for integrated PV/T hybrid active solar still

The aim of this paper is to optimize the number of collectors for PV/T hybrid active solar still. The number of PV/T collectors connected in series has been integrated with the basin of solar still. The optimization of number of collectors for different heat capacity of water has been carried out on the basis of energy and exergy. Expressions of inner glass, outer glass and water temperature have been derived for the hybrid active solar system. For the numerical computations data of a summer day (May 22, 2008) for Delhi climatic condition have been used. It has been observed that with increase of the mass of water in the basin increases the optimum number of collector. However the daily and exergy efficiency decreases linearly and nonlinearly with increase of water mass. It has been observed that the maximum yield occurs at N = 4 for 50 kg of water mass on the basis of exergy efficiency. The thermal model has also been experimentally validated.     

Thermal modeling of a combined system of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar water heater

In this paper, an integrated combined system of a photovoltaic (glass–glass) thermal (PV/T) solar water heater of capacity 200 l has been designed and tested in outdoor condition for composite climate of New Delhi. An analytical expression for characteristic equation for photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) flat plate collector has been derived for different condition as a function of design and climatic parameters. The testing of collector and system were carried out during February–April, 2007. It is observed that the photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) flat plate collector partially covered with PV module gives better thermal and average cell efficiency which is in accordance with the results reported by earlier researchers.