办公建筑空调单级泵水系统节能技术改造的实践与分析

对某办公建筑空调单级泵水系统的节能潜力进行了调查和分析,介绍了水系统变频改造方案,并对变频改造的节能效果进行了实测与分析。结果表明,该办公建筑空调单级泵水系统节能潜力很大,变频改造的节能效果明显;对于单级泵水系统,不能单纯以冷冻水供、回水温差作为冷冻水泵的变频控制目标,应同时兼顾冷水机组的运行要求;受冷水机组允许的最小冷冻水流量限制,在负荷率较低时,单级泵水系统变频运行其冷冻水供、回水温差较小;单级泵水系统的变频运行会使冷水机组COP值和末端设备的能效比均下降,其节能效果的评价应计及因变频运行使冷水机组和末端运行能效下降造成的能耗增加量。     

变频调速装置在空调冷冻水系统的节能应用

分析了空调系统冷冻水输送的特点和流量调节方式,指出变频调速装置应用于空调冷冻水系统的变流量调节,可起到良好的节能效果。     

中央空调冷冻水泵变频调速运行特性研究(1)

通过分析变频冷冻水泵及冷冻水管路在变负荷时的特性，得出了冷冻水泵的扬程与流量、总能耗与流量的一般关系式，同时针对特定的空调系统，提出了冷冻水泵“等效静扬程”的概念，并应用其对空调变负荷时冷冻水泵变频调速工况进行了研究。指出在中央空调系统中，由于冷冻水管路特性曲线随空调负荷而变化，在确定水泵变频调速运行工况点时已不能直接应用泵的相似定律，泵的能耗不与转速的三次方成正比，而是同时与负荷及空调用户的位置等有关。     

中央空调系统间断运行的节能研究

本文通过对某商场的空调系统在停冷水机后冷冻水的温度变化进行测试,用数学方法找出冷冻水温度的变化规律,据此计算出在提前不同的时间停冷水机时的能耗得失。并对“利用余冷”的空调质量进行评估,以此探讨空调系统间断运行时的最优运作模式,目的是在保证营业时间空调质量前提下达到节能的效果。     

空调水系统节能技术分析

本文从空调水系统目前存在的问题为切入点,以节能为原则,探讨和分析了空调水系统中变流量技术应用特点和节能效果,结合工程实例,通过对水泵变频调速技术在空调水系统中的应用和相应投资、运行费用的详细分析,阐明了空调水系统采用水泵变频调速技术可以带来明显的节能效果,空调制冷系统的冷冻水、冷却水变流量系统可使冷水机组在部分负荷下运行带来显著的节能效果.     

南京大屠杀纪念馆空调系统设计

通过对南京大屠杀纪念馆空调系统的介绍及研究,为保护好纪念馆的文物及降低初投资及运行能耗,空调系统在冷热源、冷冻水系统等采取了合理的设计,满足了各功能区的使用要求,达到了预期的目的。     

空调系统水泵变频运行特性分析

本文通过分析空调系统水泵变频运行时,冷水泵和冷却水泵的能耗变化及冷水、冷却水量的变化对冷水机组运行能耗的影响,综合评价空调系统水泵变频运行的节能效果。     

中央空调冷冻水泵变频调速运行特性研究(2):模拟计算与分析

利用前文的分析结果，对采用定压差控制的某空调系统进行了模拟计算，并将计算结果与相似定律所得结果进行了比较，表明直接按相似定律所确定的泵的扬程和能耗均偏低；同时对冷冻水管路系统中的雷诺数Re、沿程阻力系数和管路阻抗等随空调负荷的变化关系，以及空调负荷分布、压差设定值等对冷冻水泵变频运行参数及能耗的影响等方面进行了分析，提出了冷冻水泵变频的最有利及最不利工况，并根据模拟与分析结果对空调冷冻水泵变频调速系统的设计等提出了建议。     

大型公共建筑大温差空调冷水系统的能耗分析

空调水系统大温差设计是一种节能措施,了解大温差空调水系统的适应范围具有重要意义。本文基于某大型商场大温差空调冷水系统的设计,分别对冷水机组和冷冻水泵单位制冷量的能耗进行分析,结果表明该工程采用6℃/13℃的冷冻水供回水温度较常规7℃/12℃的供回水温度,单位制冷量制冷主机增加能耗0.0011k W,单位制冷量冷冻水泵减少能耗0.01k W,推算全年空调季两大耗能设备节省运行费用10.6万元。建议大温差冷冻水系统的供水温度宜为5~6℃,温差宜为7~8℃。     

一次泵变流量系统设计要点

一次泵变流量系统是一种优化的空调水系统的设计方案,可降低空调系统的整体能耗,属于节能环保的空调系统,但是其系统的构成、运行特点和控制理念都与传统的二次泵系统不同.本文着重讨论一次泵变流量系统的设计方法,主要包括采用一次泵变流量系统设计时经常会碰到的问题,如:对冷水机组流量变化范围及流量变化率的限制的要求,冷冻水泵流量变化的控制方法,以及冷冻水系统的控制原理.介绍在一次泵变流量系统中遇到冷水机组大小机搭配时冷冻水系统的设计方法,并就一次泵变流量系统加载、减载冷水机组的逻辑等问题进行阐述.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from