基于比例导引的足球机器人截球算法研究

常用的足球机器人截球运动控制算法较少,通过类比机器人截球运动与导弹或鱼雷追踪目标的相似性,引入军事目标追踪导引算法中常用的比例导引算法,并给出了导引算法模型及其在足球机器人系统中的应用实现。仿真结果表明该算法效果明显,行之有效,并能够根据不同的应用要求灵活的调整导引系数,取得比较理想的截球控制效果。     

机器人足球比赛截球策略设计

在机器人世界杯足球锦标赛(TheRobotWorldCup,简称RoboCup)中,截球效率直接影响到比赛的结果。通过足球截球模型,建立方程,从而求出截球位置。解方程的根是提高截球效率的关键,本文采用高效的弦割法来快速计算方程的根。试验发现方程曲线的变化对弦割法解方程根的效率有很大影响,曲线的形状直接影响了弦割法的收敛速度。为加速收敛性,对弦割法进行了优化。最后与优化前的弦割法以及二分法进行了比较,结果表明优化后整体性更为高效,很好地满足了比赛的要求。     

基于预测的足球机器人截球动作的研究

本文提出了一种改进的足球机器人截球动作的算法,该算法给出了球在摩擦力作用下的运动模型并基于线性回归预测模型对其在场地上的运动作了分析,结合足球机器人的到定点的运动模型进而使用二分法求解拦截,实现了截球动作.实验表明该算法具有良好的拦截效果.     

基于佳点集遗传算法的足球机器人策略设计

为了优化足球机器人策略的设计.文中提出了一个基于佳点集遗传算法的足球机器人动作规划算法.首先定义-个足球机器人的动作集合,根据赛场的实际情况为足球机器人分配角色与任务,然后利用佳点集遗传算法为足球机器人选择合适的动作,用该算法进行截球实验和射门实验.实验结果表明,应用新算法的仿真足球机器人动作更准确,效果更佳.     

基于佳点集遗传算法的足球机器人策略设计

为了优化足球机器人策略的设计,文中提出了一个基于佳点集遗传算法的足球机器人动作规划算法。首先定义一个足球机器人的动作集合,根据赛场的实际情况为足球机器人分配角色与任务,然后利用佳点集遗传算法为足球觇器人选择合适的动作,用该算法进行截球实验和射门实验。实验结果表明,应用新算法的仿真足球机器人动作更准确,效果更佳。     

基于神经网络和遗传算法的RoboCup截球策略

机器人足球(RoboCup)比赛已经成为当前人工智能研究的热点之一,作为多Agent系统的一个理想的试验平台,它涉及到了多个技术领域。论文应用神经网络技术和遗传算法解决Robocup仿真组比赛的截球问题,对截球技术进行了有效优化。将这种策略与传统的基于逻辑准则的策略进行了比较。分析表明基于神经网络和遗传算法的优化截球策略在很多情况下会做出更好的决定。     

基于FLCN方法的足球机器人动作控制

考虑到足球机器人比赛中射门动作的重要性,为了使足球机器人的动作具有准确性,提出了一种基于FLCN（Fuzzy Limit-Cycle Navigation,即模糊极限环导航）方法的动作控制。通过对极限环形状的改进,使其具有椭圆特性;并针对该情况设计了相应的模糊规则,应用模糊算法确定椭圆中心点的位置来导航机器人,完成截球和射门的动作。在仿真试验与集控式足球机器人实战中进行了验证,结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于三角剖分的小脑模型在增强学习中的应用

研究了一种基于三角剖分的小脑模型的增强学习控制器设计方法,并应用于机器人足球中单机器人截球的学习控制中。该方法通过在Markov决策过程状态空间中引入基于单纯形的库恩三角化,实现基于三角剖分的线性值函数逼近,从而有效提高了增强学习控制器对连续状态空间马氏决策问题的泛化性能。针对机器人截球学习控制的仿真研究表明,采用基于三角剖分的小脑模型进行值函数逼近的增强学习控制器能够获得优于已有基于均匀编码的小脑模型方法的学习效率和泛化性能。     

RoboCupSoccer中多机器人协作截球策略

截球策略是决定机器人足球队比赛能力的重要因素。由于信息噪音、命令执行误差、多异构类型和随机异构参数等因素的影响,单纯基于个体技术的截球决策并不一定可靠。首先采用数学解析方法建立截球个体技术模型,利用牛顿迭代法求解最快截球周期、截球点和基本命令队列;然后基于BP神经网络描述两个截球周期相比的截球成功概率;最后机器人基于自己和同伴的角色关系、截球成功概率和截球点所在球场区域进行协作截球决策。实验结果显示基于角色的协作截球效果明显改善。基于此策略的机器人足球队在比赛中取得不错的成绩。     

基于DSP的足球机器人控制系统的设计

对微型足球机器人底层控制系统进行了研究,分析了用普通单片机控制的足球机器人在比赛中的利弊,给出了一种基于DSP的足球机器人控制系统的实现方案。采用DSP芯片构造足球机器人后,不仅简化了系统外围设备,降低了系统的损耗,而且提高了系统的准确性和实时性,获得更好的控制效果。详细描述了基于DSP的足球机器人控制系统组成的各个模块的硬件实现,并给出了相应的软件设计方案。最后通过机器人左右轮设定速度与测量转速关系曲线证明了设计方案的有效性。     

3D monocular robotic ball catching

A new method to catch a thrown ball with a robot endowed with an eye-in-hand monocular visual system integrated into a gripper is proposed. As soon as the thrown ball is recognized by the visual system, the camera carried by the robot end-effector is forced to follow a baseline in the space so as to acquire an initial dataset of visual measurements from several points of view, providing a first estimate of the catching point through a linear estimation algorithm. Hereafter, additional measurements are acquired to constantly refine the previous estimate by exploiting a nonlinear estimation algorithm. During the robot trajectory, the translational components of the camera are controlled in such a way as to follow the planned path to intercept the ball, while the rotational components are forced to keep the ball into the field of view. Experimental results performed on a common industrial robotic system prove the effectiveness of the presented solution.     

A Fuzzy Mechanism for Action Selection of Soccer Robots

A vision-based soccer robot system is proposed, in which vision will identify the position and heading angle of each robot, and the position of the ball. With these imaging data, values for the defense factor, the competition factor, and the angle factor, are obtained. Using the three factors as the input variables of the proposed action selection mechanism, which is expressed in terms of fuzzy rules, the action that each robot should take is then chosen from the five basic actions available for the robots. In this manner, each robot may intercept, shoot, block, sweep the ball, or just stand by. After determining the action of each robot, control commands generated by the host computer are sent to the robot directly through a wireless RS-232. To show the feasibility of the proposed method, experimental results of a robot soccer game will be used for illustration.     

Simulation of football based on PID controller and BP neural network

Wheel robot soccer speed control system using a ball object detection method and PID controller. A control system is based on the object detection system's behavior based on the robot position's orientation to the target position. PIDs are instruments, pressure, speed, and other operational factors used in control, temperature adjustment flow, and industrial control applications. The PID controller uses control loop feedback dynamics to control functional variables and is the most accurate and stable controller. The robot position is held by placing the ball vertically. When the robot's work is perpendicular to the ball, the robot moves with a certain speed controlled by the PIT controller based on the robot's distance and the ball. Standard conditions (standard ball) test results show that the robot can detect the ball material while in the vertical position, whether on the robot's right or left. In the random test that changes direction, the robot can move more dynamically as the ball's change in place.     

A new moving target interception algorithm for mobile robots based on sub-goal forecasting and an improved scout ant algorithm

It is difficult to make a robot intercept a moving target, whose trajectory and speed are unknown and dynamically changing, in a comparatively short distance when the environment contains complex objects. This paper presents a new moving target interception algorithm in which the robot can intercept such a target by following many short straight line trajectories. In the algorithm, an intercept point is first forecasted assuming that the robot and the target both move along straight line trajectories. The robot rapidly plans a navigation path to this projected intercept point by using the new ant algorithm. The robot walks along the planned path while continuously monitoring the target. When the robot detects that the target has moved to a new grid it will re-forecast the intercept point and re-plan the navigation path. This process will be repeated until the robot has intercepted the moving target. The simulation results have shown that the algorithm is very effective and can successfully intercept a moving target while moving along a relatively short path no matter whether the environment has complex obstacles or not and the actual trajectory of the moving target is a straight line or a complex curve.     

Short-Baseline Binocular Vision System for a Humanoid Ping-Pong Robot

We develop a short-baseline vision system for a humanoid ping-pong robot. The vision system can provide four-dimensional space-time information and can predict the future trajectory of a ball. Short baseline poses special challenges for achieving sufficient 3-D reconstruction and prediction accuracy within limited processing time. We propose two algorithms including direct calibration of projection matrix and Gaussian-fitting based ball-center location to guarantee the 3-D reconstruction accuracy; we propose algorithm of five-point based ball representation and utilize the constraint of ball detecting region to guarantee the processing speed; we also propose algorithm of smoothing-based trajectory prediction to improve the prediction accuracy. Experimental results show the accuracy and the speed of our vision system can meet the requirements of a humanoid ping-pong robot.     

A new revolute robot manipulator adapting the closed‐chain mechanism

Conventional robot manipulators actuated by motors with conventional speed reducers such as the harmonic drive or RV have weakness in the load capacity since the speed reducers are not stiff enough. To overcome this, we propose a four‐bar‐link actuator driven by the ball screw, which has a high stiffness and high torque transmission ability, and propose a new type of four degree‐of‐freedom revolute robot manipulator adapting the proposed actuators. The base joint of the robot is actuated by the motor with the conventional speed reducer, and the other joints are actuated by the proposed actuators. The kinematics and dynamics of the robot are analyzed in the joint coordinate and in the Cartesian coordinate. For the performance tests of the robot, a four degree‐of‐freedom revolute robot was built. Through the performance tests, the results of superior load capacity and positioning accuracy are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Insectomorphic robot maneuvering on freely rolling balls

The influence of the position of the center of mass of a multilegged robot that moves along the surface of a freely rolling ball on the direction of rolling of this ball over a horizontal plane is studied. The case when the center of mass of this robot is shifted (in the plane that is perpendicular to the velocity vector) from the vertical axis that goes through the ball center is analyzed. Approximation formulas that allow one to estimate the radius of curvature of the trajectory of the center of a ball during turn are obtained under certain simplifying assumptions. It is found that a shift of the center of mass from the vertical axis that goes through the ball center inevitably produces a certain spin of the ball about this axis, complicating the task of maneuvering on this ball. The problem of insectomorphic robot maneuvering with two freely rolling balls on a horizontal plane is solved in the model formulation. The problem consists in moving a robot from a horizontal plane over to a movable ball, rolling this ball close to another free ball, and making the robot climb from the first ball to the second one and then back to the horizontal plane. The difficulty is that the mechanical system under consideration is highly unstable and is thus strongly influenced by execution errors. It is demonstrated constructively that the problem of the indicated interaction between a robot and two balls is fundamentally solvable, and a model robot is able to perform this task, although it is forced to shift its center of mass from the vertical axis in the process.     

Insectomorphic robot climbing a freely rolling ball

The problem of control of autonomous motion of a six-legged robot from a support horizontal plane to a ball that can freely move on this plane in an arbitrary direction is solved. Further robot motion aimed at acceleration or deceleration of the ball both in the direction of the longitudinal axis of its body and in the transverse direction ensuring dynamic stability of the robot on the ball is synthesized. Analytical conditions of implementability of the maneuver of climbing a ball are found. Formulas for estimating the maximum ball radius for which climbing of the robot is possible are obtained. Using the developed control algorithms, the robot can climb the ball and, staying on it, move the ball to the desired position in the plane. Robot motion is performed owing to the dry friction forces. Asymptotic stability of the programmed motion of the whole system is provided by a PD controller, which implements necessary step cycles of legs motion and the planned law of body motion. Results of 3D computer simulation of the controlled robot dynamics are discussed.     

A dung beetle-inspired robotic model and its distributed sensor-driven control for walking and ball rolling

A typical approach when designing a bio-inspired robot is to simplify an animal model and to enhance the functionality of interest. For hexapod robots, this often leads to a need of supplementary mechanics to become multifunctional. However, a preferable solution is to employ the embodied multifunctional capabilities of the animal as inspiration for robot design. Using this approach, we present a method for translating the kinematic chain of a dung beetle from which an accurate kinematic model and a simplified one were simulated and compared. The beetle was selected due to its multifunctional locomotory capabilities including walking as well as standing on and rolling a ball. For testing the models, we developed a distributed sensor-driven controller that can generate walking and ball-rolling behaviors. A comparison of the two modeling approaches shows a similar performance with regards to walking stability and accuracy, but differences when it comes to speed and multifunctionality. This is because the accurate model is able to use its legs to walk faster and roll a ball, which the simplified one is not. In conclusion, the accurate model of a dung beetle-inspired robot is advantageous as it, together with our novel control mechanism, is able to elicit behaviors comparable to those of the real dung beetle (i.e., walking and rolling a dung ball).