Topological Fiber Entropy for Linear Flows on Vector Bundles

For linear flows on vector bundles, it is shown that the topological entropy of lower dimensional subspaces in the fibers is determined by the Morse spectrum over chain recurrent components of the induced flows on Grassmann bundles.     

The second largest Lyapunov exponent and transition to chaos of natural convection in a rectangular cavity

In this study we have proposed an accurate and simple method to evaluate the Lyapunov spectrum. The method is suitable for any discretization method that finally expresses a governing equation system in the form of an ordinary differential equation system. The method was applied to evaluate up to the second largest Lyapunov exponents for natural convection in a rectangular cavity with heated and cooled side walls. The main results are as follows: (1) the largest and second largest Lyapunov exponents can be evaluated without any parameters that affects the exponents. (2) The second largest Lyapunov exponent makes it possible to classify quantitatively thermal convection fields into five regimes against the Rayleigh number and to clarify the transition route from steady state to chaos by identifying the first and second Hopf bifurcations. (3) The fluctuation in thermal convection fields just over the critical Rayleigh number at which Hopf bifurcation occurs can be quantitatively explained by using normalized Lyapunov vectors, associated with the computation of the Lyapunov exponents, just under the critical point.     

互补集合经验模式分解与奇异值能量谱在风电齿轮故障识别中的应用

针对风电机组齿轮系统故障模式的有效识别问题,提出一种互补集合经验模式分解(CEEMD)与奇异值能量谱相结合的故障识别方法。利用CEEMD将齿轮非平稳信号分解为有限个平稳的本征模态函数,并将其组成初始特征向量矩阵,对矩阵进行奇异值分解并求出风电齿轮不同工况下的奇异值能量谱分布,以奇异值能量谱为元素构造特征向量,通过计算不同工况振动信号的灰色关联度来判断齿轮的故障类型。实例表明,该方法能有效应用于风电机组齿轮系统的故障诊断。     

Dynamic Morse decompositions for semigroups of homeomorphisms and control systems

In this paper, we introduce the concept of dynamic Morse decomposition for an action of a semigroup of homeomorphisms. Conley has shown in [5, Sec. 7] that the concepts of Morse decomposition and dynamic Morse decompositions are equivalent for flows in metric spaces. Here, we show that a Morse decomposition for an action of a semigroup of homeomorphisms of a compact topological space is a dynamic Morse decomposition. We also define Morse decompositions and dynamic Morse decompositions for control systems on manifolds. Under certain condition, we show that the concept of dynamic Morse decomposition for control system is equivalent to the concept of Morse decomposition.     

Stabilization of General Nonlinear Control Systems via Center Manifold and Approximation Techniques

This paper considers the stabilization of a class of general nonlinear control systems. Under some mild conditions, a general nonlinear control system can be transformed into a normal form, which is suitable for the center manifold approach. A kind of controller in the polynomial form is proposed to stabilize the systems. First, the type and degree of controllers are chosen to assure the approximation degree of the center manifold. Then the coefficients are chosen to make the dynamics of the center manifold of the closed-loop systems stable. To test the approximate stability of the dynamics on the center manifold, the Lyapunov function with homogeneous derivative proposed in [6] is used.     

变转速工况下基于改进奇异谱分解和1.5维包络阶次谱的风电机组轴承损伤识别

为实现变转速工况下风电机组轴承故障损伤的准确识别,提出一种基于改进奇异谱分解(ISSD)和1.5维包络阶次谱的诊断方法。针对奇异谱分解存在的端点失真和奇异谱分量数量判定问题,提出极限学习机延拓结合窗函数的端点效应抑制策略以及基于Person相关系数的分量数量判定策略。首先,通过计算阶次追踪算法对拾取的信号进行等角度重采样,继而对重采样角域信号进行ISSD处理;为便于后续分析,利用排列熵指标从ISSD处理结果中筛选出最佳主敏感奇异谱分量,对其执行对称差分能量算子解调运算,并计算所得包络信号的1.5维谱;最后通过分析1.5维包络阶次谱中的阶次成分准确判定轴承运行状态。实验台信号及实测工程信号验证表明,所提方法能有效提取变转速工况下风电机组轴承损伤特征,具有一定工程参考价值。     

Observer backstepping control of DFIG-Generators for wind turbines variable-speed: FPGA-based implementation

In this paper, we present a new contribution for the control of Wind-turbine energy systems, a nonlinear robust control of active and reactive power by the use of the Adaptative Backstepping approach based in double-fed asynchronous generator (DFIG-Generator).Initially, a control strategy of the MPPT for extraction of maximum power of the turbine generator is presented. Thereafter, a new control technique for wind systems is presented. This control system is based on an adaptive pole placement control approach integrated to a Backstepping control system. The stability of the system is shown using Lyapunov technique. Using the FPGA to implement the order gives us a better rapidity. A Benchmark was realized by a prototyping platform based on DFIG-generator, FPGA and wind-turbine; the experimental results obtained show the effectiveness and the benefit of our contribution.     

基于SSA-PSO-ANFIS的短期风速预测研究

针对风速具有强非线性的特点,提出一种奇异谱分析和改进粒子群优化自适应模糊推理系统的短期风速预测模型。该方法采用奇异谱分析将原始序列分解为趋势和谐波分量,对各分量分别建立模糊神经网络模型,最后将各分量预测结果叠加得到预测风速值。为提高预测精度,改用改进粒子群算法对自适应模糊推理系统的隶属度函数进行优化。以河北某风电场实测数据进行仿真并与传统的神经网络对比分析,结果表明将风速重构后分别预测再叠加降低了原始问题的复杂度,同时提高了预测精度,在不同时间间隔的风速序列预测中该模型显著降低了多步实时预测中的误差。     

Spectral effects on the transmittance, solar heat gain, and performance rating of glazing systems

This study investigates the potential changes in Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and Visible Transmittance (VT) ratings of vertical or tilted glazing systems that would result from a deliberate change in the reference spectrum used as Spectral Weighting Function (SWF). This SWF is necessary to evaluate broadband-average optical properties from their spectral values, and obtain the desired rating of such bulk properties. The SWFs currently specified by rating institutions in Europe and North America for SHGC and VT are now outdated, and their inadequacies are discussed. Six potential replacements, which have been recently adopted by ASTM are described, including three direct irradiance spectra and three global irradiance spectrum incident on tilted surfaces of various tilts (20°, 37° and 90°). Some of these spectra have been tailored for use in building energy applications, including Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). The effect of tilt on the U-factor and hence SHGC of glazing systems used for skylights on roofs is discussed, using a representative dataset of 37 glazing system specimens. The spectral effects on SHGC induced by a change in the current North American SWF are also obtained for this dataset, and show small to moderate deviations from current ratings (−2% to +7% for windows, and −3% to +11% for skylights). The variations in VT are within ±2% for most glazing systems. To remove the current inconsistency in the SWFs used for SHGC and VT, it is recommended that a single SWF be used for both properties. For improved accuracy and reliance on active standards, it is also recommended that the SWF for SHGC and VT be either one of the two recent ASTM G197-08 global irradiance spectra, depending on application (incidence on a vertical surface for window applications, and incidence on a 20°-tilted surface for skylight applications). No change in colorimetric calculations (based on the D65 illuminant) is recommended, however.     

船用汽轮机特征线谱控制及应用

针对船用汽轮机质量大、振动幅值大且低频特征线谱突出等特点,提出了在船用汽轮机上通过特定装置实现以振动抑制振动的思路,研制了满足结构和出力需求的低频特征线谱控制装置,并在船用汽轮机上进行了试验。结果表明：低频特征线谱控制装置能够使汽轮机的轴频降低6.6 dB,低频段平均振级降低1.7 dB。     

输电线路暂态信号检测方法比较分析

输电线路发生故障产生的暂态行波是一个突变的、具有奇异性的信号,正确检测出信号的突变点即暂态行波波头是利用行波进行保护和测距的核心。对电网中断路器操作、电容投切、一次电弧、单相短路、雷击等产生的暂态信号进行了仿真．并分别利用小波变换模极大值、小波变换Lipischitz a、小波变换能量谱检测行波波头进行比较分析。EMTP仿真分析表明,三种方法均有提取行波特征,且采用小波能量谱检测输电线路暂态行波波头到达的时刻最精确,故障定位精度最高。     

Fuel cell diagnosis method based on multifractal analysis of stack voltage signal

Measuring local singularities on voltage signal transmits valuable information about the evolving dynamics of non-stationary and nonlinear processes in fuel cell systems. This paper deals with wavelet transform combined with multifractal formalism proposed for PEMFC behavior analysis. The proposed method combines the capability of wavelet transform to produce high coefficients on the singular points of signals and the ability of multifractal formalism to measure the singularity strength via the wavelet coefficients. This method is applied in order to discriminate the voltage signals acquired on a PEMFC operated in different conditions. The average multifractal spectrum estimated on voltage signals acquired at nominal operating conditions is compared to those measured for poor operating conditions considered as fault modes.     

Maximum efficiencies and parametric optimum designs of concentrating photovoltaic cell/heat engine systems with three‐band spectrum split

The irreversible model of a concentrating photovoltaic cell/heat engine system with three‐band spectrum splitting is established for the further prediction of the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic/thermal systems, in which the internal and external irreversible losses are considered. An update efficiency of the spectrum splitting system is derived, from which the maximum efficiency of the whole system is calculated. The influences of the area ratio of two subsystems on the systemic performance are analyzed in detail. The reasonable ranges of the area ratio are given. The maximum efficiency and the corresponding critical parameters are obtained under different operating conditions. It is found that the introduction of the area ratio is significant for accurate predictions of systemic performances and the maximum efficiency can attain 77.64%, which significantly exceeds that of an individual concentrating photovoltaic cell and solar‐driven heat engine at the same concentration condition. The performance characteristics of the two‐band spectrum splitting system including the photovoltaic cell and heat engine may be directly obtained from the present model. Moreover, the performances of three‐ and two‐band spectrum splitting systems are compared, and consequently, the advantages of the three‐band spectrum splitting system are revealed.     

Twin Vector Fields and Independence of Spectra for Quadratic Vector Fields

The object of this paper is to address the following question: when is a polynomial vector field on \(\mathbb {C}^{2}\) completely determined (up to affine equivalence) by the spectra of its singularities? We will see that for quadratic vector fields, this is not the case: given a generic quadratic vector field there is, up to affine equivalence, exactly one other vector field which has the same spectra of singularities. Let us say that two distinct vector fields are twin vector fields if they have the same singular locus and the same spectrum at each singularity. Our main result is as follows: any two generic quadratic vector fields with the same spectra of singularities (yet possibly different singular locus) can be transformed by suitable affine maps to be either the same vector field or a pair of twin vector fields. Moreover, a generic quadratic vector field has exactly one twin vector field. We later analyze the case of quadratic Hamiltonian vector fields in more detail and find necessary and sufficient conditions for a collection of non-zero complex numbers to arise as the spectra of singularities of a quadratic Hamiltonian vector field. Lastly, we show that a generic quadratic vector field is completely determined (up to affine equivalence) by the spectra of its singularities together with the characteristic numbers of its singular points at infinity.     

Wind farm non-linear control for damping electromechanical oscillations of power systems

This paper deals with the non-linear control of wind farms equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs). Both active and reactive wind farm powers are employed in two non-linear control laws in order to increase the damping of the oscillation modes of a power system. The proposed strategy is derived from the Lyapunov Theory and is independent of the network topology. In this way, the strategy can be added to the central controller as another added control function. Finally, some simulations, showing the oscillation modes of a power system, are presented in order to support the theoretical considerations demonstrating the potential contributions of both control laws.     

Adaptive thermal control for PEMFC systems with guaranteed performance

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) s are faced with dynamical load scenario in practical applications, and the resulting temperature variation will decrease the performance and consequently shorten the fuel cell lifetime. To address this problem, a control strategy for regulating the stack temperature is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a thermal management-oriented dynamic model of a water-cooled PEMFC system is built to facilitate the control design. Secondly, considering that the stack temperature should be maintained in a certain range regardless of the dynamical changing current demand, a Barrier Lyapunov function is employed to construct a feedback error of the stack temperature. Thirdly, a set of adaptation laws is designed to estimate the unknown parameters related to the gas flow rates in the flow fields. Particularly, a dynamic inversion tracking methodology is applied to design the non-affine input. A Lyapunov method based analysis demonstrates the stability and convergence of the closed-loop properties. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed control strategy can satisfy all the control objectives and enhance the control performance compared to the proportional-integral controlled case.     

On the Stability of Nonlinear Control Systems with Uncertainty

In this paper, we study the stability problem of nonlinear dynamical control systems. We consider continuous-time dynamical systems whose nominal part is stable and whose perturbed part (uncertainties) is norm-bounded by a positive function. Under some conditions on the perturbation, by using Lyapunov techniques, we show that the system can be uniformly asymptotically stable by a continuous controller.     

On Nonlinear Control Systems with Multiple Time Scales

An order reduction procedure for nonlinear control systems with multiple time scales is introduced. A limit system for the slowest motion describing the situation that all singular perturbation parameters vanish is constructed. For this purpose a refined two-scale averaging method is used in a way that allows a re-iteration. For vanishing control range the results reduce to the well-known Tychonoff theorem on order reduction for singularly perturbed ODEs.     

Hammerstein‐model‐based predictive control of micro‐turbines

Micro‐turbine operation is restricted due to mechanical, thermal, and flow limitations. Model predictive control is selected because it can explicitly handle the nonlinearities, and constraints of many variables in a single control formulation. The Hammerstein models are particular kinds of nonlinear systems where the nonlinear block is static and is accompanied by a linear system. This paper suggests a model‐based controller for the regulation of a micro‐turbine. The performances using both the linear and Hammerstein models are studied with constraints. The results show the capabilities of the proposed control to track a periodic reference trajectory and a significantly better closed‐loop response. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fault-tolerant control through dynamic surface triple-step approach for proton exchange membrane fuel cell air supply systems

Due to complex electrochemical and thermal phenomena, varying operations towards automotive applications, and vulnerable ancillaries in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control (FTC) design have become important aspects to improve the reliability, safety and performance of PEMFC systems. This paper presents a novel FTC scheme for automotive PEMFC air supply systems via coordinated control of the air flow rate and the pressure in cathodes. A dynamic surface triple-step approach is first proposed considering nonlinear dynamics and the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) property, which combines the advantage of dynamic surface control in avoiding an “explosion of complexity” and the advantage of triple-step control in guaranteeing a simple structure and high performance. The normal case, the faulty case at the supply manifold and the faulty case in the back pressure valve are considered in the FTC design, with the stability of the overall system proved using Lyapunov methods. MATLAB/Simulink simulations with a high-fidelity PEMFC model verify the effectiveness of the proposed FTC scheme in regulating the air flow rate and oxygen excess ratio and maintaining the pressure of the cathode at a desired level even under faulty conditions.