染料敏化太阳能电池中TiO2光阳极形貌研究进展

纳米TiO2具有合适的禁带宽度(3.2 eV)、良好的光电化学稳定性、价格低廉、易牢固吸附染料等优点,目前仍是应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)主要的半导体材料。TiO2光阳极是DSSC的重要组成部分之一,其晶体的形貌与DSSC的光电性能密切相关。本文综述了应用于DSSC中不同形貌TiO2光阳极,重点探讨了常规TiO2光阳极形貌,如纳米粒子、纳米棒、纳米线、纳米管;对新型TiO2光阳极及复合光阳极的形貌也作了介绍。讨论了不同形貌TiO2光阳极的制备方法及其结构对DSSC光电性能的影响,提出TiO2光阳极今后的研究方向是将不同形貌光阳极进行复合或混合掺杂来提高电子传输速率、优化TiO2薄膜厚度、控制TiO2薄膜中晶体结构抑制电荷再结合、提高电荷传输效率。     

二氧化钛包覆氧化锌纳米阵列光阳极的制备与性能

采用直流反应磁控溅射工艺,在ZnO纳米阵列的表面实现TiO2包覆,作为染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极,研究TiO2--ZnO核壳结构的形成机理和制备工艺对其光电性能的影响。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析仪表征光阳极材料的成分与结构。测试电池组件的伏安特性曲线、电压-时间曲线和电化学阻抗谱,分析TiO2包覆对电子传输性能和光电转换效率的影响机理。结果表明:磁控溅射制备的TiO2颗粒完整地包覆ZnO纳米阵列,使得纳米棒表面形貌由六棱柱向圆柱状转变,间隙变窄,直径较ZnO纳米阵列有所增加,阵列有序度得到改善。随着延长染料吸附时间和TiO2包覆,光阳极界面电子传输阻抗显著增加,光生电子的寿命也得到提高。经过包覆的光阳极能够作为阻挡层钝化表面缺陷,抑制复合的发生,从而提高开路电压和填充因子。经过包覆的光阳极其光电转换效率相对于纯ZnO纳米阵列提高了132%。     

染料敏化太阳电池中光阳极的研究进展

染料敏化太阳电池(dye-sensitized solar cell,DSC)的光阳极作为其重要的组成部分,在近些年的研究中取得了较大的进展。常用作光阳极的氧化物包括TiO2、ZnO、SnO2、Nb2O5、A12O3等,其中,TiO2因为综合性能表现突出,成为主要研究的光阳极材料。特别是TiO2纳晶薄膜的性质、形貌、结构等均会对DSC光电性能产生较大影响,其性质调节主要通过表面处理、修饰、掺杂等手段,而不同形貌纳米TiO2的研究主要表现在一维结构上,如纳米线、纳米棒等,本文就这些方面的研究情况进行简单归纳总结,分析影响电池性能的关键因素,并对如何更全面、更深入的提高DSC光电性能作简要展望。     

导电碳黑连接TiO2和染料分子提高染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能

通常,染料敏化纳米太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs)使用纳米金属氧化物来作为光阳极,如纳米TiO2,作为N型半导体通过连接染料来建立光阳极的。在光阳极中金属氧化物连接染料使DSSC的吸收光谱扩展到可见光谱区。文章研究在光阳极中添加导电碳黑使其成为纳米TiO2和染料之间的纽带。实验中使用粉末涂敷法在透光率约90%导电玻璃上涂覆纳米TiO2层在450℃烧结30 min,自然冷却然后再浸在染料和碳黑的混合物中敏化制得光阳极。添加的导电碳黑起到催化剂的作用,有助于染料电子的激发和纳米TiO2导带的增加并且减小了复合阻抗。结果表明,添加0.05 g导电碳黑的DSSCs光电性能最佳。开路电压增加了约33.9%,短路电流密度从4.385 mA/cm2增加到7.637mA/cm2。     

染料敏化太阳能电池中TiO_2光阳极的包覆效果

采用原位包覆和浸泡包覆在染料敏化太阳能电池的TiO2光阳极表面包覆了一薄层Al2O3,MgO或ZnO,讨论了不同包覆方法和实验条件对染料敏化太阳能电池性能的影响。研究表明,无论是原位包覆还是浸泡包覆,都可以在TiO2光阳极表面均匀的形成一层厚度约为1～2nm的氧化物包覆层,抑制了TiO2光阳极中的光生电子与氧化态染料和氧化态电解质的复合,从而导致光电压都有明显增大。特别是浸泡包覆不仅可以提高光电压,而且在较大的TiO2浆料粒径、合适的前驱体溶液浓度下,还可以增加光电流,导致光电转换效率明显增加。     

纳米二氧化钛光催化剂的表面修饰研究及应用进展

纳米二氧化钛的表面修饰,目的在于使其综合性能得到较大改善,根据不同的使用目的,可以选用不同的改性剂及改性工艺。采用有机物改性方法可以改善纳米TiO2颗粒表面的润湿性和分散性;采用无机物包裹的方法可以提高纳米TiO2颗粒的耐久性和化学稳定性;采用光活性化合物对纳米TiO2进行表面改性可以提高其催化氧化性能。概述了纳米TiO2的制备方法和光催化性能,重点介绍了主要的表面改性剂和表面修饰工艺方法,并提出当前对纳米TiO2的研究重点。     

TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及其应用研究进展

TiO2纳米管阵列作为一种新型的纳米TiO2材料,由于独特的有序结构和优异的性能,引起了人们的极大关注。介绍了采用阳极氧化法制备TiO2纳米管的工艺条件、影响因素、形成机理,及其在光电解水制氢、光催化降解有机污染物、染料敏化太阳能电池、气敏传感等方面的研究进展,展望了其发展方向。     

银表面等离子体效应增强TiO2纳米管阵列光解水制氢

采用阳极氧化法制备得到TiO2纳米管阵列(TiO2-NTA),同时借助光化学还原法将纳米Ag颗粒沉积于TiO2-NTA表面(Ag/TiO2-NTA)。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis)、扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的晶型、光响应性能、表面形貌等进行了表征。分析结果表明,TiO2-NTA管径约为150nm,壁厚约为20nm,纳米Ag颗粒以单质形态分散于TiO2-NTA表面,其等离子体效应可以有效促进TiO2-NTA对可见光的吸收,共振吸收波长位于420nm。光解水制氢实验结果表明,Ag/TiO2-NTA的光催化活性高于纯的TiO2-NTA,前者约为后者的2.3倍。     

导电聚邻苯二胺的合成及在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

制备了聚邻苯二胺,并将其作固体传输材料应用在染料敏化太阳能电池中。用光电化学方法研究了染料酸性湖蓝、聚邻苯二胺(PoPD)、二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米晶电极以及用酸性湖蓝和PoPD复合敏化TiO2纳米晶膜电极的光电化学行为。用聚邻苯二胺作为固体电解质,染料酸性湖蓝,组装了电池,初步测定了TiO2/酸性湖蓝/PoPD电极作为光阳极的光电化学电池的工作特性曲线,测得Voc=0.43V,Isc=0.378mA。     

TiO2纳米管制备与掺杂改性的研究进展

本文总结近年来TiO2纳米管制备与掺杂改性的研究进展.介绍TiO2纳米管的制备方法以及纳米管的形成机理,讨论影响阳极氧化法制备TiO2纳米管的主要因素.总结使用不同元素对TiO2纳米管进行掺杂的方法以及效果,重点介绍N掺杂的不同方法以及提高TiO2纳米管性能的机理.介绍通过量子点和有机染料对TiO2纳米管进行表面改性的...     

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on a nanoparticle/nanotube bilayer structure and their equivalent circuit analysis

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared by capitalizing on a TiO(2) bilayer structure composed of P-25 nanoparticles and freestanding crystalline nanotube arrays as photoanodes. After being subjected to sequential TiCl(4) treatment and O(2) plasma exposure, the bilayer photoanode was sensitized with N719 dye. DSSCs based on a 20 μm TiO(2) nanoparticle film solely and a bilayer of 13 μm TiO(2) nanoparticles and 7 μm TiO(2) nanotubes exhibited the highest power conversion efficiency, PCE, of 8.02% and 7.00%, respectively, compared to the devices made of different TiO(2) thicknesses. On the basis of J-V parameter analysis acquired by equivalent circuit model simulation, in comparison to P-25 nanoparticles, charge transport in nanotubes was found to be facilitated due to the presence of advantageous nanotubular structures, while photocurrent was reduced owing to their small surface area, which in turn resulted in low dye loading, as well as the lack of cooperative effect of anatase and rutile phases.     

染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池中的表面处理

简要概述了染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池(DSC)的研究现状,重点列举了TiO2膜的酸碱处理,金属化合物覆盖处理的方法和原理,并对其他分子与染料共吸附和电极吸附染料后的表面处理方法也进行了介绍。     

N-Ion-implanted TiO2 photoanodes in quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

Hierarchical nanostructured titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) clumps were fabricated using electrostatic spray with subsequent nitrogen-ion doping by an ion-implantation technique for improvement of energy conversion efficiency for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). CdSe quantum dots were directly assembled on the produced N-ion-implanted TiO(2) photoanodes by chemical bath deposition, and their photovoltaic performance was evaluated in a polysulfide electrolyte with a Pt counter electrode. We found that the photovoltaic performance of TiO(2) electrodes was improved by nearly 145% upon N-ion implantation. The efficiency improvement seems to be due to (1) the enhancement of electron transport through the TiO(2) layer by inter-particle necking of primary TiO(2) particles and (2) an increase in the recombination resistance at TiO(2)/QD/electrolyte interfaces by healing the surface states or managing the oxygen vacancies upon N-ion doping. Therefore, N-ion-doped photoanodes offer a viable pathway to develop more efficient QD or dye-sensitized solar cells.     

One dimensional nanostructure/nanoparticle composites as photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) show potential as a low cost alternative to silicon solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies exceeding 12% have been achieved for DSCs. Typical DSCs are based on TiO(2) nanoparticle photoanodes, which have numerous grain boundaries, surface defects and trap states as electrons transport from one particle to the other. Such defects and trap states increase back charge transfer (charge recombination) from the photoanode to electrolyte. One dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as nanofibers, nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes can offer direct and fast electron transport to the electron collecting electrode. However, these 1D nanostructures have a major disadvantage of having insufficient surface area and inefficient dye attachment. To solve this challenge, mixtures of TiO(2) nanoparticles and 1D nanostructures (e.g. nanofibers, nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes) are used to take advantage of the large surface area of nanoparticles and efficient charge transport of 1D nanostructures. In this article, we review the recent developments in using mixtures of 1D nanostructures and nanoparticles as photoanodes for efficient DSCs. Various randomly oriented and vertically aligned 1D nanostructures and their composites with nanoparticles are discussed. Future increase of efficiency in DSCs using 1D nanostructure/nanoparticle composites will rely on the optimization of diameters of 1D nanostructures, control of ratios of 1D nanostructures and nanoparticles, increase of crystallinity, and reduction of surface defects on the 1D nanostructures. This work will provide guidance for designing and growing appropriate 1D nanostructures, and combining them with nanoparticles at an optimal ratio for efficient DSCs.     

染料敏化太阳能电池丝网印刷浆料中有机造孔剂对电池性能的影响

本文采用丝网印刷工艺制备染料敏化太阳能电池的氧化钛多孔薄膜,并将其组装成电池器件.主要研究了丝网印刷浆料中造孔剂-乙基纤维素和松油醇的含量对氧化钛薄膜光电性能的影响.光电性能测试和扫描电镜结果显示,当乙基纤维素N50和N10的比例为1:0、松油醇的含量为75%时,薄膜的结构和光电转换性能结果最优,单层光电转换效率从0.84%提升到1.23%.     

染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极的研究进展

介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的主要结构和基本原理,着重阐述了染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极的最新研究结果,并对几种不同光阳极的优缺点进行了详细的描述。文章指出具有高的比表面积、电荷的快速传输通道以及优越的抑制电荷复合性能的多孔膜是未来DSSC电池光阳极的主要发展方向。     

Evaluations of physico-chemical properties of TiO2/clinoptilolite synthesized via three methods on photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet

Different preparation routes for Ti O_2-supported natural and synthetic clinoptilolite(Ti O_2/CP) composites were thoroughly investigated on the basis of sol–gel, hydrothermal, and in-situ hydrothermal methods.The micro-structural features and physicochemical properties of resultant Ti O_2/CPs were characterized via X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning(transmission) electron microscope images, Fourier transform infrared spectra, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry methods, BET-isotherms,UV–visible spectra, and surface charge potential distributions. The results showed that in-situ hydrothermal method led to well dispersions of loaded-Ti O_2 particles on the surface of leaf-like CP, while obviously aggregated Ti O_2 on a relatively distorted structure of CP was obtained using sol–gel and hydrothermal methods. Their adsorptive and photocatalytic efficiencies for removal of crystal violet(CV) dye in aqueous solution were also explored under UV-irradiations. The results demonstrated that Ti O_2/CPs synthesized via sol–gel and in-situ hydrothermal methods presented the excellent performances with 98%removal efficiencies as compare to the bare commercial Ti O_2 which achieved 53% removal of CV dye.While, the in-situ hydrothermally synthesized Ti O_2/CPs were the best due to their moderate energy cost,highest adsorption capacities and removal efficiencies. Particularly, the synthetic CPs as supports exhibited synergetic photocatalytic activities for the degradation of CV dye, which is attributed to their high surface areas, better adsorption capability, and fine dispersion of Ti O_2 particles. Adsorption and degradation kinetics of CV dye were found to follow the pseudo-second and pseudo-first order models,respectively.     

Novel hollow mesoporous 1D TiO2 nanofibers as photovoltaic and photocatalytic materials

Hollow mesoporous one dimensional (1D) TiO(2) nanofibers are successfully prepared by co-axial electrospinning of a titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) solution with two immiscible polymers; polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using a core-shell spinneret, followed by annealing at 450 °C. The annealed mesoporous TiO(2) nanofibers are found to having a hollow structure with an average diameter of 130 nm. Measurements using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method reveal that hollow mesoporous TiO(2) nanofibers possess a high surface area of 118 m(2) g(-1) with two types of mesopores; 3.2 nm and 5.4 nm that resulted from gaseous removal of PEO and PVP respectively during annealing. With hollow mesoporous TiO(2) nanofibers as the photoelectrode in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), the solar-to-current conversion efficiency (η) and short circuit current (J(sc)) are measured as 5.6% and 10.38 mA cm(-2) respectively, which are higher than those of DSSC made using regular TiO(2) nanofibers under identical conditions (η = 4.2%, J(sc) = 8.99 mA cm(-2)). The improvement in the conversion efficiency is mainly attributed to the higher surface area and mesoporous TiO(2) nanostructure. It facilitates the adsorption of more dye molecules and also promotes the incident photon to electron conversion. Hollow mesoporous TiO(2) nanofibers with close packing of grains and crystals intergrown with each other demonstrate faster electron diffusion, and longer electron recombination time than regular TiO(2) nanofibers as well as P25 nanoparticles. The surface effect of hollow mesoporous TiO(2) nanofibers as a photocatalyst for the degradation of rhodamine dye was also investigated. The kinetic study shows that the hollow mesoporous surface of the TiO(2) nanofibers influenced its interactions with the dye, and resulted in an increased catalytic activity over P25 TiO(2) nanocatalysts.     

硫酸处理对微弧氧化TiO2膜光催化性能的影响

采用微弧氧化技术在钛网上直接制备TiO2膜,利用硫酸浸渍方法对该膜表面进行修饰,以酸性大红染料模拟废水来评价TiO2膜光催化降解水中有机污染物的能力。并对微弧氧化膜表面形貌和成分进行了分析。结果表明:由于膜表面钠的沉积,微弧氧化TiO2膜的光催化性能较差;硫酸浸渍可以减少微弧氧化TiO2膜表面钠的含量,改善膜的光催化性能,对酸性大红染料废水光催化120 min降解率由15%提高到31%。     

用于敏化太阳能电池的二氧化钛光阳极材料

敏化太阳能电池是当前清洁能源领域的研究热点之一,有望成为第三代太阳能电池。二氧化钛作为敏化太阳能电池的光阳极材料之一被广泛研究。主要综述了近20 a来二氧化钛光阳极材料的结构进展,并从电子注入效率、电子传输和基底电荷收集效率方面评述了各种结构的应用特点。另外,描述了当代三明治状二氧化钛工作电极的超薄保形覆盖层、工作层和阻挡层。然后,重点介绍了用于电子传输工作层的二氧化钛一维纳米阵列的制备方法及特点。最后,展望了光阳极结构与合成方法的未来发展趋势。