我国固体氧化物燃料电池技术研发取得新突破

<正>华中科技大学燃料电池研究中心自主研制出5 kW级固体氧化物燃料电池(简称SOFC)独立发电系统,并实现了4.82 kW的功率输出,科技部组织的现场技术验收组专家认为,这标志着我国SOFC系统独立发电技术取得了新突破,基本具备进入工程化和产品化阶段的条件。记者于2015年3月11日采访了解到,在国家"863计划"支持下,华中科技大学燃料电池研究中心李箭教授团队自主研制成功的5 kW级SOFC独立发电系统,     

燃料电池的特性和应用(1)

燃料电池是一种先进的化学电源,它作为开放式电源系统,已成为新的发电技术.燃料电池是高效、无噪音和少污染的洁净能源,必然受到人们的青睐.燃料电池的主要类型有碱性燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池和固体氧化物燃料电池.本文就燃料电池的发生、发展、原理、特点、类型、应用等作一简要的综述.     

固体氧化物燃料电池的建模与仿真

能源短缺和环境问题已成为本世纪全球面临的最重要课题,作为一种新的能源形式,固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)技术日益受到重视。由于现有的SOFC模型过于复杂,难以满足工程上对SOFC系统实时控制的需求,提出利用粒子群算法(PSO)优化径向基函数(RBF)神经网络,从而实现对SOFC的建模。PSO对RBF神经网络的中心值和连接权值进行优化,提高了网络的泛化性能,使其非线性逼近能力更强,从而达到精确模型的目的。仿真实验验证了粒子群算法在SOFC建模的有效性。     

平板式固体氧化物燃料电池的封接

甲板式固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）是目前发展的主要趋势，其中的封接技术很关键。本文综述了云母复合压缩封接和玻璃／玻璃陶瓷封接在平板式SOFC中应用的技术进展，比较了各种封接方式的优缺点，并指出了其在不同国家、地区的研究现状和发展趋势。     

燃料电池的特性和应用

燃料电池是一种先进的化学电源，它作为开放式电源系统，已成为新的发电技术。燃料电池是高效、无噪音和少污染的洁净能源，必然受到人们的青睐。燃料电池的主要类型有碱性燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池和固体氧化物燃料电池。本文就燃料电池的发生、发展、原理、特点、类型、应用等作一简要的综述。     

燃料电池的特性和应用

燃料电池是一种先进的化学电源，它作为开放式电源系统，已成为新的发电技术，燃料电池是高效，无噪声和少污染的洁净能源，必然受到人们的青睐，燃料电池的主要类型有碱性燃料电池，磷酸燃料电池，熔融碳酸盐燃料电池，质子交换膜燃料电池和固体氧化物燃料电池，本文就燃料电池的发生，发展，原理，特点，类型，应用等作一简要的综述。     

燃料电池的特性和应用（1）

燃料电池是一种先进的化学电源，它作为开放式电源系统，已成为新的发电技术。燃料电池是高效、无噪音和少污染的洁净能源，必然受到人们的青睐。燃料电池的主要类型有碱性燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池、质子交换膜燃料电池和固体氧化物燃料电池。本就燃料电池的发生、发展、原理、特点、类型、应用等作一简要的综述。     

微型燃料电池强劲攻市

燃料电池是一类可将燃料的化学能直接转化为电能，能量转化效率高（40～60％，理论上达90％），能量密度大，燃料补充方便，使用期长，绿色环保的新型能源。随磷酸盐PAFC、熔融碳酸盐MCFC、固体氧化物电解质SOFC、聚合物离子膜PEMFC类型燃料电池进入实用化研发后，对微型燃料电池的研发力度也不断加强，尤其是面向便携式移动产品应用为主的微型燃料电池的研发取得极大进展，技术日趋成熟。很多厂商正进行实用试验，一些新型产品在市场中相继亮相，年内将会有少量品种投放市场，挑战在可充电电池市场份额中占71％的锂离子电池。     

铁素体不锈钢在氧化物燃料电池中的应用

对几种固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）连接体材料作了简要的总结，重点论述了几种主要元素对铁素体不锈钢连接体的影响，以Crofer22 APU，SUS430，X10CrAl18和ZMG232为例论述了铁索体不锈钢连接体的各种性能特点和发展状况。给出了本实验室所开发的几种Fe-Cr合金的性能特征，最后指出了SOFC金属连接体的研究和发展方向。     

固体氧化物燃料电池电压检测系统设计与应用研究

固体氧化物燃料电池堆由多片单电池串／并联组成,各单电池的电压是表征电池堆性能的关键参数。大功率电池堆高达数百伏的累积电势,成了单电池电压测试的障碍。本文设计了一种高共模抑制比的差分运算电路,该电路在测试中能有效地抑制燃料电池堆的共模电压。实验优化了利用该电路进行燃料电池电压检测的最佳方案。     

Brennstoffzellen

For two applications of fuel cells (SOFC and IMFC) system configurations and energy balances are presented. A decentralized combined heat and power plant on SOFC basis can be designed as a flexible system with high efficiency. A drive system with methanol reformer and fuel cell (IMFC) in comparison with a natural gas combustion engine has lower energy comsumption and much lower emissions.     

Utilizing High Entropy Effects for Developing Chromium-Tolerance Cobalt-Free Cathode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is regarded as an environmentally friendly energy conversion device, which can directly convert the chemical energy stored in the fuel to the electrical energy. However, the degradation of cathodes caused by Cr-containing steel interconnects is a major problem that limits the broader application of SOFC. Herein, a novel A-site high entropy oxide, based on the cobalt-free PrBaFe₂O_5+δ (PBF) cathode, La_0.2Pr_0.2Nd_0.2Sm_0.2Gd_0.2BaFe₂O_5+δ (LPNSGBF), is proposed as a high catalyst activity and Cr-tolerance cathode for SOFC. The anode-supported cell with the LPNSGBF cathode exhibits an excellent peak power density of 1020.69 mW cm⁻² at 800 °C, which is better than that of the PBF (794.96 mW cm⁻²). Moreover, under the Cr-containing atmosphere, the outstanding stability of the single cell with the LPNSGBF for 100 h with a degradation rate of 0.17% h⁻¹, is much lower than the 0.79% h⁻¹ for that of the PBF cathode. The study provides a new strategy for achieving the enhanced oxygen reduction reaction and high Cr-tolerance of the cobalt-free cathode by high entropy doping.     

Surface‐Modified Low‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

This paper reports both experimental and theoretical results of the role of surface modification on the oxygen reduction reaction in low‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT‐SOFC). Epitaxial ultrathin films of yttria‐doped ceria (YDC) cathode interlayers (<10–130 nm) are grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on single‐crystalline YSZ(100). Fuel cell current–voltage measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are performed in the temperature range of 350 °C ≈ 450 °C. Quantum mechanical simulations of oxygen incorporation energetics support the experimental results and indicate a low activation energy of only 0.07 eV for YDC, while the incorporation reaction on YSZ is activated by a significantly higher energy barrier of 0.38 eV. Due to enhanced oxygen incorporation at the modified Pt/YDC interface, the cathodic interface resistance is reduced by two‐fold, while fuel cell performance shows more than a two‐fold enhancement with the addition of an ultrathin YDC interlayer at the cathode side of an SOFC element. The results of this study open up opportunities for improving cell performance, particularly of LT‐SOFCs by adopting surface modification of YSZ surface with catalytically superior, ultrathin cathodic interlayers.     

Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)掺杂对铬酸锶镧烧结及电性能的影响

La_(0.85)Sr_(0.15)CrO_3是固体氧化物燃料电池普遍使用的连接材料, 但其难以烧结致密.该文考察了Ca~(2+)和Cu~(2+)分别在La位和Cr位取代对La_(0.85)Sr_(0.15-x)Ca_xCr_(1-y)Cu_yO_3(x＝0～1、y＝0.2～0.8)连接材料烧结性能、电性能和热膨胀性能的影响.实验表明,当x＝0.05、y＝0时,材料La_(0.85)Sr_(0.1)Ca_(0.05)CrO_3的电导率显著提高, 800 ℃时达到20.1 S/cm.研究La位和Cr位共掺杂发现, x＝0.05、y＝0.05时的试样烧成温度降低了100 ℃,体积密度提高31.6%,同时材料的热膨胀系数也与8YSZ电解质材料匹配.     

Regulation of Cathode Mass and Charge Transfer by Structural 3D Engineering for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell at 400 °C

Lowering the operating temperature (ideally below 400 °C) for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology deployment has been an important transition that introduces the benefit of reduced operational costs and system durability. However, the key technical issue limiting the transition is the sluggish cathodic performance, namely the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) rate of the conventional sponge-like cathode dramatically drops as the temperature reduces. In this paper, 3D engineering of a cathode is conducted on a protonic ceramic fuel cell to obtain an enhanced ORR between 400 and 600 °C. Compared with a cell using a conventional sponge-like cathode, 3D engineering improves the cathode ORR by 41% at 400 °C with a peak power density of 0.410 W cm⁻². A phase field simulation is applied to assist the engineering by understanding the competition between the cathode mass and charge transfer with different cathode porosities. The results show that structural engineering of existing well-developed cathodes is a simple and effective method to promote cathode ORR for low temperature SOFC by regulating the mass and charge transfer.     

低温共烧结制备阴极支撑管式固体氧化物燃料电池

采用挤出成型法制备锰酸锶镧-氧化钇稳定氧化锆（LSM-YSZ）阴极支撑管,利用浸渍-提拉泥浆涂覆法在LSM-YSZ阴极支撑管上制备了LSM-YSZ阴极功能层、YSZ电解质和NiO-YSZ阳极多层薄膜,经低温一次共烧结制备阴极支撑管式单元固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）。利用扫描电镜和电化学工作站等对单元电池的微观结构和电化学性能进行了较系统的表征,结果表明：经1220℃低温共烧结8h后,LSM-YSZ支撑体上的阴极功能层、电解质和阳极各层薄膜结合紧密,电解质薄膜致密无缺陷,厚约15μm;以湿氢气为燃料,空气为氧化剂时,单元电池在700～800℃下的开路电压均高于1.0V,说明电解质薄膜具有足够的气密性,但阴极的低电导率和低孔隙率限制了电池的电性能。采用浸渍-提拉薄膜技术,经一次低温共烧结制备阴极支撑管式SOFC,为SOFC低成本制备奠定了基础。     

Low cost high efficiency DC-DC converter for fuel cell powered auxiliary power unit of a heavy vehicle

In this paper, a new dc-dc converter for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) powered auxiliary power unit (APU) is proposed. The proposed converter does not consider the leakage inductance of the transformer as a parasite and uses it for energy transfer, thus avoiding problems of low efficiency and difficulty in control, caused by leakage inductance. The need for a separate filter inductor is also eliminated. Soft switching is done for some of the switches of the proposed converter, thereby further increasing the efficiency of the converter. Thus, the achieved low cost and high efficiency of the proposed converter make it suitable for SOFC powered APU applications. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the proposed dc-dc converter. The achieved cost and efficiency of the prototype are 50.8$/kW and 90%, respectively.     

陶瓷-金属封接技术应用的新进展

综述了最近几年来陶瓷-金属封接技术的进展,包括在固体氧化物燃料电池,惰性生物陶瓷的接合,高工作温度、高气密性、多引线芯柱以及半透明Al_2O_3瓷用于金属卤化物灯中的封接工艺等。特别强调了随着应用领域的不同,陶瓷-封接组件的多种性能都需要不同的提高。