Terahertz Detection Based on Spectral-Domain Interferometry Using Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

We demonstrate the use of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to improve the performance of terahertz electric field measurements based on spectral-domain interferometry. The interferometer is introduced into the probe beam line to improve the temporal overlap between the two probe pulses. The probe pulse in the sample arm of the interferometer passes through the detection crystal and overlaps with the terahertz pulse, while the probe pulse in the reference arm does not. We measure the phase change between spectral components of these two pulses using spectral-domain interferometry. Using this new technique, we enable an unlimited temporal scanning window without the loss in the signal-to-noise ratio, thus overcoming the major limitation of conventional spectral-domain interferometry techniques for terahertz electric field detection.     

Effect of laser-diode power change on optical heterodyneinterferometry

A dynamic interferometer with a frequency-ramped laser diode (LD) has been constructed that is based on an optical heterodyne technique. Effect of LD power change on the optical heterodyne interferometry has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. A general formulation of the interferometry has been presented in which the demodulation scheme is analyzed in the frequency domain by Fourier-transforming a beat signal. Phase errors caused by the LD-power variation alter sinusoidally with the same period as the interference beat signal. The error can be eliminated by using an amplitude-stabilized, frequency-modulated laser diode source in the interferometer. The stabilization of the LD amplitude can be achieved by a feedback system with a superluminescent diode as an external light-power controller     

用干涉自相关包络宽度测量超短激光脉冲啁啾

为了测量超短激光脉冲啁啾值,提出了一种用2次干涉自相关包络宽度测量啁啾值的简单方法。利用2次干涉自相关包络宽度对啁啾有很高的灵敏度、含有不同啁啾量的超短激光脉冲有不同的包络宽度的特性,通过对高斯型强度分布的线性、平方及立方啁啾的干涉自相关包络函数进行了理论分析,得到包络宽度与啁啾量值之间的对应关系。采用干涉自相关2次谐波检测系统对加浓染料激光器输出的含有啁啾的脉冲进行测量,其干涉自相关包络宽度为1.15,被测超短激光脉冲啁啾为1.0。结果表明,根据含有啁啾的干涉自相关曲线两翼的特征,可判断啁啾阶数,再根据包络宽度与啁啾值的对应关系,可估定啁啾量值;用干涉自相关包络宽度能容易地测量超短激光脉冲的啁啾量值。     

激光稳频的共焦法布里-珀罗干涉仪

针对多普勒激光雷达激光源短期频率漂移低于1 MHz的要求,设计了一种共焦干涉仪作为频率标准进行稳频。通过对三种不同材料制成的共焦法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot)干涉仪中心频率随温度漂移情况进行分析对比,选用零膨胀微晶玻璃材料制作共焦法布里-珀罗干涉仪,腔镜和隔离器通过光胶的方式进行组合,并且置于温控精度优于0.01 K的双层密封温控箱中。经过实验测量,共焦法布里-珀罗干涉仪的自由光谱范围为370 MHz,透射谱半峰全宽(FWHM)为1.7 MHz,精细度为220。采用该共焦干涉仪进行稳频,理论稳频精度可达0.15 MHz,满足激光多普勒雷达单频激光源的稳频要求。     

一台高准确度的激光波长计

染料激光器及高分辨激光光谱研究需要波长的绝对测量。为此,研制了这台高准确度波长计。 一、基本原理和设计考虑 在图1中,当参考和待测的激光光束同时射入干涉仪,在它们彼此同轴条件下,角锥反射镜沿导轨匀速移动一定距离,分别记录下两激光干涉条纹数,就可以求得待测激光的波长λ_2: λ_2=n_2/n_1·N_1/N_2λ_1 (1) 式中λ_1、λ_2分别为参考和待测激光真空波长;N_1、     

Longitudinal mode spectrum of semiconductor lasers under high-speed modulation

Experimental observations of the lasing spectrum of a single-mode semiconductor laser under continuous microwave modulation reveal that the lasing spectrum is apparently locked to a single-longitudinal mode for optical modulation depths up to ∼ 80 percent, beyond which the lasing spectrum breaks into multimode oscillation. The width of the envelope of the multimode spectrum increases very rapidly with further increase in modulation depth. These results are satisfactorily explained by a theoretical treatment which gives simple analytic results for the time evolution of the individual longitudinal modes. It also yields considerable insight into spectral dynamics, and enables one to predict the dynamic lasing spectrum of a laser from its CW lasing spectra at various output powers. The results can also be used to predict the amount of spectral envelope broadening under single or pseudo-random pulse modulation.     

激光多普勒效应的实验验证

为了研究激光多普勒效应,建立了一个简单的利用激光外差干涉技术测量多普勒效应的实验验证系统。由实验可知,对于0.2mm/s的均匀速度,理论上的拍频值为316.0556Hz,实验测量值为312.0434Hz;对于0.1mm/s的均匀速度,理论上拍频值为158.0278Hz,实验测量值为151.6055Hz。结果表明,该验证系统的有效性,可为光学实验教学中实现激光多普勒效应提供有益的帮助。     

一种新型薄腔法-珀干涉测速系统研究

本文所关注的激光干涉测速技术主要用于测试在冲击波或爆轰波作用下各种材料样品的自由面速度随时间变化的过程,介绍了基于光学谐振腔的选频特性利用薄腔法-珀干涉仪直接测量高速飞片所引起的多普勒频移从而获得其速度信息的设想,并根据此设想构建薄腔法-珀干涉测速系统的技术路线。最后描述了利用该项测试技术实际测量金属箔电爆炸驱动的Kapton膜飞片速度的实验并对实验结果进行了分析。与其它激光测速装置相比,该干涉仪具有体积小、结构简单紧凑和成本低的特点。     

白光干涉垂直扫描测量算法综述

白光干涉测量是采用具有一定光谱宽度的白光代替单色光作为干涉光源进行测量的特殊干涉测量技术。根据白光干涉信号的相干长度短、相干峰非常明显的特性,采用了垂直扫描干涉测量的方式获取干涉信号。相干峰寻址法是在垂直扫描测量的基础上提出的,具有较高的计算精度和较大的适用性。本文将相干峰寻址法的11种算法分为直接求解法、包络曲线拟合法和加权平均法三类进行阐述,并通过仿真每种算法分析各种算法的优缺点以及适用性和局限性。     

光程差倍增的纳米级精度激光干涉仪

介绍了一种新型的纳米级精度位移测量激光干涉仪。提出了耦合差动干涉的新方法。通过对光程差进行倍增 ,提高了干涉仪的分辨率和稳定性。该干涉仪结构简洁紧凑 ,光路布局对称性好 ,不存在死光程 ,容易装调 ,符合阿贝原则和结构变形最小原则 ,在 10 mm (可以扩展至 50 mm )测量范围内 ,获得了λ/16 0 0的分辨率和纳米级的测量精度。     

Characterization of fiber Bragg gratings using spectral interferometry based on minimum-phase functions

The focus of this paper is on interferometric systems that utilize spectral interferometry based on minimum-phase functions (MPFs) to fully characterize any fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) spectra without exceptions. The approach presented involves sending a broadband light source (e.g., a short laser pulse) into the FBG of interest and using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) to record the spectrum of the interference between the reflected pulse from the grating and the time-delayed version(s) of the original short pulse. The square root of this measured spectrum, which yields the Fourier-transform (FT) magnitude of the input-pulse-sequence electric-field envelope, is then processed to uniquely recover both the phase and the amplitude of the FBG spectrum. The underlying principle for this unique recovery is that by construction, the input pulse sequence sent to the OSA is close to an MPF; thus, it is possible to recover its FT phase spectrum using only the measurement of its FT magnitude spectrum. This is an important result since, by merely measuring the FT magnitude, the entire complex spectrum of the grating can be recovered. Furthermore, this technique can conveniently be used to simultaneously characterize more than one FBG, using a single FT magnitude measurement. This technique has important advantages over existing techniques: a higher resolution and the ability to use longer duration laser pulses.     

基于等光频细分重采样的调频干涉测距方法

为了解决调频连续波(FMCW)激光器调制非线性导致的测量信号频谱展宽降低激光干涉测距精度的问题, 采用一种基于等光频细分重采样的调频干涉测距方法, 进行了理论分析和实验验证, 获得了双光路测距系统对不同位置目标信号等光频细分重采样后的波形数据, 并进行了频谱分析。结果表明, 通过等光频细分重采样的方法, 使用细分后的时钟信号点对距离大于辅助干涉光路光程差的目标测量信号进行重采样, 消除了激光器的调制非线性的影响, 并且避免了采样点数不足引起信号失真的问题; 在4.3m测量范围内, 等光频细分重采样测距系统与激光干涉仪相比最大残余误差不超过±18.46μm, 最大测量标准差为23.39μm; 该方法使用的辅助干涉光路光程差很短, 受环境的影响较小, 可以获得稳定的时钟信号, 并且可以减少双光路FMCW测距系统的体积与成本。该研究为长距离、高精度调频连续波测量提供了实用参考。     

原子干涉仪中拉曼激光的相位-频率双调制稳频

为降低拉曼激光的频率噪声,提出了一种相位-频率双调制稳频技术。用光纤电光相位调制器对激光进行调制并产生大失谐边带;用射频信号对光纤相位调制器的微波驱动信号进行频率调制,通过锁相放大法将一个大失谐边带锁到铷原子的饱和吸收谱线上。利用该技术实现了拉曼种子激光的稳频和2 GHz的移频,拉曼激光的线宽大幅压窄到56 kHz,预期拉曼激光频率噪声引起的原子干涉重力仪的单次测量噪声可降低到7×10-9/s2。     

电调谐波长移相干涉术

为了实现一体化结构干涉仪的现场数字化检测,提出了一种电调谐波长移相干涉术,通过控制注入电流,调制半导体激光器（LD）的波长,从而实现时域移相干涉。通过优化传统的随机移相干涉模型,采用最小二乘求解线性回归模型迭代算法求解相位,抑制了电调谐的控制精度有限、LD非线性引起的不等间隔移相,以及环境震动引起的各采样点位相变化不同步的干扰。将该方法应用于现场检测的便携式斐索干涉仪上,利用其与Zygo GPI XP/D型干涉仪测量同一块光学平晶,测量结果的峰谷值偏差为9.91 nm,均方根值偏差为5.22 nm,能满足现场定量检测的精度要求。该方法还可以应用于其他类型的激光干涉仪中。     

外差干涉仪混频误差分析

共光路外差干涉仪具有很高的分辨率．但因为安装、调试误差会产生非线性误差．影响系统的测量精度。着重分析了在共光路外差干涉仪中由激光光源的椭圆偏振化和沃拉斯顿棱镜的安装方位角误差同时存在的情况下，引起的频率混叠综合误差的大小及变化规律。结果发现其造成的非线性误差可达2．2nm，同时还发现两者造成的误差在某些情况下存在一定程度的相互抵消作用。讨论了提高测量系统精度的有效措施，对正确设计和调试激光外差测试系统、提高测量系统精度具有重要意义。     

Using MZIs for Optical PSBT Transmissions: Requirements for Thermal Stabilization

In this paper, we discuss the quantification of Mach‐Zehnder interferometer (MZI) thermal stabilization which is needed in optical phase shaped binary transmission (PSBT) links. Considering the thermo‐optic and thermal expansion effects, we revisit the analytical expression for the thermal drift (GHz/°C) of the MZI center frequency (denoted here by the ‘MZI spectral drift’). An MZI is then used in an experimental transmission system using the optical PSBT format. We study the effect of spectral MZI drift by using a thermally stabilized interferometer and applying a frequency shift to the optical carrier. By using the thermal drift coefficient of the MZI, we find that to ensure low bit error rate fluctuations due to the MZI drift, the thermal stabilization of the device must have an accuracy of 0.5°C.     

Frequency stabilization of laser diodes at 0.83 μm using a fiberoptic coupler

Frequency stabilization of a fiber pigtailed laser diode discriminator is reported. The fiber coupler acts as a nearly-balanced-arm Michelson interferometer. The peak transmission signal is used for feedback control of the injection current of the laser diode. Because the sensing port can be isolated from the signal transmission port, the package design is very simple and can be implemented in an all-fiber fashion. The frequency fluctuation of a 0.83-μm test laser stabilized by this method is less than ±4 MHz. This scheme is applicable to longer-wavelength (1.2-1.6 μm) laser diodes; the stabilized lasers can be packaged easily     

基于相干包络解调的窄线宽测量算法研究

激光线宽对光学相干探测系统的探测范围、精度和噪声特性都有重要影响。为精确测量半导体激光器的线宽值,提出了通过解调短延时自外差的干涉谱来实现高精度窄激光线宽测量的新方法。搭建短延时的自外差干涉测量系统,得到半导体激光器的干涉谱,通过设计算法对干涉谱的相干包络进行解调,最终获得了严格的洛伦兹线型谱和相应的谱线宽度,通过理论分析、仿真和实验验证了该方法的可行性。该方法可以忽略因1/f频率噪声产生高斯展宽带来的影响,与传统线宽测量方法相比,该方法的测量结果更加精确。     

大孔径移相式CO_2激光干涉仪

叙述了已研制成功的红外移相式数字干涉仪的原理和性能，光源为ＣＯ２激光器（λ＝１０．６μｍ），该仪器光路是斐索型干涉系统，孔径为２５０ｍｍ，不确定度ＰＶ值优于λ／１３０（２σ）；也可构成泰曼球波面干涉系统。采用压电晶体驱动参考反射镜作相位调制，完成了对热释电摄像机的热电靶的温度调制。给出红外望远系统波前和光盘基片平面度实测光程差的二维等值图和三维立体图。     

基于等效时钟法的干涉仪速度信息获取研究北大核心CSCD

为了提升傅里叶变换光谱仪(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)的性能,设计了一种基于等效时钟法的高精度速度信息获取系统。激光信号经过干涉仪形成干涉信号,通过放大、滤波、整形,成为数字电路识别的脉冲信号。基于速度信息获取的数学原理,对基于T法测量获取速度信息的方法进行了误差分析,并提出基于等效时钟法的速度信息获取方法。现场可编程门阵列(field programmable gate array,FPGA)读取脉冲信号后,根据等效时钟法计算光程差速度值。仿真分析与实验结果表明,当He-Ne激光干涉信号频率为9kHz时,基于等效时钟法的速度信息获取误差仅为0.01%,实现了高精度的光程差速度信息获取。对提高干涉仪系统的控制精度和光谱仪的信噪比具有重要意义。