Steam Reforming of Bio‐Oil for Hydrogen Production: Effect of Ni‐Co Bimetallic Catalysts

Various Ni‐Co bimetallic catalysts were prepared by incorporating sol‐gel and wet impregnation methods. A laboratory‐scale fixed‐bed reactor was employed to investigate their effects on hydrogen production from steam reforming of bio‐oil. The catalyst causes the condensation reaction of bio‐oil, which generates coke and inhibits the formation of gas at temperatures of 250 °C and 350 °C. At 450 °C and above the transformation of bio‐oil is initiated and gaseous products are generated. The catalyst also can promote the generation of H₂ as well as the transformation of CO and CH₄ and plays an active role in steam reforming of bio‐oil or gaseous products from bio‐oil pyrolysis. The developed 3Ni9Co/Ce‐Zr‐O catalyst achieved maximum hydrogen yield and lowest coke formation rate and provided a better stability than a commercial Ni‐based catalyst.     

低镍/ZnO-TiO2催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

为考察低镍负载量对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂性能的影响,利用沉积-沉淀法(DP)制备了镍负载最质量分率为0.5%～5.0%的Ni/ZnO-TiO2催化剂,并在内径14 mm的固定床管式反应器中对低镍催化剂进行了性能评价.结果表明,低镍/ZnO-TiO2催化剂具有较好的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢性能.在水醇物质的量比为13:1及反...     

Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming Over Supported Cobalt Catalysts

Hydrogen production was carried out via ethanol steam reforming over supported cobalt catalysts. Wet incipient impregnation method was used to support cobalt on ZrO₂, CeO₂ and CeZrO₄ followed by pre-reduction with H₂ up to 677 °C to attain supported cobalt catalysts. It was found that the non-noble metal based 10 wt.% Co/CeZrO₄ is an efficient catalyst to achieve ethanol conversion of 100% and hydrogen yield of 82% (4.9 mol H₂/mol ethanol) at 450 °C, which is superior to 0.5 wt.% Rh/Al₂O₃. The pre-reduction process is required to activate supported cobalt catalysts for high H₂ yield of ethanol steam reforming. In addition, support effect is found significant for cobalt during ethanol steam reforming. 10% Co/CeO₂ gave high H₂ selectivity while suffered low conversion due to the poor thermal stability. In contrast to CeO₂, 10 wt.% Co/ZrO₂ achieved high conversion while suffered lower H₂ yield due to the production of methane. The synergistic effect of ZrO₂ and CeO₂ to promote high ethanol conversion while suppress methanation was observed when CeZrO₄ was used as a support for cobalt. This synergistic effect of CeZrO₄ support leads to a high hydrogen yield at low temperature for 10 wt.% Co/CeZrO₄ catalyst. Under the high weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of ethanol (2.5 h⁻¹), the hydrogen yield over 10 wt.% Co/CeZrO₄ was found to gradually decrease to 70% of its initial value in 6 h possibly due to the coke formation on the catalyst.     

复合载体Ni催化剂乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究

用沉积-沉淀法制备了以ZnO为主要组分的多种复合载体（ZnO-Al2O3、ZnO-TiO2、ZnO-MgO、ZnO-CeO2、ZnO-ZrO2）Ni基催化剂,在固定床反应器上考查了催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应性能。结果表明,催化剂复合载体组分对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢性能有影响,其中,在较低温度（400～470℃）Ni/ZnO催化剂的催化性能最优,而在较高温度（485～550℃）Ni/ZnO-TiO2催化剂有相对最优的催化性能。催化剂的XRD、SEM等表征表明,Ni催化剂活性组分分散良好,催化剂颗粒大小较为均匀,同时也观察到使用后的催化剂表面有积炭生成。     

Cu-Ni/Al_20_3-SiO_2催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

采用共沉淀法、热分解和氢还原等步骤制备了纳米晶载体催化剂Cu-Ni/Al203-SiO2,应用X射线衍射、x射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜对催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了测定,采用固定床反应器考察了催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的催化性能。实验结果表明,5%Cu-Ni/Al203-SiO2催化剂对乙醇的低温水蒸气重整反应表现出较高的催化活性,350℃时乙醇的转化率已达到100%。在650℃时氢气的选择性可达78.5%。增加铜含量对增加催化剂的活性没有帮助。     

Cu-Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

采用共沉淀法、热分解和氢还原等步骤制备了纳米晶载体催化剂Cu-Ni/Al2O3-SiO2,应用X射线衍射、x射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜对催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了测定,采用固定床反应器考察了催化剂对乙醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的催化性能。实验结果表明,5%Cu-Ni/Al2O3-SiO2催化剂对乙醇的低温水蒸气重整反应表现出较高的催化活性,350℃时乙醇的转化率已达到100%。在650℃时氢气的选择性可达78.5%。增加铜含量对增加催化剂的活性没有帮助。     

在管式填充床反应器中甲醇部分氧化蒸汽重整制氢的模拟研究

Hydrogen production by partial oxidation steam reforming of methanol over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 cata-lyst has been paid more and more attention. The chemical equilibria involved in the methanol pvxtial oxidation steam reforming reaction network such as methanol partial oxidation, methanol steam reforming, decomposition of methanol and water-gas shift reaction have been examined over the ranges of temperature 473---1073 K under normal pressure. Based on the detailed kinetics of these reactions over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, and from the basic concept of the effectiveness factor, the intraparticle diffusion limitations were taken into account. The effectiveness factors for each reaction along the bed length were calculated. Then important results were offered for the simulation of this reaction process.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂性能的研究

研究共沉淀法制备Cu/Al2O3甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂，考察催化剂组成和焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明当Cu质量分数为30．9％，焙烧温度为500℃时，催化剂性能最佳。并采用X射线衍射（XRD），程序升温还原（TPR）和热重分析等方法对催化剂表面性质进行探讨。     

Mechanistic Aspects of Hydrogen Production by Partial Oxidation of Methanol Over Cu/ZnO Catalysts

In this work, mechanistic aspects of the partial oxidation of methanol (POM) to hydrogen and carbon dioxide over Cu/ZnO catalysts have been investigated. The data obtained with different catalyst compositions and different Cu^o metal surface areas showed that the reaction depends on the presence of both the phases ZnO and Cu^o. On the other hand, for catalysts with Cu concentrations in the range 40-60 wt%, the copper metal surface area seems to be the main factor determining the reaction rate. Kinetic isotope effects using CH₃OH and CH₃OD showed that both C–H and O–H bonds are at least partially involved in the rate-limiting step. TPD experiments with pure Cu^o, pure ZnO and the catalyst Cu/ZnO showed that methanol can be activated by both ZnO and copper. On the ZnO surface methanol can form intermediates which in the presence of copper might react and desorb more easily probably via a reverse spillover process. The isotopic product distribution of H₂, HD, D₂, H₂O, HDO and D₂O in the temperature-programmed reaction of CH₃OD revealed a slight enrichment of the products with H, suggesting that during methanol activation on the ZnO some of the D atoms might be retained by the support. The effect of oxygen partial pressure suggests that oxygen atoms on the copper surface strongly promote methanol activation and H₂ and CO₂ formation. It is proposed that oxygen atoms participate in methanol activation by the abstraction of the hydroxyl H atom to form methoxide and OH_surf. This OH_surf species rapidly loses H to the surface regenerating the O_surf.     

甲醇水裂解制氢装置的甲醇单耗分析

详细分析了亚联高科设计的1000Nm3／h甲醇水裂解制氢装置影响甲醇单耗的因素,并提出实际生产中这些因素具体的控制指标。结果表明：水醇比为1．5—2．0,反应温度为Cu系催化1剂最低活性温度,吸附压力达到设计允许最高值,吸附时间按试验数据模拟得出的值来设定,将会明显降低甲醇单耗。     

Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Steam Reforming Over Ni/CeO2 Nanocomposite Catalysts

The organic polymer chitosan was used as the polymeric precursor for the synthesis of Ni/CeO₂ nanocomposite catalysts. The materials were characterized by N₂ physisorption, H₂ chemisorption, AA, XRD, TGA, TPR, SEM and TEM analyses. The catalysts provide very good reactivity in ethanol steam reforming compared to the conventional Ni/CeO₂ catalyst prepared by the impregnation method using a commercial support. High hydrogen selectivity (>75%) was obtained on Ni/CeO₂ catalysts by operating at a temperature range of 325–500 °C and a H₂O/C₂H₅OH molar ratio of 3. It was verified that the catalytic behavior could be influenced depending on the experimental conditions employed.     

甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢Au/TiO2催化剂

采用沉积-沉淀法制备了一系列Au/TiO2催化剂,考察了Au负载量、焙烧温度以及助剂等因素对甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应催化性能的影响;并利用XRD, TEM对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,制备条件对催化性能有明显影响;Au负载量为5%(w)时所得催化剂活性较好;助剂NiO可使催化剂催化甲醇水重整的催化活性明显提高;100℃烘干未焙烧制得的催化剂活性最好;TEM结果显示,NiO的加入使载体TiO2颗粒分散度提高,Au粒粒度变小.     

Ni/ZnO-ZrO2催化低温乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

以草酸钠为共沉淀剂,采用共沉淀法制备了以ZnO-ZrO2为载体的镍基乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂(Ni/ZnO-ZrO2)。考察了不同锌锆摩尔比的ZnO-ZrO2负载的镍基催化剂在300～450℃催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢的反应性能。用TPR、TPO、XRD对催化剂试样进行了表征。结果表明,当n(Zn)∶n(Zr)=1∶1,Ni负载质量分数10%时,催化剂中有镍锌复合氧化物生成,350℃时乙醇转化率达100%,450℃氢气选择性接近90%;TPO结果表明,ZnO-ZrO2复合载体可以降低催化剂上的积炭量。     

载体对Au-Pd催化剂甲醇部分氧化制氢性能的影响

用PVP保护乙醇还原法制备了一系列Au-Pd/MOx(M=Zn、Ce、Fe、Ti、Cr和Al)双金属催化剂,考察了不同载体对Au-Pd催化剂甲醇部分氧化制氢性能的影响,用XRD、TG、TPD、TPR和TPH等对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,载体对催化剂性能有较大影响,与钛、铬和铝氧化物载体相比,448K时偏碱性的锌、铈和铁氧化物载体负载的Au-Pd催化剂的甲醇转化率均在80.0%以上,催化剂积碳量降低。其中以Au-Pd/ZnO催化剂的效果最好,523K时甲醇转化率和氢气选择性分别为99.0%和45.6%,反应20h后积碳量仅为0.0232g/gcat.。     

甘油水蒸汽重整制氢Ni、Co、Fe催化剂的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备了催化剂,研究了Ni/Al2O3,Fe/Al2O3,CoMo/Al2O3和NiCo/Al2O3催化剂对甘油水蒸汽重整制氢反应的催化效果,对催化剂进行BET、TPR、XRD表征,以氢产率为实验指标对催化剂进行了评价。研究结果表明,CoMo/Al2O3催化剂在温度650℃氢产率6.02。NiCo/Al2O3催化剂在温度600℃、水醇比16、液空速0.12 h-1条件下的氢产率为6.08。催化剂活性次序为NiCo/Al2O3Co-Mo/Al2O3Ni/Al2O3Fe/Al2O3。     

Production of Hydrogen by Partial Oxidation of Methanol over Carbon-Supported Copper Catalysts

Copper-zinc catalysts deposited by impregnation on different oxidised carbon supports (activated carbon, black carbon and carbon fibres) were tested in the partial oxidation of methanol (POM) (CH₃OH + 1/2 O₂ 2 H₂ + CO₂). Characterisation of the samples by N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed differences in the dispersion, location and relative distribution of the active phase on the surface of the carbonaceous supports. These properties have important implications in the catalytic behaviour of the samples in the POM reaction. The location of active phases on the microporous structure implies lower initial activities and better thermal stability. These results may be due to limitations in the access of the reagents to the active phase and the prevention of copper-sintering effects.     

金属／MgO上的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究了氧化镁负载镍、铁、钴、锰、钼、铜和锡等金属催化剂在乙醇水蒸气重整反应的性能,结果表明在650℃,101．3kpa条件下,所有催化剂的活性都较高,乙醇接近完全转化,而对氢的选择性顺序为：Ni〉Co〉Sn〉Cu〉Fe〉Mo〉Mn。除镍的选择性是随温度上升之外,其他催化剂的选择性都随温度变化有个最佳值。镍催化剂的TPR和XRD表征表明,催化剂中存在3种形态的镍。     

甲醇蒸汽重整制氢技术及经济性探讨

介绍甲醇蒸汽重整制氢工艺和催化剂,对甲醇蒸汽重整制氢气技术的生产成本进行分析评价,还介绍甲醇蒸汽重整制氢技术在燃料电池中的应用.     

甲醇蒸汽重整制氢技术及经济性探讨

介绍甲醇蒸汽重整制氢工艺和催化剂,对甲醇蒸汽重整制氢气技术的生产成本进行分析评价,还介绍甲醇蒸汽重整制氢技术在燃料电池中的应用。     

用于燃料电池的甲醇水蒸气重整反应制氢的研究

研究了甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程中各种因素对Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的活性和选择性的影响.结果表明:Cu/Zn比为2.0的催化剂在250℃反应时,催化剂效果较好,最合适反应条件是:压力0.1 MPa,温度250℃,n(H2O)∶n(CH3OH)=1.0～1.2,液体流速0.1 mL/min.在Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂上,甲醇水蒸气重整、甲醇分解和水气转换反应随反应条件的不同而发生相互抑制或促进作用.