Recovery time to superconducting state after quench in superconducting fault‐current limiter

Since fault current tends to increase with electrical power demand, current‐limiting technology for overcurrents has been investigated. As a promising candidate, the superconducting fault‐current limiter (SC‐FCL) is expected to be introduced into power systems. One of the most important features of the SC‐FCL is recovery to a normal operating mode, that is, superconducting state rapidly after current interruption. In this paper, the recovery time of an SC‐FCL introduced into a distribution power system is discussed. To obtain the fundamental data, the recovery time of short Nb‐Ti superconducting cables was measured. We developed a method of calculation of the recovery time and it was confirmed that the calculated results agree with the measured ones. We studied the recovery characteristics of an SC‐FCL in a 6.6‐kV distribution system for the short‐circuit fault near the substation. We considered 3 and 17 cycles as the period from fault occurrence until current interruption. As a result, the superconducting cable length required to recover within the high‐speed reclosing time of 0.3 s are more that 270 and 480 m for 3 and 17 cycles, respectively. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 34–44, 2000     

超导限流器基本概念和发展趋势

超导限流器是多年以来人们在超导电力技术领域的研究焦点之一,也是被认为最有可能率先实现工业化应用的超导电力设备。本文在介绍超导限流器的基本概念、组成要素和功能特点的基础上,讨论了超导限流器设计和应用相关的一些重要技术参数和性能指标。文章还较系统地分析了电阻型和饱和铁心型两种目前发展水平较高的超导限流器的工作原理和应用情况,并比较了两者的优缺点。随着性能的进一步完善,可靠性和可用性的进一步提高,超导限流器有可能成为理想的电网短路故障限流装置。作者期待在不远的将来超导限流器会在各种电网中得到广泛的应用,并由此推动电网的深刻技术革命。     

Study of Superconductor Recovery Time Characteristics and High‐Speed Reclosing of Electromagnetic Repulsion Switch

Using a high‐temperature superconductor, we constructed and tested a model superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). The superconductor and a vacuum interrupter serving as the commutation switch were connected in parallel using a bypass coil. When the fault current flows in this equipment, the superconductor is quenched and the current is then transferred to the parallel coil due to the voltage drop in the superconductor. This large current in the parallel coil actuates the magnetic repulsion mechanism of the vacuum interrupter and the current in the superconductor is interrupted. Using this equipment, the current flow time in the superconductor can easily be minimized. On the other hand, the fault current is also easily limited by the large reactance of the parallel coil. This system has many advantages. Thus, we introduced an electromagnetic repulsion switch. High‐speed reclosing after interrupting the fault current in the electrical power system is essential. Thus, the SFCL should recover to the superconducting state before high‐speed reclosing. But the superconductor generates heat at the time of quenching, and it takes time to recover to the superconducting state. Therefore, the recovery time is an issue. In this paper, we study the superconductor recovery time. We also propose an electromagnetic repulsion switch with a reclosing system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(3): 12–19, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21072     

基于MgB2的新型电阻型超导故障限流器的研制和性能分析

超导故障限流器对限制短路电流和短路容量具有重要的研究意义。文中基于MgB2的特性,采用先变形后退火的方法,并利用特制高温玻璃纤维进行绝缘,在退火处理后再通过环氧树脂胶黏剂固化,研制了一台小体积电阻型超导故障限流器样机。同时通过液氦和氦气冷却,对其性能进行测试;通过建立电阻型超导故障限流器的一维热传导模型和电路方程,对其动作特性进行仿真。测试和仿真结果表明该样机限流效果明显,限流百分比可达44%以上,然而限流器的失超长度、超导线材温度和失超电阻随着时间呈非线性变化且限流器的线材并未全部失超。失超恢复时间约为1.5s,可通过交替连接方式满足重合闸需求。最后针对10kV电力系统,提出了MgB2的小体积电阻型超导故障限流器工程设计原理,并分析了其在工程应用中的可行性。     

基于电压补偿原理的超导储能-限流集成系统

基于电压补偿原理,将串联式超导储能系统和限流电抗器集成起来,提出了一种超导储能- 限流集成系统(SMES-CL)。该系统不仅解决了限流电抗器带来的稳态无功压降问题,而且解决了串联式超导储能系统保护困难的问题。它既可以快速自动投入限制故障电流以保护整个变电站和自身,还可以对系统进行功率补偿以提高电能质量。文中分析了SMES-CL的集成结构,对于它的工作原理,包括稳态补偿原理和故障限流原理进行了讨论。在一个SMES-CL模型样机上进行了试验,验证了它的有效性。     

故障限流装置的发展和应用

在综合大量文献的基础上综述了国内外各种故障限流装置的研究现状、发展应用,特别对广泛应用的电力电子类故障限流器FCL(Fault Current Limiter)和前景广阔的超导类故障限流器SFCL(Superconducting Fault Current Limiter)进行了比较深入的分析,对各类限流装置的技术水平做了比较,提出了实用化过程中存在的应用问题,并对限流装置的发展趋势做出了预测.     

超导限流器引入配电系统后的短路行为仿真

借助EMTP对10 kV配电系统中引入超导限流器的短路行为进行了仿真。给出了超导限流器的数学模型,着重分析了超导限流器限流电阻和故障检测时间对短路电流峰值、非故障线电压、超导限流器上的电压的影响。仿真结果表明, 增大限流电阻可以显著降低短路电流的峰值,并有利于维持非故障线的电压,但限流器上的电压也会增加。故障检测时间是影响超导限流器性能的关键参数,快速故障检测对提高超导限流器的性能、降低开关开断后的恢复电压非常有利。     

超导故障限流器的应用研究新进展

在对原有超导限流器分类的基础上,论述了超导限流器在电力系统应用的最新进展及国内外的工程情况。着重介绍了电阻型、桥路型、桥路串阻型及全控桥型等几种具有较高应用价值的超导故障限流器的原理及特点,并对限流储能相结合的超导设备原理进行了探讨。最后,指出了超导限流器的未来发展趋势及面临的若干问题。     

Operation of superconducting fault current limiter using vacuum interrupter driven by electromagnetic repulsion force for commutating switch

Using conventional high‐temperature superconducting wire, a model superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is made and tested. Solenoid coil using Bi2223 silver sheath wire is so made that inductance is as small as possible and a vacuum interrupter is connected in series to it. A conventional reactor coil is connected in parallel. When the fault current flows in this equipment, superconducting wire is quenched and current is transferred into the parallel coil because of voltage drop of superconducting wire. This large current in parallel coil actuates magnetic repulsion mechanism of vacuum interrupter. Due to opening of vacuum interrupter, the current in superconducting wire is broken. By using this equipment, current flow time in superconducting wire can be easily minimized. On the other hand, the fault current is also easily limited by large reactance of parallel coil. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(1): 52–61, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20315     

桥式超导故障限流器的数字仿真研究

桥式超导故障限流器,它由超导磁体、二极管桥路和直流偏压源组成。超导故障限流器与常规限流电抗器不同之处是:将其接入电网,当电力系统正常运行时,超导体电阻几乎为零,对电力系统运行无影响;当电网发生短路故障时,超导线圈可以无时延地被自动串入线路,从而限制了短路故障电流,使得轻型断路器可以正常动作。通过PSCAD软件对超导故障限流器的运行特性进行仿真分析,证明超导故障限流器在电力系统中应用的意义与前景。     

磁偏置超导故障限流器限流响应模型与并网运行研究

针对电网短路故障限流问题,提出一种新型磁偏置超导故障限流器(SFCL),采用超导无感组件、双分裂电抗器支路两级限流的运行方式,具有自触发、分级故障限流、快速自我恢复等优点.应用MATLAB/Simulink软件,搭建了含磁偏置SFCL的10 kV电网线路仿真模型,提出超导限流组件磁热耦合特性的物理建模方法,并对0°和90°短路故障角下的SFCL并网限流效果进行瞬态仿真和比较.仿真结果表明,在电网0°和90°不同故障短路角电流冲击下,SFCL在首半波中的限流率分别为36.45％和45.89％,随后第2个半波的最大限流率达到78.58％,限流电阻在90°短路故障角下的变化率是0°短路故障角下的1.75倍,实现了较快的限流动作响应和显著的分级限流效果.最后实验验证了磁偏置超导限流技术的可行性.     

具有故障限流功能的串联型超导储能系统

串联型超导储能系统(SSMES)是一种串联于配电系统的新型超导储能系统.文中研究了应用于变电站的具有故障限流功能的SSMES.基于有源注入电压的原理,SSMES不仅可以补偿电压以提高电能质量,同时也可以快速限制故障电流以保护自身以及整个变电站系统.给出了SSMES的结构,分析了它的原理,并提出了一种用于SSMES的统一控制算法,它既可以使得SSMES向系统注入同相电压进行电压凹陷补偿,也可以使得SSMES向系统注入反向电压进行故障限流.实验结果验证了SSMES的有效性.     

饱和铁心型超导限流器满足电网重合闸条件分析

饱和铁心型超导限流器(saturated iron-coresuperconducting fault current limiter,SI-SFCL)在限流过程中独特的非线性阻抗变化特性与电网继电保护的配合是一项关键技术,尤其是限流器在完成限流后需要快速恢复,以配合电网断路器重合闸的要求。限流器的恢复过程本质上是超导磁体的重新励磁,既要在尽量短的时间内完成超导磁体的充磁,又要尽量降低快速励磁时对励磁电压、电流的要求,降低直流励磁系统的设计难度,并提高设备运行的安全性和稳定性。基于对上述超导限流器重合闸要素的分析,得出结论:SI-SFCL在电网重合闸时,直流励磁不必完全恢复至额定工作值,只要能够确保在一定交流退磁作用下,铁心的最小磁化强度处于磁化曲线的拐点处即可。用PSIM进行仿真分析,校验了该判据的合理性。     

35 kJ/7 kW直接冷却高温超导磁储能系统

介绍了直接冷却高温超导磁储能（SMES）系统（35kJ／7kW）的总体结构和基本试验结果。该系统主要由超导磁体、低温系统、功率调节系统和监控系统组成。实验结果表明，通过直接冷却将储能磁体成功冷却到了20K以下；储能磁体的直流临界电流达到150A，临界储能量84kJ，磁体中心场强4．5T；监控系统和变流器能控制SMES与系统快速独立地在四象限进行有功功率和无功功率交换；在电力系统动态模拟实验中，SMES能有效抑制电力系统中因发电机机端短路故障引起的功率振荡。     

Transient stability of fully superconducting damperless generator at system fault and study of methods to suppress fault currents

A fully superconducting generator possesses both superconducting armature windings and superconducting field windings. Thus it has great potential merits to increase efficiency and decrease size and weight compared with a partially superconducting generator that has normal armature windings and superconducting field windings. To obtain these merits, the warm and cold dampers should be omitted. However, a fully superconducting and damperless generator (FSDG) has the following problems when it is operated while connected to a power line system: (1) the dynamic stability of the generator operation is deteriorated because the FSDG has no damping elements; and (2) when the power system is subject to a fault, large transient currents and electric torque are induced in the superconducting armature and field windings, which may cause quenching in the windings. As to problem (1), it was shown that the generator could be stabilized in wide range of the operation by controlling the excitation voltage of the field winding in the authors' previous work. In this paper, problem (2) is addressed. The authors investigate methods to suppress the peak values of the transient currents in the armature and field windings and the transient torque by adjusting electric parameters of the generator and introducing superconducting current limiters (the inductance type and the resistance type). Characteristics of these methods are studied by numerical simulation and it is shown that the introduction of the resistance-type current limiter is the most effective. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (1): 15–27, 1997     

超导电力装置研究的进展

简要介绍了超导电力装置的基本应用特性,重点介绍了高温超导电力电缆、超导限流器、超导磁储能装置的应用优势,讨论了超导电力装置的待研问题。     

基于PSCAD的饱和铁心型超导限流器性能分析

为了准确分析饱和铁心型超导故障限流器性能,根据参数设计要求建立了限流器三段式数学模型。研究了其在不同工作区间的静态特性以及在短路限流过程中的阻抗变化。在单机系统无穷大系统中,针对限流器阻抗变化将故障过程细分为不同阶段分析其对暂态稳定造成的影响。通过PSCAD仿真发现,串入固定感抗模型与限流器模型后极限切除时间分别为0.31 s和0.21 s。结果表明限流器具有较好的限流作用,提高了系统的暂态稳定性,且该模型能得到更准确的极限切除时间。     

改进的双桥混合式桥路型高温超导故障限流器

针对现有断路器开断容量不能满足超高压系统故障短路电流要求的现状,介绍了两种单相桥型高温超导限流器的基本工作原理;针对整流桥中直流偏压的引入问题,提出了一种改进的双桥混合式桥路型高温超导故障限流器,深入讨论了新型限流器的工作原理,限流器的参数变化对其限流特性的影响,包括临界电流、动作电流和超导线圈电感.仿真与实验表明该类型限流器具有良好的限流作用,从工程的角度解决了直流偏压引入困难的问题.     

An analysis of superconducting fault current limiter for stabilization of synchronous generators in multimachine system: A two‐machine infinite bus system

This paper presents the results of analyses of the effectiveness of a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) to stabilize the synchronous generators, suppress turbine shaft torque oscillations, and limit the fault current in a two‐machine infinite bus system. In this study, the system model with two SFCLs having shunt resistance installed at each generator terminal was used taking 3LG (three lines to ground) fault at 12 fault points into account. These analyses were performed using EMTP/ATP. It is found that the use of SFCL with a shunt resistance value of 1.1 pu is most effective for all fault points for the stabilization of synchronous generators, the suppression of turbine shaft torque oscillations, and the limitation of fault current. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 44–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10272     

直流超导故障限流器方案设计及限流效果仿真分析

为满足直流电力系统故障保护的需要,提出了一种新型直流超导故障限流器 (SCDCFCL)的结构,介绍了其工作原理,建立了数学模型,进行了两种不同直流源的Matlab仿真。仿真结果证明系统正常运行时,该型直流超导限流器对系统无影响;系统发生故障时,限流器的限流效果明显。