聚砜-Fe304磁性复合超滤膜的制备及表征

采用相转化法,将纳米级Fe3O4颗粒填充到聚砜中制备了磁性复合超滤膜,在外加磁场调控下,其对溶茵酶的截留率显著降低。用磁强测量系统、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、X射线光电子能谱对膜进行了表征。磁滞曲线显示纳米Fe3O4颗粒、磁性膜具有超顺磁性;由扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观察到纳米粒子在膜中分布基本均匀,在10μm×10μm观测范围内复合膜的粗糙度只有39.106nm;由x射线光电子能谱推测复合膜中纳米Fe3O4粒子与聚砜之间形成了Fe-O-S键,粒子能较为稳定地分布在聚砜基体中。     

改性Fe3O4纳米粒子在磁性复合超滤膜中的应用

为解决Fe3O4纳米粒子在磁性复合超滤膜中发生团聚和分布不均匀的问题,文中以市售20nm的Fe3O4粒子为对照,添加自制的改性Fe3O4纳米粒子制备出Fe3O4-聚砜(PSF)磁性复合超滤膜(改性复合超滤膜)。经扫描电镜观察膜表面形貌、能谱仪扫描复合膜中Fe元素分布以及铸膜液中Fe3O4纳米粒子分布情况分析和复合膜孔径分布测试后表明,改性后复合超滤膜中纳米粒子的分布较改性前更为均匀,且未出现粒子团聚现象,改性效果明显。由改性前后的复合膜在不同磁场下对聚乙二醇6000和10000的截留率呈现几乎相同的变化趋势可知,添加改性粒子并未改变磁性复合膜的分离特性。     

聚砜-Fe3O4磁性复合超滤膜截留分子量随磁场的变化规律

在制备聚砜-Fe3O4磁性复合超滤膜的过程中,为避免纳米Fe3O4粒子团聚,采用偶联剂包裹共沉淀法得到Fe3O4粒子,然后采用相转化法制备了聚砜-Fe3O4磁性复合超滤膜。Zeta电位仪检测出纳米粒子平均粒径为66.83 nm,红外分析发现偶联剂结合在粒子表面。经扫描电镜观察和孔径分布分析得出复合膜中纳米Fe3O4粒子分布均匀,无团聚现象出现,孔径分布较窄。聚乙二醇系列测定基膜为2万的复合膜截留分子量从0T下的19800减小至0.4T的15000,继续增大外加磁场,截留分子量基本不再变化。     

多聚磷酸钠改性水基Fe_3O_4磁流体的制备与表征

采用多聚磷酸钠(STPP)对Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子进行表面改性,制备稳定的水基磁流体。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TG)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)及Zeta电位仪对所制备的磁流体进行表征。结果表明,STPP包覆于Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子的表面,当pH>3时,粒子表面带有负电荷;磁性测试结果表明,STPP/Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子具有超顺磁性,其饱和磁化强度为62.3 A.m2.kg-1。     

Al2O3/DLC复合膜摩擦磨损性能的研究

为了提高铝合金零部件的摩擦磨损性能,采用微弧氧化和磁过滤阴极真空弧技术,在其表面制备了Al2O3/DLC复合膜.用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)以及摩擦试验对复合膜的化学成分、结构、表面形貌及其对铝合金摩擦磨损性能的影响进行了研究.结果表明,在铝合金表面形成了120 μm厚的多孔Al2O3陶瓷膜,与基体结合紧密.外层0.1.μm厚的DLC不改变膜的表面形貌,但是降低摩擦因素,并且进一步提高膜的耐磨性.Al2O3/DLC复合膜为铝合金作为耐磨工件使用提供了很好的承载支持,并且使铝合金表面摩擦磨损性能大大提高.     

纳米纤维素/磁性纳米球的原位合成及表征

利用实验室自制芦苇浆纳米纤维素原位合成纳米纤维素/磁性纳米球.通过原子力显微镜、透射电子显微镜、环境扫描电子显微镜、固含量、孔隙率、傅里叶变换红外光谱以及X射线衍射测试分析,结果表明磁性粒子为纳米Fe3O4,纳米Fe3O4与纳米纤维素通过化学键合和物理吸附使得纳米Fe3O4充分分散在纳米纤维素中,形成纳米纤维素/磁性纳米球;纳米纤维素浓度为1.0％,搅拌速度为500r/min,总铁离子浓度为0.0065mol/L(磁性粒子理论质量相对于纳米纤维素质量分数为5％)最佳制备条件下,原位合成纳米纤维素/磁性纳米球,经真空冷冻干燥,所得纳米纤维素/磁性纳米球具有磁化强度73.39A·m2/kg(以每克灰分计)、矫顽力1599.96A/m的磁特性.     

磁性羧甲基化壳聚糖纳米粒子的制备与表征

以化学共沉淀法制备了Fe3O4纳米粒子,壳聚糖经羧甲基化改性后接枝在Fe3O4颗粒表面,得到了磁性羧甲基化壳聚糖(Fe3O4/CMC)纳米粒子.利用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)及磁性测试对产物进行了表征.TEM表明Fe3O4纳米粒子被CMC包覆,粒径约10 nm;XRD分析表明复合纳米粒子中磁性物质为Fe3O4;FT-IR表明壳聚糖发生羧甲基反应以及在Fe3O4表面的接枝反应.Fe3O4/CMC纳米粒子具有超顺磁性,比饱和磁化强度25.73 emu/g,有良好的磁稳定性.     

{H3[PMo12O40]/Pt/PAMAM}复合膜的制备及对甲醇的电催化氧化

采用循环伏安法在玻碳电极上制备了{H3[PMo12O40]/Pt/PAMAM}复合膜,用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子能谱技术(EDS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和循环伏安法(CV)研究了膜的组成、形貌及其对甲醇的电催化氧化活性。结果表明,Pt纳米粒子在PAMAM基底上分散均匀;最外层沉积H3[PMo12O40]后,与相同条件下制备的Pt/PAMAM膜相比,{H3[PMo12O40]/Pt/PAMAM}复合膜修饰电极对甲醇的氧化有更强的电催化活性。     

海水可降解Fe3O4@PVA/PLGA复合膜的制备及性能

以纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3 O4 )催化剂为芯材,水溶性聚乙烯醇(PVA)为壳材,制备以溶解为触发条件的 Fe3 O4@PVA微胶囊催化剂,并将此微胶囊催化剂负载于聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)膜中,制备淡水/海水可降解的 Fe3 O4@PVA/PLGA复合膜.采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和动态光散射(DLS)粒径分布对 Fe3 O4@PVA核壳结构粒子的形态进行表征,其壳层厚度为 2～3 nm.通过傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、热重分析(TG)、磁滞回线测试(VSM)、电子万能材料实验等手段明确 Fe3 O4@PVA核壳结构粒子和 Fe3 O4@PVA/PLGA复合膜的结构特征、磁学及力学性能.讨论 Fe3 O4@PVA/PLGA复合膜在淡水、海水、空气、黑暗和低温环境下的降解性能.结果表明:Fe3 O4@PVA/PLGA复合膜在海水中 120 天的最大降解率为 97.79%,在淡水中 120 天的最大降解率为 99.75%.Fe3 O4@PVA/PLGA复合膜在海水中被降解,质均分子量由 28440 降为 1396.     

Fe3O4／羧甲基化壳聚糖纳米粒子的制备与表征

磁性壳聚糖纳米粒子可用于药物载体及废水处理吸附剂。以化学共沉淀法制备Fe3O4纳米粒子，壳聚糖先进行羧甲基化改性，再经碳二亚胺活化，包履在Fe3O4颗粒表面,透射电镜（TEM）表明，Fe3O4纳米粒子被CMC包履，粒径约10nm；X射线衍射（XRD）分析表明复合纳米粒子中磁性物质为Fe3O4；傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）表明壳聚糖发生羧甲基反应；磁性测试表明，Fe3O4／CMC具有超顺磁性，饱和磁化强度25.73emu／g，且有良好的磁稳定性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...