电动汽车:汽车工业发展的新途径

电动汽车指以电能为动力的汽车,一般采用高效率充电电池或燃料电池为动力源。电动汽车无需再用内燃机,目前人们所说的电动汽车大多是指纯电动汽车,即是一种采用单一蓄电池作为储能动力源的汽车。它利用蓄电池作为储能动力源,通过电池向电机提供电能,驱动电动机运转,从而推动汽车前进。电能是二次能源,它可以来源于风能、水能、核能、热能、太阳能等多种方式,所以,它是非常有发展前景的替代能源汽车。电动汽车属于零排放汽车。从外形上看,电动汽车与日常见到的汽车并没有什么区别,区别主要在于动力源及其驱动系统。发展电动汽车的困难是目前蓄电池单位重量储存的能量太少,还因电动车的电池较贵,又没形成经济规模,购买价格较贵;至于使用成本,有些试用结果比汽车贵,有些试用结果仅为汽车的1/3,这主要取决于电池的寿命及当地的油、电价格。     

基于全生命周期的FCVs消费者持有成本模型

建立燃料电池汽车消费者持有成本模型,从与传统汽油汽车对比的角度,预测出燃料电池汽车消费者持有成本的变动趋势,基于消费者而非技术的视角,验证了燃料电池汽车替代传统汽油汽车的可能性及其相应条件,并说明了燃料电池汽车产业化进程中政府激励政策的作用.     

新能源材料

氮循环引擎替代氢燃料电池据了解,梅赛德斯奔驰F-Cell旅行车和本田FCX Clarity轿车推出了使用新型氢燃料电池的环保汽车。这些车不像常见的电动汽车那样把盒装电池放置在车辆底部,而是将类似的燃料电池装在引擎盖下。在美国洛杉矶的一些居民住宅区经常可以看见这些深红色FCX Clarity和银白色F-Cell旅行车,它们都是试验用车,由厂家直接租赁给体验用户,以检测这类氢燃料汽车在洛杉矶的交通条件下超车和提速的能力。到目前为止,大多数试验车辆都表现得相当不错。其优势之一是这些车辆从排气筒里排出的只有水蒸气。此外还有一个优势,燃料电池汽车极大地缓解了困扰日产Leaf系列蓄电池汽车的"产品焦虑症"。梅赛德斯奔驰和本田的试验车拥有300～380km续航能力,相比蓄电池汽车,这与传统内燃机汽车的差距要小很多。不过,这些车需要回到洛杉矶地区仅     

电动汽车引起城市交通噪声变化初探

燃油汽车尤其是公交车等大型车辆的加速噪声较高,而电动汽车的电动机运行时辐射噪声相对较小、频率较高。电动汽车替代燃油汽车对降低城市交通噪声具有一定效果,同时,人对交通噪声的主观感受也将产生变化。因此,尝试从主、客观方面对电动汽车所引起的城市交通噪声变化进行探索。首先,采集电动和燃油汽车包括公交车和小汽车的通过噪声样本,对样本进行分析,根据声能量叠加原理和1小时等效A声级的概念,计算电动车替代燃油车后1小时等效A声级的降低量,该降低量取决于车流量以及电动汽车的替代比例。此外,利用汽车通过噪声样本进行主观评价实验。结果显示,评价人员一致认为电动汽车的通过噪声听觉感受较好,电动公交车和小汽车的评价结果都处于满意的范畴,燃油汽车的结果则相反,燃油公交车通过噪声的满意度极低。因此,相对于燃油汽车,电动汽车在声环境改善和提升人的听觉体验方面具有优势。     

现阶段我国企业成本管理存在的问题及成因

市场经济就是以市场为导向的竞争经济。现代企业管理的目标已不再是短期内利润最大化,而是如何取得长期竞争优势,实现企业价值最大化。尽管企业可以采用不同的战略来开发其竞争优势,但无论采用哪一种方式,都离不开成本管理,企业成本管理是企业管理的重要组成部分,是实现现代企业管理目标的一个必要途径。     

电动汽车:“核心”的突破是关键——浅谈锂离子电池发展的三大瓶颈

<正>当前,全球性资源愈见紧缺、人类生存环境每况日下,而电动汽车由于其能源清洁、无污染排放的优势将逐步替代传统燃油汽车成为人们出行的新型交通工具,同时电动汽车的发展也将掀起一场全球汽车产业的重大变革     

企业成本管理的弊端及成因

市场经济就是以市场为导向前经济体系,是以价格为导向的竞争经济。现代企业管理的目标已不再是短期内利润最大化,而是如何取得长期竞争优势,实现企业价值最大化。尽管企业可以采用不同的战略来开发其竞争优势,但无论采用哪一种方式,都离不开成本管理,企业成本管理是企业管理的重要组成部分,是实现现代企业管理目标的一个必要途径：     

车用内燃机技术发展趋势

为实现车辆低碳排放和零污染控制,笔者比较了新能源车和内燃机的各自优势,指出在未来相当长的时间内,内燃机仍将是汽车的主要原动力。本文总结了目前高效、节能、清洁的内燃机新技术,包括:先进燃烧技术、高增压和小型强化技术、多系统多变量控制技术、余热回收技术、智能停缸技术、缸内喷水技术等。最后指出,在环境污染、全球变暖、能源危机迫切的压力下,高效、清洁的内燃机新技术层出不穷,可挖掘潜力巨大,我国内燃机工业不可懈怠,自主发展高效清洁的内燃机是我国汽车工业走向汽车强国的重要组成部分。     

电动汽车和相关电源材料的现状与前景

论述了电动汽车（EV）、电动汽车用镍氢电池、锂离子电池、质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）、固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）及相关材料的研发现状、产业化前景，指出以电动汽车代替燃油内燃机汽车，以氢能代替碳基燃料，是当前运输业的主要发展方向。     

面向电动汽车租赁的多目标服务组合优化设计

电动汽车租赁行业迅速发展。为满足消费者和企业的综合需求,研究了面向电动汽车租赁的多目标服务组合优化设计方法。借助模糊理论确定各服务项权重,引入失望理论描述顾客的欣喜与失望感知以计算感知绩效,建立方案成本、相容度、市场竞争指数的计算方法,最终提出顾客感知绩效最大、成本最低、方案相容最优、市场竞争力最大的电动汽车租赁多目标服务组合优化设计模型。通过一种面向多阶段的多目标权重确定法对不同阶段的多目标决策设定权重。最后,通过实际项目案例对模型进行有效性验证,针对推广市场的不同阶段分别制定服务组合套餐,目标优化结果显著,为电动汽车租赁企业在服务设计方面提供了科学有效的决策方法。     

对我国电动汽车产业化问题的思考

简单介绍了电动车的特点和发展情况,认为电池比重量大、比价格高是电动汽车的特点,成本、寿命和重量是发展电动汽车的关键;提出了我国电动车行业的一些不合理的现象;指出发展小型高效电动汽车是我国汽车产业发展的战略选择;最后给出了电动汽车发展的路线:市场引导、扶小带大、低端切入、多样发展。     

Levelized costs of the energy chains of new energy vehicles targeted at carbon neutrality in China

The diffusion of new energy vehicles (NEVs), such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), is critical to the transportation sector’s deep decarbonization. The cost of energy chains is an important factor in the diffusion of NEVs. Although researchers have addressed the technological learning effect of NEVs and the life cycle emissions associated with the diffusion of NEVs, little work has been conducted to analyze the life cycle costs of different energy chains associated with different NEVs in consideration of technological learning potential. Thus, relevant information on investment remains insufficient to promote the deployment of NEVs. This study proposes a systematic framework that includes various (competing or coordinated) energy chains of NEVs formed with different technologies of power generation and transmission, hydrogen production and transportation, power-to-liquid fuel, and fuel transportation. The levelized costs of three typical carbon-neutral energy chains are investigated using the life cycle cost model and considering the technological learning effect. Results show that the current well-to-pump levelized costs of the energy chains in China for BEVs, FCVs, and internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) are approximately 3.60, 4.31, and 2.21 yuan/GJ, respectively, and the well-to-wheel levelized costs are 4.50, 6.15, and 7.51 yuan/GJ, respectively. These costs primarily include raw material costs, and they vary greatly for BEVs and FCVs from resource and consumer costs. In consideration of the technological learning effect, the energy chains’ well-to-wheel levelized costs are expected to decrease by 24.82% for BEVs, 27.12% for FCVs, and 19.25% for ICEVs by 2060. This work also summarizes policy recommendations on developing energy chains to promote the diffusion of NEVs in China.     

The promise of fuel cell-based automobiles

Fuel cell-based automobiles have gained attention in the last few years due to growing public concern about urban air pollution and consequent environmental problems. From an analysis of the power and energy requirements of a modern car, it is estimated that a base sustainable power ofca. 50 kW supplemented with short bursts up to 80 kW will suffice in most driving requirements. The energy demand depends greatly on driving characteristics but under normal usage is expected to be 200 Wh/km. The advantages and disadvantages of candidate fuel-cell systems and various fuels are considered together with the issue of whether the fuel should be converted directly in the fuel cell or should be reformed to hydrogen onboard the vehicle. For fuel cell vehicles to compete successfully with conventional internal-combustion engine vehicles, it appears that direct conversion fuel cells using probably hydrogen, but possibly methanol, are the only realistic contenders for road transportation applications. Among the available fuel cell technologies, polymer-electrolyte fuel cells directly fueled with hydrogen appear to be the best option for powering fuel cell vehicles as there is every prospect that these will exceed the performance of the internal-combustion engine vehicles but for their first cost. A target cost of $ 50/kW would be mandatory to make polymer-electrolyte fuel cells competitive with the internal combustion engines and can only be achieved with design changes that would substantially reduce the quantity of materials used. At present, prominent car manufacturers are deploying important research and development efforts to develop fuel cell vehicles and are projecting to start production by 2005.     

电动汽车电磁兼容技术及其发展趋势(英文)

The electromagnetic compatibility of electric vehicles is not only the important technology issue in researches,development and industrialization of electric vehicles,but also the key research area of ...     

电动汽车整车安全标准现状与发展(英文)

Similar to conventional automobiles,same safety problems exist in electric vehicles.In the meantime,since its structural and power features are different,electric vehicles have their particular safety problems.Both domestic and international organizations have released some safety standards for electric vehicles which have also been added and complemented along with the development and research of electric vehicles.     

电网企业供应链建模及其应用

针对在当前国内外经济发生剧烈变化形势下的电网企业应对策略问题,运用供应链及复杂系统理论,构建了包含电力工业供应链和电力生产/建设项目供应链两维度的电网企业供应链模型.电网企业供应链表现为市场机制拉动与计划机制推动的双重作用、不对称长链与对称短链并存、主辅供应链相互传导影响制约的特征.结合应用实例,从供应链战略管理、结构重构、敏捷性及差异性互补等方面提出了基于电网企业供应链的具体应对措施.     

Techno-economic analysis of the adoption of electric vehicles

Significant advances in battery technology are creating a viable marketspace for battery powered passenger vehicles. Climate change and concerns over reliable supplies of hydrocarbons are aiding in the focus on electric vehicles. Consumers can be influenced by marketing and emotion resulting in behaviors that may not be in line with their stated objectives. Although sales of electric vehicles are accelerating, it may not be clear that purchasing an electric vehicle is advantageous from an economic or environmental perspective. A techno- economic analysis of electric vehicles comparing them against hybrids, gasoline and diesel vehicles is presented. The results show that the complexity of electrical power supply, infrastructure requirements and full life cycle concerns show that electric vehicles have a place in the future but that ongoing improvements will be required for them to be clearly the best choice for a given situation.     

Mass deployment of sustainable transportation: evaluation of factors that influence electric vehicle adoption

Mass penetration of electric vehicles into the market will have a number of impacts and benefits, including the ability to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. Therefore, it is expected that in coming years this technology will progressively penetrate the market. This research presents an analysis of factors that influence electric vehicle adoption by modeling the conditions under which an individual, particularly one with an engineering or technical background, is more or less likely to adopt an electric vehicle. This model is developed by considering demographic determinants as well as behavioral and attitudinal measures that affect individual adoption of the technology. The methodology involves applying logistic regression to provide a good fit and predict the response given explanatory variables. Analyzing these outcomes generates empirical findings that better inform electric vehicle technology and policy development. This study takes into account preferences of potential customers and analyzes how individuals with engineering and technology background differ in electric vehicle adoption considerations compared to the general population. Therefore, this research provides both engineers and policy makers with critical information for developing future electric vehicle technology. The model results show that several factors including willingness to pay for new appealing technology, distance driven, perceptions of electric vehicles as good for the environment, perception of EV speed are statistically significant in influencing willingness to purchase an electric vehicle.     

Delamination‐Free Multifunctional Separator for Long‐Term Stability of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) that satisfy the requirements for an electric vehicle energy source should demonstrate high reliability and safety for long‐term high‐energy‐density operation. This inevitably calls for a novel approach to advance major components such as the separator. Herein, a separator is designed and fabricated via application of multilayer functional coating on both sides of a polyethylene separator. The multilayer‐coated separator (MCS) has a porous structure that does not interfere with lithium ion diffusion and exhibits superior heat resistance, high electrolyte uptake, and persistent adhesion with the electrode. More importantly, it enables high capacity retention and reduced impedance build up during cycling when used in a coin or pouch cell. These imply its promising application in energy sources requiring long‐term stability. Fabrication of the MCS without the use of organic solvents is not only environmentally beneficial but also effective at cost reduction. This approach paves the way for the separator, which has long been considered an inactive major component of LIBs, to become an active contributor to the energy density toward achieving longer cycle stability.