LLC resonant DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of transformer

This paper proposes a zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) LLC resonant step up DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of the transformer. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (MOSFETs), two resonant capacitors, two resonant inductors, and only one transformer with center‐tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half‐bridge network. Resonant capacitors and inductors along with the primary windings of the transformer form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating the power switches with an interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary winding of transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier circuit to rectify the output voltage. The converter operates within a narrow frequency range below the resonance frequency to achieve ZVS, and its output power is regulated by pulse frequency modulation. The converter has lower conduction and switching losses and therefore higher efficiency. The experimental results of a 500‐W prototype of proposed converter are presented. The results confirm the good operation and performance of the converter. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Zero-current Switching Series Resonant High-voltage DC-DC Converter with Series-connected Primary Windings of Center-tapped Transformer

Abstract—This article proposes a novel zero-current switching series resonant inverter-fed voltage multiplier based high-voltage DC-DC converter. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (insulated-gate bipolar transistors), two resonant capacitors, and only one high-voltage transformer with center-tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half-bridge network. The leakage inductances of the transformer's primary windings together with resonant capacitors form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating power switches with an interleaved half-switching cycle. The secondary winding of the high-voltage transformer is connected to a voltage multiplier circuit to rectify and boost the voltage. The converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode, and its output voltage is regulated by pulse-frequency modulation. Therefore, all the power switches turn ON and OFF at the zero-current switching condition. The main features of the proposed converter are lower power loss, less cost, and smaller size compared to previously proposed series resonant high-voltage DC-DC converters. The experimental results of a 130-W prototype of the proposed converter are presented both for dynamic and steady-state operation. The results confirm the excellent operation and performance of the converter.     

基于移相控制的三相交错并联LLC谐振变换器均流控制策略

为了适应大功率应用场合,多相LLC谐振变换器的交错并联结构得到了广泛关注和研究.由于并联各相LLC谐振变换器谐振参数(励磁电感Lm、谐振电容Cr和谐振电感Lr)的差异,各相的电压增益互不相同,进而导致各相电流不平衡.为了解决这一问题,基于原副边星形连接的三相交错并联LLC谐振变换器电路拓扑,详细分析了各谐振参数对并联LLC谐振回路均流的影响程度;提出了一种基于移相控制的均流控制策略,运用余弦定理求出谐振电流相位的关系,转化为开关管的相位驱动信号,在不增加任何附加电路的情况下,实现并联各相LLC谐振回路的自动均流,提高了系统整体运行的可靠性.最后通过仿真和实验分析了所提控制方法的有效性和准确性.     

原边绕组分组连接的IPOP型LLC谐振变换器均流方式

输入并联输出并联IPOP(input parallel output parallel)型LLC谐振变换器由于谐振元件的参数偏差,导致各相所分配到的等效负载不均匀,进而造成不均流现象.对此提出一种将变压器的原边绕组分组连接的方式,实现了各相负载电流的平均分配.采用基波近似法对该方式的均流原理进行分析,给出谐振参数的偏差...     

Series resonant high‐voltage DC–DC converter with reduced component count

This paper proposes a novel zero‐current‐switching series resonant high‐voltage DC–DC converter with reduced component count. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (insulated‐gate bipolar transistors, IGBTs), two resonant capacitors, and only one high‐voltage transformer (HVT) with center‐tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half‐bridge network. The leakage inductances of the transformer's primary windings together with the resonant capacitors form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating the power switches with interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary winding of the HVT is connected to a bridge rectifier circuit to rectify the secondary voltage. The converter operates in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and its output voltage is regulated by pulse frequency modulation. Therefore, all the power switches turn on and off at the zero‐current switching condition. The main features of the proposed converter are its lower core loss, lower cost, and smaller size compared to previously proposed double series resonant high voltage DC–DC converters. The experimental results of a 130‐W prototype of the proposed converter are presented. The results confirm the excellent operation and performance of the converter. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Implementation of an interleaved pulse‐width modulation converter for renewable energy conversion

This paper presents an interleaved soft switching converter to achieve the features of zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on for power switches, zero current switching turn‐off for rectifier diodes at full load, less transformer secondary winding with full‐wave diode rectifier topology, and balance primary currents with series connection of the transformer secondary windings. Two circuit modules are adopted in the proposed circuit, and they are operated with an interleaved pulse‐width modulation. Thus, ripple currents at the input and output sides are reduced. In each module, two ZVS converters using the same switches are operated with interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary windings of transformers are connected in series in order to ensure that the primary side currents are balanced. The full‐wave diode rectifier topology is used on the output side such that the voltage stress of rectifier diodes equals output voltage, rather than being two times the output voltage as in a conventional center‐tapped rectifier topology. Laboratory experiments with a 1000‐W prototype are provided to describe the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非对称半桥交错并联输出式LLC谐振DC-DC变换器设计

LLC谐振变换器由于谐振特性,能够较容易实现软开关和增大变换器功率密度,在中大功率场合得到广泛应用。为了增大功率密度提高输出容量,设计了一种非对称半桥交错并联输出式LLC谐振DC-DC变换器,对变换器的工作过程进行了分析。分析了不同k值对变换器的影响,对谐振网络进行了等效分析。不同谐振频率下变换器分布在不同的工作区域,不同的工作区域中开关MOS管实现软开关过程的难易程度不等。通过仿真和样机测试验证了设计的变换器开关管能够实现零电压开关(ZVS),能够有效减小变换器的开关损耗。     

LLC谐振变流器中平面变压器铜损优化设计

本文对平面变压器应用于LLC谐振变流器中时的铜损进行了分析。与普通的变压器不同,LLC中的变压器同时实现了一个变压器和一个电感的功能。这使得变压器一、二次电流并不是同相位的,并导致一些额外的铜损。本文对绕组结构和气隙的影响分别进行了分析,在损耗分析的基础上讨论提出了一些LLC谐振变流器中平面变压器的优化方法。在分析过程中,利用有限元分析(FEA)仿真工具为理论分析提供帮助。并制作了一台300～400V输入,12V/33A输出的样机来检验理论分析和仿真结果。     

变频微波炉电源用LLC谐振变换器

研制了一款专为变频微波炉中磁控管供电的高频软开关电源。采用倍压输出式LLC谐振变换器作为该电源的主电路,并用基波分析法建立了其稳态基波等效电路模型;对其直流增益、谐振电流及零电压导通条件等进行了分析,并对高频变压器的电压比、品质因数、励磁电感、谐振电感及谐振电容等核心参数进行了优化设计。仿真和实验表明所建立的稳态电路模型及其理论分析是正确的,给出的谐振网络参数及其优化设计是正确的,这对于分析、研究和改进变频微波炉电源的设计及指导生产具有现实意义。     

适合大电流输入高压输出的软开关直流变换器

首先,提出了一种LLC谐振的软开关直流变换器,其中原边包含4个开关管、2个变压器绕组和1个耦合电容,并利用耦合电容构造了2个变压器绕组同时工作的回路,实现了两者的均流;副边包含2个二极管和2个谐振电容,构成了一个谐振式倍压电路;然后,利用变压器漏感、励磁电感和谐振电容产生LLC谐振来传递能量,各开关管能实现零电流开通,二极管零电流关断,且承受的反向电压为输出电压,关断损耗也很小;最后,分析了电路各阶段的工作原理,推导了电压增益特性,并设计了一款22~28 V输入、360 V输出、额定负载800 W的样机。实验测试结果证明,电路最高效率达到93.5%,同时也证明了电路的有效性。     

Implementation of a Soft Switching Converter with High Input Voltage

This paper presents an interleaved zero voltage switching (ZVS) DC/DC converter with high input voltage applications. In order to reduce the voltage stress of MOSFETs, two half‐bridge zeta converters are connected in series at high voltage side. Thus, the voltage stress of MOSFETs can be clamped at one‐half of input voltage. Asymmetric pulse‐width modulation (APWM) is adopted to control power switches. With the resonant behavior by the leakage inductance of transformer and the output capacitance of MOSFET at the transition interval, MOSFETs can be turned on at ZVS. For each half‐bridge zeta converter, two series transformers are connected in series at the primary side and in parallel at the secondary side in order to reduce the current stress of secondary windings for high load current applications. Interleaved PWM scheme is used to control two half‐bridge converters in order to reduce the size of output filter inductor and capacitor due to the partial ripple current cancellation. Experimental results, taken from a laboratory prototype rated at 1 kW, are presented to demonstrate the converter performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非隔离型LLC谐振变换器分析设计

LLC谐振网络变换器是一种软开关变换器,能够降低损耗、实现高频化、提高效率,在通信电源、电池充电器等方面有着广泛的应用。传统LLC变换器为隔离型的谐振变换器,其中包含一个高频隔离变压器。在功率较大的场合中,隔离变压器设计困难,且漏感较大,导致损耗高,影响变换器性能;另一方面,隔离变压器由两个绕组组成,导致谐振变换器的体积较大,从而影响变换器的功率密度,若直接将其用于高频、高效的非隔离应用场合,不利于其效率和成本优势的发挥。提出一种具有输入输出共地结构的非隔离型LLC谐振变换器,适用于光伏逆变器、LED恒流驱动等非隔离场合。最后搭建了实验平台,实验验证了理论的正确性。     

Analysis and design of a two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter with parallel‐connected current doubler rectifiers

A new two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter with parallel‐connected current doubler rectifiers (CDRs) is proposed in this paper. The presented DC–DC converter is mainly composed of two active‐clamping forward converters with secondary CDRs. Only two switches are required and each one is the auxiliary switch for the other. The circuit complexity and cost are thus reduced. The leakage inductance of the transformer or an additional resonant inductance is employed to achieve zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) during the dead times. Two CDRs at the secondary side are connected in parallel to reduce the current stresses of the secondary windings and the ripple current at the output side. Accordingly, the smaller output chokes and capacitors decrease the converter volume and increase the power density. Detailed analysis and design of the presented two‐transformer active‐clamping forward converter are described. Experimental results are recorded for a prototype converter with a DC input voltage of 130??180V, an output voltage of 5 V and an output current of 40 A, operating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

蓄电池充电电流控制的LLC谐振变换器研究

LLC谐振变换器电压控制模式通常采用误差放大器输出电压来直接控制开关频率,该控制方法使LLC谐振变换器的增益与频率之间的关系较为复杂,导致补偿网络设计相对较难,动态响应速度较慢,且大多数控制方案都未考虑集成变压器次级漏感带来的虚拟增益对谐振变换器参数设计的影响。针对以上问题,研究了基于充电电流控制的LLC谐振变换器,分析了变压器次级漏感,推导出电压增益表达式。与传统电压模式控制LLC谐振变换器相比,充电电流控制LLC谐振变换器保持了软开关特性,输入瞬态响应速度和负载动态响应速度均有较大提升,无需压控振荡器,在简化反馈回路设计的同时实现了固有前路反馈。文中详细分析了充电电流控制LLC谐振变换器的工作原理和集成变压器次级漏感的考虑事项,最后通过仿真和实验验证了理论的正确性。     

一种推挽式变换器的漏感影响研究

根据磁势平衡原理,研究了一种带桥式整流输出的推挽式变换器的工作波形及性能影响因素,主要结合变压器激磁电感和漏感效应,建立了变换器等效电路模型和数学解析模型,详细讨论了激磁电感跨接在变压器原边两绕组之间时,推挽变换器无漏感和漏感等效于副边侧时的物理关系和理论波形。深入分析了漏感对开关管端电压、电路输出电压和能量回馈等方面造成的影响及消除方法。通过Matlab仿真验证了有关模型及理论分析结果的正确性。     

基于回路平衡方程的变压器绕组变形在线监测研究

电力变压器运行过程中发生绕组变形将会导致绕组漏感参数发生变化,提出用变压器等值回路平衡方程进行绕组参数辨识的方法。以双绕组单相及三相变压器绕组回路平衡方程为基础,采用最小二乘算法估算原副边绕组电阻、漏电感参数,进而实现变压器绕组变形的在线监测,并针对变压器稳态回路方程模型的不可辨识性提出新的解决方法。仿真和动模试验表明该方法的合理性和有效性。     

考虑寄生电容的半桥LLC谐振变换器参数优化设计

含变压器的隔离型变换器易受到寄生电容的影响,降低系统运行的稳定性。针对LLC谐振变换器,建立含变压器寄生参数的等效电路模型,推导电压增益公式。对比无寄生参数和含寄生参数的电压增益曲线,分析寄生电容对选取电感比及其品质因数所产生的影响。在设计参数时考虑寄生电容的影响,分析开关管实现ZVS的条件,推导电感比的计算方法以及品质因数的取值范围。优化设计电感比、品质因数,进而优化各谐振参数。搭建实验样机,验证该优化方法的正确性和可行性。     

DCM工作模态下LCC静电除尘变压器仿真设计

通过在Saber中搭建LCC谐振电路,在固定开关频率和占空比下,根据输出功率,分析了高频变压器的原边电流、电压和视在功率。结合传统AP法,计算出合适的绕制参数和磁芯尺寸。利用Maxwell软件,在3D瞬态场下,分析变压器原副边的耦合系数,确定合适副边对原边的漏感值。再利用Saber中自带的磁元件工具箱,在2D环境下分析绕组分布和层间电容值。仿真结果最终得到符合谐振要求的寄生参数。仿真设计有助于在实际制作变压器之前,对绕制参数及工艺提供可靠指导。     

Design of a Pulsewidth-Modulated Resonant Converter for a High-Output-Voltage Power Supply

The design and fabrication of a parallel resonant converter circuit and a high-frequency step-up transformer used to supply an adjustable dc voltage to a load is described. The 500-W system is operated from 115/230 V single-phase 60-Hz power, which is rectified and filtered to form a 310-V dc link. A two-transistor half-bridge circuit operating at a fixed frequency above the circuits resonant frequency converts the dc voltage to an ac voltage at approximately 20 kHz. This high-frequency voltage is transformed with a low-capacitance oil-impregnated ferrite transformer. The output voltage is rectified to form a dc voltage with a maximum value of 90-kV peak. The output voltage is adjustable using pulsewidth modulation of the conduction time of the two transistors in the power circuit. The energy stored in the resonant circuit provides a sinusoidal transformer voltage at fixed frequency over a wide range of control. The system is provided with a closed-loop peak-voltage regulator and an on-off capability from the control electronics. The transformer is designed for a specific value of inductance and capacitance to operate at the desired resonant frequency and characteristic impedance.     

Analysis and Implementation of an Interleaved ZVS Converter with High Input Voltage

An interleaved half‐bridge converter is presented for high input voltage application. The features of the proposed converter are zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on for all active switches, ripple current reduction at output side, load current sharing and load voltage regulation. Two half‐bridge converters connected in series and two split capacitors are used to limit the voltage stress of each power switch at one‐half of input DC bus voltage. Thus, active switches with low voltage stress can be used at high input voltage application. On the other hand, the output sides of two half‐bridge converters are connected in parallel to share the load current and reduce the current stresses of the secondary windings and the rectifier diodes. Since two half‐bridge converters are operated with interleaved pulse‐width modulation (PWM), the output ripple current can partially cancel each other such that the resultant ripple current at output side is reduced and the size of output inductors can be reduced. In each half‐bridge converter, asymmetrical PWM scheme is used to regulate the output voltage. Based on the resonant behavior by the output capacitance of MOSFETs and the leakage inductance (or external inductance) of transformers, active switches can be turned on at ZVS during the transition interval. Thus, the switching losses of power MOSFETs are reduced. The proposed converter can be applied for high input voltage applications such as three‐phase 380‐V utility system. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype with 960‐W rated power are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed converter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.